【单选题】The advantages of ’’an after the act’’ operation is:(31)____________(32)____________(33)_____________easilyOnly (34)____________of large firms and (35) _____________of small firms have a standard raw material inspection procedure.This testing of a product’’s effect must assess the impact of both ( 36 ) ____________and (37) ____________.
A、87%
B．80%
C．35%
A、87%
B．80%
C．35%
【分析解答题】The advantages of ’’an after the act’’ operation is:(31)____________(32)____________(33)_____________easilyOnly (34)____________of large firms and (35) _____________of small firms have a standard raw material inspection procedure.This testing of a product’’s effect must assess the impact of both ( 36 ) ____________and (37) ____________.
【分析解答题】
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【分析解答题】Cereal stocks to decline again in 2003/04
A、 6April 2004, Rome-Global cereal stocks will fall sharply again by the end of the 2003/2004 season, FAO said today. The forecast came in the UN food agency’’s Food Outlook, a publication of the Global Information andEarly Warning System.Closing inventories are expected to be down by 89 million tonnes, or 18 percent from their opening levels.The anticipated sharp decline in cereal stocks from the previous season would be mainly due toChina, although substantial reductions are also anticipated in India, Russia, Ukraine and theEuropean Union, mostly driven by the reductions in their 2003 cereal production, says the report.
B、 However, the report says world cereal production in 2004 is forecast to increase to 2,130 million tonnes, some 2 percent up on last year and 3 percent above the average of the past five years and that could help alleviate the tight global supply situation in the new 2004/2005 season.The bulk of the cereals increase is expected in wheat, although rice output is also seen to rise significantly.By contrast, coarse grains production could decrease marginally. The report emphasizes, however, that this first forecast, especially for rice and coarse grains, is tentative and assumes normal weather conditions. According to the report, "The increase in global cereal output forecast for 2004 would come as a very welcome development for global food supply. The continued tightening of global cereal supplies for four successive years since 1999/2000 has brought international cereal prices under significant upward pressure in the past months. "The report says, "Export prices for wheat, maize and rice all registered strong gains, reflecting tight market conditions. "Because early prospects for wheat crops are favourable, some easing of wheat prices could be anticipated as the harvest approaches in the northern hemisphere in the coming months. But, the report says that export prices for coarse grains and rice are unlikely to recede any time soon based on current supply and demand prospects.C、 World cereal utilization in 2003/2004 is forecast at 1,971 million tonnes, up 1 percent from the previous year, but still slightly below the 10-year trenD、In spite of a significant increase in international cereal prices and major animal disease outbreaks in the second half of the season, global cereal utilization is expected to rise above the previous season because of strong demand for feed and industrial use, especially in the linked States.The report anticipates an increase in food aid costs per unit in view of generally tighter world cereal supplies, strong international prices and soaring ocean freight rates for 2003/2004. It notes that total food aid shipments during this period "could decline slightly".D、 The report adds that although world imports of cereals are forecast to decline by around 10 million tonnes in 2003/2004, higher prices and freight rates, and smaller food aid shipments, are expected to push up the overall cost of cereal imports by 2 percent from the previous year.FAO’’s Food Outlook will be published four times this year, inApril, June, September and November.Questions 1-4Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for parts (
A、—D、and write the appropriate numbers (i-v) on your answer sheet.NB、There are more headings than you need so you will not use all of them and you may use any heading more than once.List of heading i. Wheat and rice production increases b ii. Less food assistance made available d iii.Demand for cereals to remain strong civ.Cereal production is forecast to increase in the coming season a v.Decline in cereal stocks
A、 6April 2004, Rome-Global cereal stocks will fall sharply again by the end of the 2003/2004 season, FAO said today. The forecast came in the UN food agency’’s Food Outlook, a publication of the Global Information andEarly Warning System.Closing inventories are expected to be down by 89 million tonnes, or 18 percent from their opening levels.The anticipated sharp decline in cereal stocks from the previous season would be mainly due toChina, although substantial reductions are also anticipated in India, Russia, Ukraine and theEuropean Union, mostly driven by the reductions in their 2003 cereal production, says the report.
B、 However, the report says world cereal production in 2004 is forecast to increase to 2,130 million tonnes, some 2 percent up on last year and 3 percent above the average of the past five years and that could help alleviate the tight global supply situation in the new 2004/2005 season.The bulk of the cereals increase is expected in wheat, although rice output is also seen to rise significantly.By contrast, coarse grains production could decrease marginally. The report emphasizes, however, that this first forecast, especially for rice and coarse grains, is tentative and assumes normal weather conditions. According to the report, "The increase in global cereal output forecast for 2004 would come as a very welcome development for global food supply. The continued tightening of global cereal supplies for four successive years since 1999/2000 has brought international cereal prices under significant upward pressure in the past months. "The report says, "Export prices for wheat, maize and rice all registered strong gains, reflecting tight market conditions. "Because early prospects for wheat crops are favourable, some easing of wheat prices could be anticipated as the harvest approaches in the northern hemisphere in the coming months. But, the report says that export prices for coarse grains and rice are unlikely to recede any time soon based on current supply and demand prospects.C、 World cereal utilization in 2003/2004 is forecast at 1,971 million tonnes, up 1 percent from the previous year, but still slightly below the 10-year trenD、In spite of a significant increase in international cereal prices and major animal disease outbreaks in the second half of the season, global cereal utilization is expected to rise above the previous season because of strong demand for feed and industrial use, especially in the linked States.The report anticipates an increase in food aid costs per unit in view of generally tighter world cereal supplies, strong international prices and soaring ocean freight rates for 2003/2004. It notes that total food aid shipments during this period "could decline slightly".D、 The report adds that although world imports of cereals are forecast to decline by around 10 million tonnes in 2003/2004, higher prices and freight rates, and smaller food aid shipments, are expected to push up the overall cost of cereal imports by 2 percent from the previous year.FAO’’s Food Outlook will be published four times this year, inApril, June, September and November.Questions 1-4Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for parts (
A、—D、and write the appropriate numbers (i-v) on your answer sheet.NB、There are more headings than you need so you will not use all of them and you may use any heading more than once.List of heading i. Wheat and rice production increases b ii. Less food assistance made available d iii.Demand for cereals to remain strong civ.Cereal production is forecast to increase in the coming season a v.Decline in cereal stocks
【分析解答题】How to increase sales Published online： Nov 9th 2006 From TheEconomist print edition How shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales 1.
A、TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intendeD、Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is， how ants， bees or any social animal， including humans， behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2.At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3.Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information， and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer.As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too. 4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets.But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart inAmerica and Tesco inBritain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring. 5.Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could， indeed， be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik ofColumbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded， they followed the crowD、When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounceD、People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. 6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company inCambridge， Massachusetts， also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales. 7.And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such asAmazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers.Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm.Songs ranked high by the nu
A、TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intendeD、Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is， how ants， bees or any social animal， including humans， behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2.At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3.Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information， and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer.As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too. 4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets.But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart inAmerica and Tesco inBritain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring. 5.Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could， indeed， be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik ofColumbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded， they followed the crowD、When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounceD、People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. 6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company inCambridge， Massachusetts， also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales. 7.And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such asAmazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers.Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm.Songs ranked high by the nu
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