考博习题练习

考博模拟试题（2019/9/26）
第1题：A．forest
B．cooked
C．man-made
D．lighting
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第2题：A．advantage
B．profit
C．use
D．charge
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第3题：
A、Come back soon
B．Pick up her friends.
C．Wait for the bus.
D．Return with information about the buses.
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第4题：What are the chances that we will encounter some alien form of life, as we explore the galaxy. If the argument about the time scale for the appearance of life onEarth is correct, there ought to be many other stars, whose planets have life on them. Some of these stellar systems could have formed 5 billion years before theEarth. So why is the galaxy not crawling with self designing mechanical or biological life forms Why hasn’t theEarth been visited, and even colonizeD、I discount suggestions that UFOs contain beings from outer space. I think any visits by aliens would be much more obvious, and probably also, much more unpleasant.
What is the explanation of why we have not been visited
One possibility is that the argument about the appearance of life onEarth is wrong. Maybe the probability of life spontaneously appearing is so low thatEarth is the only planet in the galaxy, or in the observable universe, in which it happeneD、
Another possibility is that there was a reasonable probability of forming self-reproducing system, like cells, but most of these forms of life did not evolve intelligence.
A、third possibility is that there is a reasonable probability for life to form, and to evolve to intelligent beings, in the external transmission phase.But at that point, the system becomes unstable, and the intelligent life destroys itself. This would be a very pessimistic conclusion. I very much hope it isn’t true.
I prefer a fourth possibility: there are other forms of intelligent life out there, but we have been overlookeD、There used to be a project called SETI, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. It involved scanning the radio frequencies, to see if we could pick up signals from alien civilizations. I thought this project was worth supporting, though it was cancelled due to a lack of funds.But we should have been wary of answering back, until we have developed a bit further. Meeting a more advanced civilization, at our present stage, might be a bit like the original inhabitants ofAmerica meetingColumbus. I don’t think they were better off for it.
Which of the following is NOT among the four possibilities of why we haven’t been visited
A、Forms of life on the other planets don’t evolve to intelligent beings.
B、Earth is the only planet that contains life in the universe.
C、life on the other planets destroys itself
D、Beings from outer space are too far away from us.
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第5题：a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending its coasts from rising seas than ______.
A．In Holland, it costs ... the spending on military defense in the United States
B．In Holland they spend…he United States does on military defense
C．Holland spends ... the military defense spending of the United States
D．Holland spends ... the United States does on military defense
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第6题： According to the passage, Hamilton' s plan included all BUT which of the following
A．Articles published in newspapers to create opposition to John Adams.
B．South Carolina' s loyalty to Thomas Pinckney.
C．Private contact with state officials urging them to support Thomas Pinckney.
D．John Adams' reputation as a stubborn and independent New Englander.
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第7题： Violence is just one of the many problems ______ in city life.
A．abundant
B．inherent
C．substantial
D．coherent
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第8题：

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第9题： We do not mean to be disrespectful when we refuse to follow the advice of our leader.
A．venerable
B．respectful
C．famous
D．gracious
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第10题：From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous disease.
A、large number of once fatal illness can now be found for the most stubborn remaining disease. The expectation of life has increased enormously.But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of them, women and children on the roads. Man versus the motor-car! It is a never-ending baffle which man is losing. Thousand of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen. It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a man’s very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind steering wheel. They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-year-olds and utterly selfish.All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.
The surprising thing is that the society smiles so gently on the motorist and seems to forgive his convenience.Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks; and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic, to be conveniently forgotten. It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.
A、code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made for mote difficult than it is; all the drivers should be made to take a test every three YEARS or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through strict annual tests for safety.Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where they exist) should be made much stricter. Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the US
A、All advertising stressing power and performance should be banneD、These measures may sound inordinately harsh.But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life.After all, the world is for human beings not for motor-cars.
Why does the author say: "his car becomes the extension of his personality"
A、Driving can show his real self.

B、Driving can show the other part of his personality.
C．Driving can bring out his character.
D．His car embodies his temper.
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第11题：Influenza should not be dismissed as a trivial disease. It kills thousands of people every year at a very high cost to the economy, hits hardest the young and the elderly, and is most dangerous for people over the age of 65. Influenza is mainly a seasonal illness of the winter months, though in tropical and subtropical areas ofAsia and the Pacific it can occur all the year rounD、
The damaging effects of influenza can be prevented by immunization, but constant changes of antigenic specificity of the virus necessitate a different composition of the vaccine (疫苗) from one year to another. The network of WHO surveillance activities to monitor the evaluation of influenza virus strains, and WHO hold an annual consultation at the end of February to recommend the composition of the vaccine for the forthcoming epidemiological season. These recommendations are published immediately in the weekly epidemiological recorD、
Vaccination each year against influenza is recommended for certain high-risk populations. In closed or semi-closed settings, maximum-benefit from immunization is likely to be achieved when more than three-quarters of the population are vaccinated so that the benefit of "herd immunity" can be exploiteD、Special care should be taken of the following groups:
—adults and children with chronic disorders of the pulmonary or cardiovascular systems requiring regular medical follow-up or who had been hospitalized during the previous year, including children with asthma;
—residents of nursing homes and other establishments for patients of any age with chronic medical conditions;
—all people over the age of 65.
Physicians, nurses, and other personel in primary and intensive care units, who are potentially capable of transmitting influenza to high risk persons, should be immunized; visiting nurses and volunteer workers providing home care to high-risk persons should also be includeD、
In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed

