【分析解答题】The advantages of ’’an after the act’’ operation is:(31)____________(32)____________(33)_____________easilyOnly (34)____________of large firms and (35) _____________of small firms have a standard raw material inspection procedure.This testing of a product’’s effect must assess the impact of both ( 36 ) ____________and (37) ____________.
【分析解答题】The advantages of ’’an after the act’’ operation is:(31)____________(32)____________(33)_____________easilyOnly (34)____________of large firms and (35) _____________of small firms have a standard raw material inspection procedure.This testing of a product’’s effect must assess the impact of both ( 36 ) ____________and (37) ____________.
【分析解答题】BEHAVIOR REFLECTION
A、student who tends to wrap himself up more than the others. (21)_____________People who is (22)____________insecurityPeople who prefer brighter or more dazzling colours. (23)____________Animals which have (24)____________ aggressive
A、student who tends to wrap himself up more than the others. (21)_____________People who is (22)____________insecurityPeople who prefer brighter or more dazzling colours. (23)____________Animals which have (24)____________ aggressive
【分析解答题】Pessimistic on poverty TheEconomist argued that the WorldBank has overstated the extent of absolute poverty in the world -- that there is less poverty than theBank claims and that it is falling faster.
A、methodological debate lies at the heart of this claim. TheBank relies as much as possible on nationally representative household surveys, typically done by governmental statistics offices following international standards. TheBank’’s latest estimates draw on interviews with about 1. 1 million randomly sampled households in 100 developing countries, representing 93% of the population of the developing worlD、TheBank’’s method of measuring poverty from surveys follows long-standing practices.But it is not the only possible approach. TheEconomist points to an alternative method that ignores data on levels of income or consumption from surveys.Instead the poverty measures are anchored to national accounts data, using the surveys only to measure inequality -- the shares of total income accruing to different income groups. It is unclear why proponents of this approach think that surveys can be trusted for measuring inequality, but not levels of poverty.How much does the choice matter
A、striking graph in the issue of March 13th compares two sets of estimates, one from theBank’’s researchers and one using this alternative method, namely the estimates made by Xavier Sala-i-Martin atColumbia U-niversity. His series shows a much steeper decline in absolute poverty and a much lower level in recent years than that found by theBank’’s researchers.This month, the WorldBank’’s numbers has shown there have been superseded: the series shown began only in the late 1980s, and cannot be properly compared with Mr Sala-i-Martin’’s estimates, which go further back. The period under consideration makes a big difference. The late 1980s and early 1990s were a difficult time for the world’’s poor. Using either a longer period or a shorter one changes the picture a lot.TheBank currently estimates that the world poverty rate fell from 33% in 1981 (about 1.5 billion people) to 18% in 2001 (1.1 billion), when judged by the frugal $1-a-day standard at 1993 purchasing-power parity.Compare this with Mr Sala-i-Martin’’s estimates. He finds that the global poverty rate fell from 13% to 7% (in 1998).Yes, the levels differ substantially.But by both methods, the global poverty rate almost halveD、The two trends are also similar for the 1990s, once growth had been restored inChina and Indi
A、Why are theBank’’s poverty counts so much higher Mr. Sala-i-Martin uses GDP from national accounts to measure the average income per person of households.But GDP includes much more than household consumption; private investment and government spending, for example. This method must give lower poverty counts relative to a common poverty line. But why would one use the same poverty line for GDP as for household consumption TheBank’’s $1-a-day line is based on the poverty lines actually found in low-income countries, and those lines do not include allowances for investment and government spending; they typically include only the most basic food and other consumption needs. To compare Mr Sala-i-Martin’’s numbers with theBank’’s, one should use a higher poverty line for the former.It is not clear how much higher Mr Sala-i-Martin’’s poverty line should be to assure comparability with theBank’’s $1-a-day standarD、However, a good guess might be that his poverty threshold should be doubled to reflect the other items that he has implicitly included in his measure of income. Then, in fact, the two series line up rather well.Good news, for some Despite the methodological differences, a similar trend of long-term reduction in poverty does emerge. That is certainly good news -- but no cause for complacency. The 400 million people who escaped absolute poverty by the $ 1-a-day standard over 1981-2001 are still poor
