雅思考试

【多选题】using puBliC trAnsport A. will sAvE monEy For British motorists, ExCEpt in lonDon. B. AnD rEnting A CAr pArt oF thE timE CAn sAvE monEy. C. Costs lonDonErs ABout ￡1700 A yEAr.

【分析解答题】Until 1850 most of the settlers came from ______.

【分析解答题】The advantages of ’’an after the act’’ operation is:(31)____________(32)____________(33)_____________easilyOnly (34)____________of large firms and (35) _____________of small firms have a standard raw material inspection procedure.This testing of a product’’s effect must assess the impact of both ( 36 ) ____________and (37) ____________.

【单选题】Rights to remember NEW HN,CONNECTICUTOne element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought uponAmerica, as once uponAchilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. TheBush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability "The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, FranklinDelano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear.This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the RefugeeConvention, the GenocideConvention and the TortureConvention).ButBush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword ofAmerica’’s human-rights policy.Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear.
A、 Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and thatAmerican citizens should see what our government is doing.But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights.The PatriotAct, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises theDefenceDepartment to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation.Many absurdities follow: the LawyersCommittee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid toColombi
A、The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau,Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retiredCoast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list.
B、After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The JusticeDepartment’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of theDepartment of Homeland Security.The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled inAmerica declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population ofAtlanticCounty, New Jersey has fallen by half. C、 Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in GuantanamoBay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100.Courtrooms are being b

【分析解答题】NHS chief praises fall in waiting list timesThe National Health Service could hit its most politically sensitive target early, Sir NigelCrisp, the NHS chief executive, said on Friday.In his most bullish annual report since taking office four years ago, Sir Nigel said waiting times were falling faster and further than ever before, quality was improving and services were being redesigne
D、And productivity — hard though it is to measure — was improving, he sai
D、"Something big is happening within the NHS," Sir Nigel said, as the government reported that it had reached its target in March with only 48 patients waiting more than nine months for an operation.The maximum wait for an out-patient appointment is down to 17 weeks from 21 weeks a year ago. Just over 40,000 are now waiting over 13 weeks for an appointment against 400,000 in March 2000. The service has also reduced by almost 60,000 the number of people waiting between six and nine months for in-patient procedures.The reduction seems to suggest that genuine changes are taking place in the way the NHS is organising services to make them more efficient — rather than simply achieving the shorter maximum waits by "tail-gunning" the end of the waiting list.What is as yet missing is robust data to show that average waits are also starting to fall significantly."Not only are we hitting all of our targets in order to speed up patient care, but by reforming the way we work we are also improving the quality of patients care," Sir Nigel sai
D、"The NHS is using the extra funding" — an extra ￡6bn. last year — "to good effect, with major improvements in quality and quantity".With extra capacity in treatment centres due to start coming online it was possible that the NHS would hit the target of having no-one wait for more than six months, once on a waiting list, ahead ofDecember next year. Although the figures are not as robust as those used to measure hospital activity, Sir Nigel said it was clear more treatment was being provided outside hospitals, in a quicker and more convenient way for patients. Evidence for that includes the number of patients referred to hospital by GPs remaining almost flat last year while a ￡21 million increase in the bill for modern drugs to counter heart failure has brought an estimated reduction of 20,000 hospital admissions.With a big government review under way on how to measure productivity in the public services, Sir Nigel said the NHS still lacked "an adequate way of measuring overall productivity", but indicated there were clear improvements in the productivity of individual services. What does NHS stand for

【分析解答题】Cereal stocks to decline again in 2003/04
A、 6April 2004, Rome-Global cereal stocks will fall sharply again by the end of the 2003/2004 season, FAO said today. The forecast came in the UN food agency’’s Food Outlook, a publication of the Global Information andEarly Warning System.Closing inventories are expected to be down by 89 million tonnes, or 18 percent from their opening levels.The anticipated sharp decline in cereal stocks from the previous season would be mainly due toChina, although substantial reductions are also anticipated in India, Russia, Ukraine and theEuropean Union, mostly driven by the reductions in their 2003 cereal production, says the report.
B、 However, the report says world cereal production in 2004 is forecast to increase to 2,130 million tonnes, some 2 percent up on last year and 3 percent above the average of the past five years and that could help alleviate the tight global supply situation in the new 2004/2005 season.The bulk of the cereals increase is expected in wheat, although rice output is also seen to rise significantly.By contrast, coarse grains production could decrease marginally. The report emphasizes, however, that this first forecast, especially for rice and coarse grains, is tentative and assumes normal weather conditions. According to the report, "The increase in global cereal output forecast for 2004 would come as a very welcome development for global food supply. The continued tightening of global cereal supplies for four successive years since 1999/2000 has brought international cereal prices under significant upward pressure in the past months. "The report says, "Export prices for wheat, maize and rice all registered strong gains, reflecting tight market conditions. "Because early prospects for wheat crops are favourable, some easing of wheat prices could be anticipated as the harvest approaches in the northern hemisphere in the coming months. But, the report says that export prices for coarse grains and rice are unlikely to recede any time soon based on current supply and demand prospects.C、 World cereal utilization in 2003/2004 is forecast at 1,971 million tonnes, up 1 percent from the previous year, but still slightly below the 10-year trenD、In spite of a significant increase in international cereal prices and major animal disease outbreaks in the second half of the season, global cereal utilization is expected to rise above the previous season because of strong demand for feed and industrial use, especially in the linked States.The report anticipates an increase in food aid costs per unit in view of generally tighter world cereal supplies, strong international prices and soaring ocean freight rates for 2003/2004. It notes that total food aid shipments during this period "could decline slightly".D、 The report adds that although world imports of cereals are forecast to decline by around 10 million tonnes in 2003/2004, higher prices and freight rates, and smaller food aid shipments, are expected to push up the overall cost of cereal imports by 2 percent from the previous year.FAO’’s Food Outlook will be published four times this year, inApril, June, September and November.Questions 1-4Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for parts (
A、—D、and write the appropriate numbers (i-v) on your answer sheet.NB、There are more headings than you need so you will not use all of them and you may use any heading more than once.List of heading i. Wheat and rice production increases b ii. Less food assistance made available d iii.Demand for cereals to remain strong civ.Cereal production is forecast to increase in the coming season a v.Decline in cereal stocks

【分析解答题】How to increase sales　　Published online： Nov 9th 2006　　From TheEconomist print edition　　How shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales　　1.
A、TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intendeD、Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is， how ants， bees or any social animal， including humans， behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.　　2.At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.　　3.Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information， and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer.As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.　　4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets.But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart inAmerica and Tesco inBritain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring.　　5.Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could， indeed， be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik ofColumbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded， they followed the crowD、When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounceD、People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.　　6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company inCambridge， Massachusetts， also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.　　7.And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such asAmazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers.Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm.If the number of buyers sho