| GRE考试易错题（2019/7/26） |
| 第1题：Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural attitudes that change diachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries. Historically, doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and Live as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated, they started to classify diseases into separate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came new insights into disease etiology.Before the 20th century, schizophrenia and syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but by early 1900 it became evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate disease for which the term schizophrenia was then coineD、The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for the genes involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the presence or absence of "positive" and "negative" symptoms. Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous individual, social, financial, and physical implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the label itself may lead to significant distress. Individuals with asymptomatic conditions, including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or others as having a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is always positive―it does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children or resulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurers―but it can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying issues of personal responsibility, and improving accessibility to health care. Nevertheless, deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be considered synonymous with disease. Two schools― nominalist and essentialist or reductionist―have debated the clinical criteria used to label a patient as diseaseD、Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology, while essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a genetic abnormality. It has been suggested that diseases defined according to the essentialist tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those defined in the nominalist traditional may be roughly accurate.But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality), for the former describes a state that places individuals at some definable risk of adverse consequences, while the latter helps suggest specific genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a disease definition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, the genetic counseling of family members or the effective treatment of the patient. It can be inferred that which of the following situations is likely to be most problematic to an adherent of the "essentialist" method of pathological taxonomy A、 A、patient suffering from fever, in which the virus that is apparently responsible for the symptoms has not been isolated B． A、patient suffering from lung inflammation which, though resembling other inflammations, does not respond to any known treatments C． A、patient suffering from a genetic anomaly whose cause may be known but whose consequences remain unidentified D． A、patient infected with a variety of bacteria that is known to cause two diseases with dissimilar symptoms E． A、case of a patient with symptoms that may have arisen from two known diseases of different sources |
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| 第2题： The passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following A．(A) Lauding Gibson's achievement in recognizing the usefulness of traditional Western values toward technology B．(B) Advocating Gibson's work as an example of an unorthodox and useful view of the body's relationship to labor C．(C) Criticizing Gibson's lack of reliance on alternative models of labor D．(D) Advancing a thesis concerning the limitations of traditional conceptions of the laboring body E．(E) Explaining, on the level of craft, how Gibson's work varies from that of his peers |
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| 第3题：Previously, the sack-like rabbit appendix was thought to serve primarily as a reservoir for the bacteria involved in hindgut fermentation, a explanation that failed to account for the absence of an appendix in other animals with similar digestive systems or for its presence in humans. Microscopic research revealed that the appendix contains a significant amount of lymphoid tissue, similar aggregates of which tissue occur in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. These are involved, possibly, in the body’’s ability to recognize foreign antigens in ingested material, but the evidence is inconclusive, to the extent that scientists have long discounted the human appendix as a "vestigial" organ. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the appendix, far from being a "vestigial organ", hag a significant function as a part of the body’’ s immune system. The appendix achieves its greatest development shortly after birth, when immune response is first developing, then regresses with age, when the immune response mediated by the appendix may relate to such inflammatory conditions as ulcerative colitis, which in adults necessitates the organ’’ s surgical removal.Which of the following hypothetical discoveries, if made, would cast MOST doubt on the most recent conclusions regarding the function of the human appendix A、After laboratory experiments, scientists discover evidence to reject the notion hat the human appendix is a "vestigial" organ. B．Certain animal species which had not previously been given attention are to possess an appendix resembling that of humans. C、Lymphoid tissue is discovered, after careful study, not to play a role in the recognition of foreign antigens in ingested material. D．After re-examination of the evidence, ulcerative colitis is discovered to be caused by factors wholly unrelated to the human appendix. E．It is discovered that in rabbits, hindgut fermentation does not require the presence of an organ acting as reservoir for bacteri A、 |
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| 第4题：McClary’’s position, concerning the process by which music is gendered as masculine or feminine, is that socially-grounded codes are "composed into" the music, that they are immanent to the text, there to be discovere D、McClary has traced narratives of power and sexual differences in sonata forms by mapping the gendered terms in which theorists have described them onto pieces which variously appear to enact or resist such constructions. Rieger has likewise traced the inchoate differentiation of musical affects by gendered characters in late-eighteenth-century opera, and charted their much heightened divergence in contemporary film musiC、Both of these approaches share a common assumption of a degree of awareness of such gendered codes at the point of composition, an awareness which, if not fully reflective, at least shows a composer’’s "practical consciousness" of how musical expression works within his or her culture. This conception permits music to participate fully in cultural processes, thereby allowing us to bring cultural contexts to bear in our explanatory models of musical styles and forms, but its critics rightly argue that it carries an extreme risk: it is all too easy for this approach to re-inscribe the values it would aim to critique. We may accuse McClary of adopting the very stereotypes she deplores, and similarly we may regard her identification of musical difference with cultural difference to be an overinterpretation, though unless we limit our focus to some extreme of the avant-garde, we must concede that some kind of contrast between masculinity and femininity will always exist in any musiC、 It is perhaps best to argue the possibility that such gender metaphors are merely functions of our interpretational frameworks, imposed on music from the outside. Treitler describes the way in which scholars from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries have differentiated between Old Roman and Gregorian chant repertories in gendered terms, and argues that these metaphors relate entirely to a project of Western cultural supremacy, and not to any immanent musical characteristics of the actual chants. We may make the same point about all repertories: gender is encoded not in the music, but in the critical language we use, much like Pigmalion’’s chisel, to bring the music to life. While this position is weaker than McClary’’s in an explanatory capacity―it cannot use social values to account for why a piece was written the way it was rather than any other, aesthetically speaking--its value is ultimately greater in that it allows us to develop fresh listening strategies which invest familiar and well-loved music with new and arguably more positive values. Hence, it is more attractive for the development of a politically responsible critical strategy, though even in this respect, the position is not without shortcomings, most of which become apparent when we examine the relationship between musical material and cultural meaning. The passage states that Old Roman and Gregorian chant repertories are________. A、less praiseworthy because of the absence of new listening strategies that allows listener to perceive their original context B．evidence of the musical supremacy of Western musical culture in virtue of their interesting use of gender metaphors C．wholly devoid of immanent musical characteristics, including but not limited to gender D、usually given interpretations that reveal more about the mindset of musical critics throughout history than the compositions themselves E．incapable of being explained, aesthetically speaking, by any form of musical criticism |
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| 第5题： ADULTERATION: A．(A) estimation B．(B) transformation C．(C) conformity D．(D) petrification E．(E) refinement |
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