A、methodological debate lies at the heart of this claim. TheBank relies as much as possible on nationally representative household surveys, typically done by governmental statistics offices following international standards. TheBank’’s latest estimates draw on interviews with about 1. 1 million randomly sampled households in 100 developing countries, representing 93% of the population of the developing worlD、TheBank’’s method of measuring poverty from surveys follows long-standing practices.But it is not the only possible approach. TheEconomist points to an alternative method that ignores data on levels of income or consumption from surveys.Instead the poverty measures are anchored to national accounts data, using the surveys only to measure inequality -- the shares of total income accruing to different income groups. It is unclear why proponents of this approach think that surveys can be trusted for measuring inequality, but not levels of poverty.How much does the choice matter
A、striking graph in the issue of March 13th compares two sets of estimates, one from theBank’’s researchers and one using this alternative method, namely the estimates made by Xavier Sala-i-Martin atColumbia U-niversity. His series shows a much steeper decline in absolute poverty and a much lower level in recent years than that found by theBank’’s researchers.This month, the WorldBank’’s numbers has shown there have been superseded: the series shown began only in the late 1980s, and cannot be properly compared with Mr Sala-i-Martin’’s estimates, which go further back. The period under consideration makes a big difference. The late 1980s and early 1990s were a difficult time for the world’’s poor. Using either a longer period or a shorter one changes the picture a lot.TheBank currently estimates that the world poverty rate fell from 33% in 1981 (about 1.5 billion people) to 18% in 2001 (1.1 billion), when judged by the frugal $1-a-day standard at 1993 purchasing-power parity.Compare this with Mr Sala-i-Martin’’s estimates. He finds that the global poverty rate fell from 13% to 7% (in 1998).Yes, the levels differ substantially.But by both methods, the global poverty rate almost halveD、The two trends are also similar for the 1990s, once growth had been restored inChina and Indi
A、Why are theBank’’s poverty counts so much higher Mr. Sala-i-Martin uses GDP from national accounts to measure the average income per person of households.But GDP includes much more than household consumption; private investment and government spending, for example. This method must give lower poverty counts relative to a common poverty line. But why would one use the same poverty line for GDP as for household consumption TheBank’’s $1-a-day line is based on the poverty lines actually found in low-income countries, and those lines do not include allowances for investment and government spending; they typically include only the most basic food and other consumption needs. To compare Mr Sala-i-Martin’’s numbers with theBank’’s, one should use a higher poverty line for the former.It is not clear how much higher Mr Sala-i-Martin’’s poverty line should be to assure comparability with theBank’’s $1-a-day standarD、However, a good guess might be that his poverty threshold should be doubled to reflect the other items that he has implicitly included in his measure of income. Then, in fact, the two series line up rather well.Good news, for some Despite the methodological differences, a similar trend of long-term reduction in poverty does emerge. That is certainly good news -- but no cause for complacency. The 400 million people who escaped absolute poverty by the $ 1-a-day standard over 1981-2001 are still poor
【分析解答题】Librarian need is some sort of identification with the woman’’s (21)____________ and (22) ____________.The identification the woman used is (23) ________.The woman can take (24) _____________out at a time and she also get (25) ____________to take out magazines or periodicals.
【单选题】(11)____________ For pEoplE prEFEr grAnD mAnsions to gArDEn
A、thEBArBiCAn
B、st john’’s wooD
C．BAttErsEA
A、thEBArBiCAn
B、st john’’s wooD
C．BAttErsEA
【分析解答题】BEHAVIOR REFLECTION
A、student who tends to wrap himself up more than the others. (21)_____________People who is (22)____________insecurityPeople who prefer brighter or more dazzling colours. (23)____________Animals which have (24)____________ aggressive
A、student who tends to wrap himself up more than the others. (21)_____________People who is (22)____________insecurityPeople who prefer brighter or more dazzling colours. (23)____________Animals which have (24)____________ aggressive
【分析解答题】Rogue theory of smell gets a boost Published online： 6December 2006 Rogue theory of smell gets a boost 1.
