【分析解答题】The lady want to go to ________.
【分析解答题】Open source’’s local heroesSoftware: If the commercial sort does not speak your language, open-source software may well do so insteadIts popularity is growing around the world, but open-source software has particular appeal in developing countries. InChina, South Korea, India,Brazil and other countries, governments are promoting the use of such software which, unlike the proprietary kind, allows users to inspect, modify and freely redistribute its underlying programming instructions. The open-source approach has a number of attractions.Adopting open-source software can reduce costs, allay security concerns and ensure there is no danger of becoming too dependent on a foreign supplier.But there is another benefit, too; because it can be freely modified, open-source software is also easier to translate, or localise, for use in a particular language. This involves translating the menus, dialogue boxes, help files, templates and message strings to create a new version of the software.Large software vendors have little incentive to support any but the most widely spoken languages. Microsoft, for example, provides its Windows 2000 operating system in 24 languages, and Windows XP in 33. The company also supports over 20 languages in the latest version of its Office software suite. Yet for many languages, commercial vendors conclude that producing a localised product is not economically viable.The programmers who produce open-source software operate by different rules, however. The leading desktop interfaces for the open-source Linux operating system — KD
E、and GNOME-are, between them, available in more than twice as many languages as Windows. KD
E、has already been localised for 42 languages, with a further 46 in the pipeline. Similarly, Mozilla, an open-source web browser, now speaks 65 languages, with 34 more to follow. Open Office, the leading open-source office suite, is available in 31 languages, including Slovenian,Basque and Galician, and Indian languages such as Gujarati,Devanagari, Kannada and Malayalam.And another 44 languages including Icelandic, Lao, Latvian, Welsh and Yiddish are on the way.Localising software is a tedious job, but some people are passionate enough about it to resort to unusual measures. The Hungarian translation of Open Office was going too slowly for Janos Noll, founder of the Hungarian Foundation for Free Software. So he built some web-based tools to distribute the workload and threw a pizza party in the computer room at the Technical University ofBudapest. Over a dozen people worked locally, with about 100 Hungarians submitting work remotely over the weB、Most of the work — translating over 21,000 text strings — was completed in three days. DwayneBailey of translate, org. za, an open-source translation project based in SouthAfrica, says localising open-source programs into Zulu, Xhosa, Venda, Sesotho and otherAfrican languages makes computers more accessible. With translated software, "these languages are suddenly players in the modern worl
D、" NevilleAlexander, a former SouthAfrican freedom-fighter, agrees. "AnEnglish-only or even anEnglish-mainly policy necessarily condemns most people, and thus the country as a whole, to a permanent state of mediocrity, since people are unable to be spontaneous, creative and self-confident if they cannot use their first language," he says.
A、similar approach is being taken in India, where there are 18 official languages and over 1,000 regional dialects. Shikha Pillai is one of the leaders of a team inBangalore that is translating open-source software, including Open Office, into ten Indian dialects. She, too, feels that introducing Indian languages will help to foster a far deeper penetration of information technology. "Localisation makes IT accessible to common people," she says. "And Indian-language enabled software could revolutionise the way our communications work; even the way computers are used in Indi
A、"In M
E、and GNOME-are, between them, available in more than twice as many languages as Windows. KD
E、has already been localised for 42 languages, with a further 46 in the pipeline. Similarly, Mozilla, an open-source web browser, now speaks 65 languages, with 34 more to follow. Open Office, the leading open-source office suite, is available in 31 languages, including Slovenian,Basque and Galician, and Indian languages such as Gujarati,Devanagari, Kannada and Malayalam.And another 44 languages including Icelandic, Lao, Latvian, Welsh and Yiddish are on the way.Localising software is a tedious job, but some people are passionate enough about it to resort to unusual measures. The Hungarian translation of Open Office was going too slowly for Janos Noll, founder of the Hungarian Foundation for Free Software. So he built some web-based tools to distribute the workload and threw a pizza party in the computer room at the Technical University ofBudapest. Over a dozen people worked locally, with about 100 Hungarians submitting work remotely over the weB、Most of the work — translating over 21,000 text strings — was completed in three days. DwayneBailey of translate, org. za, an open-source translation project based in SouthAfrica, says localising open-source programs into Zulu, Xhosa, Venda, Sesotho and otherAfrican languages makes computers more accessible. With translated software, "these languages are suddenly players in the modern worl
D、" NevilleAlexander, a former SouthAfrican freedom-fighter, agrees. "AnEnglish-only or even anEnglish-mainly policy necessarily condemns most people, and thus the country as a whole, to a permanent state of mediocrity, since people are unable to be spontaneous, creative and self-confident if they cannot use their first language," he says.
