专四专八考试

【单选题】Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval.Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted byCharlesDarwin in the nineteenth century, may he a universe sign of anger.As the originator of the theory of evolution,Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research PaulEkman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged fromEuropean college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction.According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state.ConsiderDarwin’s words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions."Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis.Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it.Ekrnan has found that the so-calledDuchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow’s feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to theBritish expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation f
网考网参考答案：A
网考网解析：
本题的出题点在举例说明处。第二段中提到Paul Ekman的一项研究，该研究指出，无论什么人，甚至包括和西方文明很少接触、生活在New Guinea高地的Fore族人都对高兴、恐惧等外部表情有着和其他人相同的观点。同时，他们的面部表情也和其他地方的人相似，故排除B。但是由于和西方文明接触不多，他们肯定对其了解甚少，故A正确。作者只说Fore族人很少和外部接触，并没有说他们以孤独著称，排除C。D原文中未提及。 document.getElementById("warp").style.display="none"; document.getElementById("content").style.display="block"; 查看试题解析出处>>