A、controversial theory of how we smell， which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics， has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists. 2.Calculations by researchers at UniversityCollege London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involveD、 3. That’s still some way from proving that the theory， proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin， is correct.But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously. 4. "This is a big step forward，" says Turin， who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virgini
A、He says that since he published his theory， "it has been ignored rather than criticizeD、" 5. Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules， which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular ’lock and key’ process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body’s detection systems： it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders， for example， and how the tongue recognizes some tastes. 6.But Turin argued that smell doesn’t seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols， which smell like spirits， and thiols， which smell like rotten eggs.And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. Most strikingly， some molecules can smell different — to animals， if not necessarily to humans — simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass)。 7. Turin’s explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule’s shape， but by its vibrations， which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain. 8. This would explain why isotopes can smell different： their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier. Turin’s mechanism， says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team， is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock. 9. Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur — it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. "The question is whether this is possible in the nose，" says Stoneham’s colleague，Andrew HorsfielD、 10. Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin’s idea， while Turin was himself based at UCL， "I didn’t believe it".But， he adds， "because it was an interesting idea， I thought I should prove it couldn’t work. I did some simple calculations， and only then began to feel Luca could be right." Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly， in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters. 11. The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known， but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort. 12. The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it. The calculations show that it is — which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible. 14. Meanwhile， Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. "At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations，" he says. "Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition."At the very least， he is putting his money where his nose is. The molecules
A、controversial theory of how we smell， which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics， has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists. 2.Calculations by researchers at UniversityCollege London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involveD、 3. That’s still some way from proving that the theory， proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin， is correct.But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously. 4. "This is a big step forward，" says Turin， who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virgini
A、He says that since he published his theory， "it has been ignored rather than criticizeD、" 5. Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules， which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular ’lock and key’ process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body’s detection systems： it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders， for example， and how the tongue recognizes some tastes. 6.But Turin argued that smell doesn’t seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols， which smell like spirits， and thiols， which smell like rotten eggs.And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. Most strikingly， some molecules can smell different — to animals， if not necessarily to humans — simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass)。 7. Turin’s explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule’s shape， but by its vibrations， which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain. 8. This would explain why isotopes can smell different： their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier. Turin’s mechanism， says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team， is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock. 9. Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur — it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. "The question is whether this is possible in the nose，" says Stoneham’s colleague，Andrew HorsfielD、 10. Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin’s idea， while Turin was himself based at UCL， "I didn’t believe it".But， he adds， "because it was an interesting idea， I thought I should prove it couldn’t work. I did some simple calculations， and only then began to feel Luca could be right." Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly， in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters. 11. The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known， but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort. 12. The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it. The calculations show that it is — which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible. 14. Meanwhile， Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. "At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations，" he says. "Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition."At the very least， he is putting his money where his nose is. The molecules
【分析解答题】How to increase sales Published online： Nov 9th 2006 From TheEconomist print edition How shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales 1.
A、TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intendeD、Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is， how ants， bees or any social animal， including humans， behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2.At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3.Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information， and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer.As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too. 4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets.But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart inAmerica and Tesco inBritain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring. 5.Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could， indeed， be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik ofColumbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded， they followed the crowD、When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounceD、People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. 6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company inCambridge， Massachusetts， also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales. 7.And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such asAmazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers.Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm.Songs ranked high by the nu
A、TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intendeD、Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is， how ants， bees or any social animal， including humans， behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2.At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3.Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information， and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer.As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too. 4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets.But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart inAmerica and Tesco inBritain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring. 5.Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could， indeed， be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik ofColumbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded， they followed the crowD、When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounceD、People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. 6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company inCambridge， Massachusetts， also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales. 7.And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such asAmazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers.Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm.Songs ranked high by the nu
【分析解答题】
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whAt mAChinEs CAn hElp to Cut thE stAtionEry BuDgEt
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