A、similar approach is being taken in India, where there are 18 official languages and over 1,000 regional dialects. Shikha Pillai is one of the leaders of a team inBangalore that is translating open-source software, including Open Office, into ten Indian dialects. She, too, feels that introducing Indian languages will help to foster a far deeper penetration of information technology. "Localisation makes IT accessible to common people," she says. "And Indian-language enabled software could revolutionise the way our communications work; even the way computers are used in Indi
A、"In M
【分析解答题】The examiner asks the candidate about him/herself, his/her home, work or studies and other familiar topics.{{B}}EXAMPLEStudy{{/B}}· What subject are you studying · Which part of your studies do you like best · What is the most difficult part of your studies · How do you think studying this subject will help you in the future {{B}}Books{{/B}}· How often do you read books · Who is your favourite writer · When do you usually like to read ·Do you read more for pleasure or to get information ·Do you often buy books as gifts for family or friends {{B}}Clothes{{/B}}·Do you wear different clothes for study and for leisure · Which kind of clothes do you prefer to wear ·Do you have a special set of clothes for special occasions ·Do you pay more attention to the quality of clothes you buy or to the price · How important do you think it is to be fashionable
【单选题】Take me out to the ballgameIt is a strange coincidence that many popular sports played today with a ball, big or small, were first played in the latter half of the 19th century. Only cricket set its rules earlier, in 1788.Basketball was invented in 1891. Other sports had antecedents: soccer, rugby andAmerican football were all formalised in the 1860s and 1870s from what appears to be a common origin, while baseball was standardised around that time, as was golf — though many Scots claim earlier origins. Tennis as we know it today was devised by Major WalterClopton Wingfield, aBritish army officer, for the entertainment of guests at his country estate in 1873. Tennis, though, is an exception in that the indoor form of the game was played with formal rules inEngland and France at least as far back as 1600.But even this is recent compared with ulama, a game once played all over Mesoamerica, from theAmerican Southwest to Peru.The oldest ulama court, in the Mexican state ofChiapas, was built around 1500BC, while latex balls used by the Olmecs, farther west, have been carbon-dated to 300 — 500 years earlier. This is not to say the rules of ulama have not changed over the years-ritual sacrifice of the losers is thought to have died out in the 1300s.But, says ManuelAguilar, a professor atCalifornia State University, in LosAngeles, who studies the game, it is unique in having a continual recorded history stretching back almost 4 ,000 years. Dr.Aguilar and his colleague JamesBrady have been directing a group of students in Sinaloa, a state in western Mexico. They have started a comprehensive study of ulama de cadera, one of three forms of ulama surviving in Sinaloa, which is perhaps the only place where the once-widespread game is still playe
D、DrAguilar speculates that this is because Sinaloa was a frontier during the time of the Spanish colonisation of theAmericas, when ulama was largely eliminated by the intervention ofCatholic missionaries who decried its pagan associations.Ulama is played on a long, narrow court, called a taste, which is 60 metres long and only four metres wide. The opposing sides, of five players each, take turns serving the four kilogram rubber ball and thereafter trying to move the ball up the field, hitting it only with the hip or upper thigh, which are protected by special garments. Points are scored if one team fails to return the other’’s serve across the halfway point of the taste, or if the serving team succeeds in getting the ball past the opponent’’s end line. The first team to score eight points wins.However, asDrAguilar and his colleagues point out in a series of papers forthcoming in the May issue ofEstudios Jaliscienses, a Mexican journal, the rules of ulama are still today in flux, and often not even understood by the participants. This is why in a match each team brings a veedor, an elder who is meant to settle disputes over the rules. Dr.Aguilar, though, is less concerned with the details of the rules of the game, but with its social implications, both in Sinaloa today, and in Mesoamerica generally over the course of ulama’’s history. WhileDrBrady is, by training, an anthropologist, and so directs the team’’s efforts to compile an ethnography of the present-day game,DrAguilar is an art historian. While this may seem an unorthodox pairing, it has allowed them to make some novel insights.For example, until their recent work, it was believed in academia that ulama was only played by men. However, in their detailed questioning of current players, they found that women play the game today, albeit as an exception, because female players are often stigmatized as being too macho. One of their informants is 94 years old and remembers female players from his youth, so the researchers are fairly certain that women have played throughout the 20th century.AndDrAguilar’’s analysis of clay figurines, he says, indicates that women played routinely in pr