A、
A、surgery book. B、
A、psychology book.
C、An epidemiologist book.D、An obstetrics book.
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第12题：Ever hear of the lemming Lemmings are arctic rat-like animals with very odd habits: periodically, for unknown reasons, they mass together in large herd and commit suicide by rushing into deep water and drowning themselves. They all run in together, blindly, and not one of them ever seems to stop and ask, "Why am I doing this Is this really what I ’want to do " and thus save it serf from destruction. Obviously, lemmings are driven to perform their strange suicide rites by common instinct. People choose to "follow the herd" for more complex reasons, yet we are still too often the unwilling victims of the bandwagon appeal.
Essentially, the bandwagon urges us to an action or an opinion because it is popular—be- cause "everyone else is doing it." This call to "get on the bandwagon" appeals to the strong de- sire in most of us to be one of the crowd, not to be left out or alone.Advertising makes extensive use of the bandwagon appeal, bat so do politicians. Senator Yakalot uses the bandwagon appeal when he says "more and more citizens are rallying to my cause every day," and asks his audience to "join them—and me—in our fight forAmericA、"
One of the ways we can see the bandwagon appeal at work is in the overwhelming success of various fashions and trends, which capture the interests of thousands of people for a short time, then disappear suddenly and completely. For a year or two in the 1950S every child in NorthAmerica wanted a coonskin cap so that they could be likeDavyCrockett; no one wanted to be left out.After that there was the hula-hoop craze that helped to dislocate thousands ofAmericans.
The problem here is obvious: just because everyone’s doing it doesn’t mean that we should too. Group approval does not approve that something is true or is worth doing: Large numbers of people have supported actions we now condemn. Just a generation ago, Hitler and Mussolini rose to absolute and destructive rule in two of the most cultured countries ofEurope. When they came into power they won by massive popular support from millions of people who didn’t want to be "left out" atA、great historical moment.
As we have seen, propaganda can appeal to us by arousing our emotions or distracting our attention from the real issues at hanD、But there’s third way that propaganda can be put to work against us—by use of faulty logiC、This approach is really subtler than the other two because it gives the appearance of reasonable, fair argument. It is only when we look more closely that the holes in logic fiber show up.
Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned by the author to showcase bandwagon appeal at work
A、Fighting forAmericA、
B、Advertising.
C、Political campaigning.
D、Going after fashion.
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第13题：Located in WashingtonD、C、the library ofCongress contains an______ array of books on every conceivable subject.
A．extensive
B．impressive
C．obvious
D．insignificant
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This week marks the 10th anniversary of theAlar apple scare, in which manyAmerican consumers were driven into a panic following the release of a report by an environmental organization claiming that apples containing the chemicalAlar posed a serious health threat to preschoolers. The report was disseminated through a PR (Problem Report) campaign and bypassed any legitimate form of scientific peer review. Introduced to theAmerican public byCBS’ "60 Minutes," the unsubstantiated claims in the report led some school districts to remove apples from their school lunch programs and unduly frightened conscientious parents trying to develop good eating habits for their children.
Last month,Consumers Union released a report warning consumers of the perils of consuming many fruits and vegetables that frequently contained "unsafe" levels of pesticide residues. This was especially true for children, they claimeD、Like its predecessor 10 years earlier, theConsumers Union report received no legitimate scientific peer review and the public’s first exposure to it was through news coverage.
Not only does such reporting potentially drive children from consuming healthful fruits and vegetables, the conclusions were based on a misleading interpretation of what constitutes a "safe" level of exposure.Briefly, the authors used values known as the "chronic reference doses," set by the U. S.Environmental ProtectionAgency, as their barometers of safety. Used appropriately, these levels represent the maximum amount of pesticide that could be consumed daily for life without concern. For a 70-year lifetime, for example, consumers would have to ingest this average amount of pesticide every day for more than 25, 000 days. It is clear, as the report points out, that there are days on which kids may be exposed to more; it is also clear that there are many more days when exposure is zero. Had the authors more appropriately calculated the cumulative exposures for which the safety standards are meant to apply, there would have been no risks and no warnings.
Parents should feel proud, rather than guilty, of providing fruits and vegetables for their children. It is well established that a diet rich in such foods decreases the risk of heart disease and cancer. Such benefits dramatically overwhelm the theoretical risks of tiny amounts of pesticides in fooD、So keep serving up the peaches, apples, spinach, squashes, grapes and pears.
第14题：{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}}
The last month report parallels that on theAlar apple scare in that ______.A．neither really caused worry among the public
B．neither underwent a scientific peer review
C．neither provided statistical supports
D．neither aimed for the public good
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第15题：Questions 24—26 are based on the passage about human intelligence. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 24—26. The best statement of the main idea of the passage is that ______.A．human brains differ considerably
B．the brain a person is born with is important in determining his intelligence
C．environment is crucial in determining a person’s intelligence
D．persons having identical brains will have roughly the same intelligence
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第16题：In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens ______ the 1st grade.
A．leads
B．precedes
C．forwards
D．advances
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When we think about addiction to drugs or alcohol, we frequently focus on negative aspects, ignoring the pleasures that accompany drinking or drug-taking. {{U}} (21) {{/U}}the essence of any serious addiction is a pursuit of pleasure, a search for a "high" that normal life does not{{U}} (22) {{/U}}. It is only the inability to function{{U}} (23) {{/U}}the addictive substance that is dismaying, the dependence of the organism upon a certain experience and a(n){{U}} (24) {{/U}}inability to function normally without it. Thus a person will take two or three{{U}} (25) {{/U}}at the end of the day not merely for the pleasure drinking provides, but also because he "doesn’t feel{{U}} (26) {{/U}}" without them.
{{U}} (27) {{/U}}does not merely pursue a pleasurable experience and need to{{U}} (28) {{/U}}it in order to function normally. He needs to repeat it again and again. Something about that particular experience makes life without it{{U}} (29) {{/U}}complete. Other potentially pleasurable experiences axe no longer possible, {{U}} (30) {{/U}}under the spell of the addictive experience, his life is peculiarly{{U}} (31) {{/U}}. The addict craves an experience and yet he is never really satisfieD、The organism may be{{U}} (32) {{/U}}sated, but soon it begins to crave again.
Finally a serious addiction is{{U}} (33) {{/U}}a harmless pursuit of pleasure by its distinctly destructive elements.A、heroin addict, for instance, leads a{{U}} (34) {{/U}}life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from Working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways. {{U}} (35) {{/U}}an alcoholic’s life is narrowed and dehumanized by his dependence on alcohol.
第17题：
{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase markedA,B,
C、orD、for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your-Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.
A．eventually
B．temporarily