D、DrAguilar speculates that this is because Sinaloa was a frontier during the time of the Spanish colonisation of theAmericas, when ulama was largely eliminated by the intervention ofCatholic missionaries who decried its pagan associations.Ulama is played on a long, narrow court, called a taste, which is 60 metres long and only four metres wide. The opposing sides, of five players each, take turns serving the four kilogram rubber ball and thereafter trying to move the ball up the field, hitting it only with the hip or upper thigh, which are protected by special garments. Points are scored if one team fails to return the other’’s serve across the halfway point of the taste, or if the serving team succeeds in getting the ball past the opponent’’s end line. The first team to score eight points wins.However, asDrAguilar and his colleagues point out in a series of papers forthcoming in the May issue ofEstudios Jaliscienses, a Mexican journal, the rules of ulama are still today in flux, and often not even understood by the participants. This is why in a match each team brings a veedor, an elder who is meant to settle disputes over the rules. Dr.Aguilar, though, is less concerned with the details of the rules of the game, but with its social implications, both in Sinaloa today, and in Mesoamerica generally over the course of ulama’’s history. WhileDrBrady is, by training, an anthropologist, and so directs the team’’s efforts to compile an ethnography of the present-day game,DrAguilar is an art historian. While this may seem an unorthodox pairing, it has allowed them to make some novel insights.For example, until their recent work, it was believed in academia that ulama was only played by men. However, in their detailed questioning of current players, they found that women play the game today, albeit as an exception, because female players are often stigmatized as being too macho. One of their informants is 94 years old and remembers female players from his youth, so the researchers are fairly certain that women have played throughout the 20th century.AndDrAguilar’’s analysis of clay figurines, he says, indicates that women played routinely in pr
【分析解答题】Computing is driving the philosophical understanding of quantum theoryFor evidence of the power of simplicity, you need look no further than a computer.Everything it does is based on the manipulation of binary digits, or bits-units of information that can be either 0 or 1. Using logical operations to combine those 0s and Is allows computers to add, multiply and divide, and from there go on to achieve all the feats of the digital age.But at each step of the complex operations involved, each bit has a definite value.The same cannot be said of many properties in quantum physics, such as the spin of an atomic nucleus or the position of an electron orbiting such a nucleus.At a small scale, such properties can have more than one value at once. In 1994, Peter Shor, a mathematician then atAT&T’’sBell Laboratories in New Jersey, realised that a computer that used such quantum properties to represent information could factorise large numbers extremely quickly. This is an important problem, because much of modern cryptography is based on the difficulty of factorising large numbers -- so being able to do so quickly would render many modern codes easily breakable. Then, in 1996, a colleague ofDr Shor’’s atBell Labs, Lov Grover, showed that such a quantum computer would be able to search through an unsorted database much faster than an ordinary computer -- another important application.With these insights, quantum computing, which had first been thought of as a possibility in the early 1980s, became a hot topic of research. It was clear to many physicists that using "qubits" -- which, unlike ordinary bits, can exist in a "superposition" of the values 0 and 1 simultaneously -- might yield an exponential improvement in computing power. This is because a pair of qubits could be in four different states at once, three qubits in eight, and so forth. WhatDr Shor andDr Grover showed was that the improvement, if the technological hurdles could be overcome, would be not hypothetical, but real, and useful for important problems.The technology necessary to manipulate qubits, in their various incarnations, is challenging. So far, nobody has managed to get a quantum computer to perform anything other than the most basic operations.But the field has been gathering pace, and is the topic of much discussion among the scientists gathered in Montreal for the annual March meeting of theAmerican Physical Society, the largest physics conference in the worl
D、There are currently several different approaches to quantum computing, all of which rely on fundamentally different technologies, including ultra-cold ions that are cooled by lasers, pulses of laser light, nuclear-magnetic resonance and solid-state devices such as superconducting junctions or quantum dots (which are confined clouds of electrons). What all these technologies have in common is that they can be used to invoke and exploit the bizarre phenomenon of superposition.Superposition is not simple. Though a qubit may, for a while, be in a state of superposition between 0 and 1, it must eventually choose between the two.And in even the best quantum computers, that choice, or "decoherence", happens in a fraction of a millisecon
D、Just how the choice is made, and how to prolong the preceding period of "coherence" that allows quantum computations to be made, constitute a long-unexplained gap at the heart of modern physics. For nearly 80 years, since the inception of quantum theory in the 1920s, most physicists were content to gloss over the process. What is perhaps surprising is that the technological challenge of quantum computing is now a driving force behind efforts to understand the most abstract and philosophical underpinnings of quantum mechanics.
D、There are currently several different approaches to quantum computing, all of which rely on fundamentally different technologies, including ultra-cold ions that are cooled by lasers, pulses of laser light, nuclear-magnetic resonance and solid-state devices such as superconducting junctions or quantum dots (which are confined clouds of electrons). What all these technologies have in common is that they can be used to invoke and exploit the bizarre phenomenon of superposition.Superposition is not simple. Though a qubit may, for a while, be in a state of superposition between 0 and 1, it must eventually choose between the two.And in even the best quantum computers, that choice, or "decoherence", happens in a fraction of a millisecon
D、Just how the choice is made, and how to prolong the preceding period of "coherence" that allows quantum computations to be made, constitute a long-unexplained gap at the heart of modern physics. For nearly 80 years, since the inception of quantum theory in the 1920s, most physicists were content to gloss over the process. What is perhaps surprising is that the technological challenge of quantum computing is now a driving force behind efforts to understand the most abstract and philosophical underpinnings of quantum mechanics.
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