C、accordingly
D．subsequently
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第18题： In the last few minutes the conversation has become seemingly ______ as if the discussion were of some minor domestic matte r and not survival itself.
A．crucial
B．central
C．casual
D．causal
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第19题：This large city does almost no manufacturing and very little wholesale trade. Yet without the important service (1) provides, business everywhere would quickly grind to a (2) .Chaos would reign in all other leading cities.As you have guessed, the "product" we are talking about is government, and the city is the (3) of the United States, Washington,D、C、One out of every two persons (4) in the city works for the federal government.
Washington has many (5) . It leads the nation in level of education achieved by its residents. More than fifteen percent of its adults have had four years or more of college. (6) scientists can be found here than in any other city. Since larger incomes are earned by (7) people, Washington has the highest median income of any city.
Information is the vital force of the city. The Library ofCongress (8) the largest and most comprehensive warehouse of information in the worlD、It contains 74 million items on hundreds of miles of (9) . In addition to books, these (10) include manuscripts, maps, photographs and documents. Papers of the Presidents all the way back to Washington are found here. The library is (11) to the publiC、It is considered by (12) to be one of the finest in the worlD、These people study the documents found in libraries.
Washington has many important governmental buildings and historic shrines. (13) include theCapitol building, the White House, the SupremeCourt, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Washington Monument. TheBureau ofEngraving and Printing is (14) located here. This agency is responsible (15) putting new paper money into circulation. Tens of millions of dollars in money is (16) here every day.
Unlike most cities, which grow in jumbled masses, Washington was planned on paper (17) any of its buildings were erecteD、The planners incorporated broad open areas around the historic landmarks and buildings.As a result the city is (18) . The central part of the city (19) a huge green park with broad, tree-lined boulevards and splendid (20) of its great structures.
A、of B、by
C、from D、for
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Pity those who aspire to put the initials PhD、after their names.After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years.By then, most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject, which has blighted their holidays and mined their evenings.
TheEconomic and Social ResearchCouncil, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25 % of PhD、candidates were finishing within four years. TheESRC’s response has been to stop PhD、grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39%. TheESRC、feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University, the London School ofEconomics and the LondonBusiness School.
Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD、candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.
TheESRC、thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD、students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.
TheESRC、can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style of thesis, too.
第20题：{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}}
What theESRC、can do is to ______.A．force departments to give graduates more teaching time
B．try to persuade universities to change their ways
C．dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners
D．note that students want more research training and less elaborate style of thesis
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