| 托福考试易错题（2016-2-5） |
| 第1、2题：The war for independence from Britain was a long and economically costly conflict. The New England fishing industry was temporarily destroyed, and the tobacco colonies in the South were also hard hit. The trade in imports was severely affected, since the war was fought against the country that had previously monopolized the colonies’ supply of manufactured goods. The most serious consequences were felt in the cities, whose existence depended on commercial activity. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were all occupied for a time by British troops. Even when the troops had left, British ships lurked in the harbors and continued to disrupt trade. American income from shipbuilding and commerce declined abruptly, undermining the entire economy of the urban areas. The decline in trade brought a fall in the American standard of living. Unemployed shipwrights, dock laborers, and coopers drifted off to find work on farms and in small villages. Some of them joined the Continental army, or if they were loyal to Britain, they departed with the British forces. The population of the New York City declined from 21,000 in 1774 to less than half that number only nine years later in 1783. The disruptions produced by the fighting of the war, by the loss of established markets for manufactured goods, by the loss of sources of credit, and by the lack of new investment all created a period of economic stagnation that lasted for the next twenty years. 1.Why does the author mention the fishing industry and the tobacoo colonies? A. to show how the war for independence affected the economy B. to compare the economic power of two different regions C. to identify the two largest commercial enterprises in America D. to give examples of industries controlled by British forces 2. Why does the author mention the population of New York City in paragraph 2? A. to show that half of New York remained loyal to Britain B. to compare New York with other cities occupied during the war C. to emphasize the great short-term cost of the war for New York D. to illustrate the percentage of homeless people in New York 3. Chinese people had fought for independence from foreign countries for more than 100 years; we had lost lands, powers, resources and lives during that period. Today, China faces a new challenge that how the development can maintain, in other words, how China doesn’t lag behind. Please write an essay to express your ideas. |
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| 第3、4题：The discovery of freezing has changed our eating habits more than any other related invention. Because many foods contain large amounts of water, they freeze solidly at or just below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. When we lower the temperature to well below the freezing point and prevent air from penetrating the food, we retard the natural process of decay that causes food to spoil. Freezing preserves the flavor and nutrients of food better than any other preservation method. When properly prepared and packed, foods and vegetables can be stored in the freezer for one year. Most vegetables and some fruits need blanching before they are frozen, and to avoid this step would be an expensive mistake. The result would be a product largely devoid of vitamins and minerals. Proper blanching curtails the enzyme action, which vegetables require during their growth and ripening but which continues after maturation and will lead to decay unless it is almost entirely stopped by blanching. This process is done in two ways, either by plunging vegetables in a large amount of rapidly boiling water for a few minutes or by steaming them. For steam blanching, it is important that timing begin when the water at the bottom of the pot is boiling. Different vegetables require different blanching times, and specified times for each vegetable must be observed. Under-blanching is like no blanching at all, and over-blanching, while stopping the enzyme action, will produce soggy, discolored vegetables. 1.Why does the author mention 32 degrees Fahrenheit? A.To suggest the storage temperature for most foods B.To identify the freezing point of water C.To state the correct setting for a freezer D.To give the temperature for blanching 2.Why does the author use the term expensive mistake in discussing blanching? A.To state that blanching is expensive but very effective B.To warn that not blanching will harm the food’s nutritional value C.To emphasize the importance of blanching only a few items at a time D.To show that many people waste food by blanching improperly |
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| 第5、6、7、8、9题：The house style that dominated American housing during the 1880s and 1890s was known as Queen Anne, aname for an American style. The name was, in fact, a historical accident, originating with fashionable architects in Victorian England who coinedwith apparently no reason other than its pleasing sound. The Queen Anne style was loosely based on medieval structures built long before 1702, the beginning year of Queen Anne’s reign. A distinctive characteristic found in most Queen Anne houses is the unusual roof shape - a steeply pitched, hipped central portion with protruding lower front and side extensions that end in gables. It is often possible to spot these distinctive roof forms from several blocks away. Another feature of this style is the detailing, shown in the wood shingle siding cut into fanciful decorative patterns of scallops, curves, diamonds, or triangles. Queen Anne houses are almost always asymmetrical. If you draw an imaginary line down the middle of one, you will see how drastically different the right and left sides are, all the way from ground level to roof peak. A final characteristic is the inviting wraparound porch that includes the front door area and then extends around to either the right or left side of the house. Queen Anne houses faded from fashion early in the twentieth century as the public’s taste shifted toward the more modern Prairie and Craftsman style houses. Today, however, Queen Anne houses are favorite symbols of the past, painstakingly and lovingly restored by old-houseand reproduced by builders who give faithful attention to the distinctive shapes and detailing that were first popularized more than one hundred years ago. 1. Why does the author use the word curious in describing the name of an American style? A.The style was invented before Queen Anne’s reign. B.The name was accidentally misspelled. C.The style was more popular in Victorian England. D.The name did not originate in American. 2. The word it in paragraph 1 refers to A. style B. name C. accident D. England 3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic feature of Queen Anne houses? A. decorative windows B. wood shingle exterior walls C. large porch D. steeply pitched roof 4. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the Queen Anne style? A. the Queen Anne style combined several other styles. B. the Queen Anne style had to be built in the city. C. the Queen Anne style was elaborate and ornate. D. the Queen Anne style was not very popular. 5. The word buffs in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to A. experts B. sellers C. critics D. painters |
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| 第10、11、12题：One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “color –adding” or “color” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post-event evaluation. Color commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators. Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen…and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation. The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. For example “Smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Another example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities-as in tennis and baseball-or a limited number of activity options-as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the listener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in. 1.Which of the following statements is true of color commentary? A.It narrates the action of the event in real time, using the present tense. B.It is a monologue given to an audience that does not respond to the speaker. C.It is steady and fluent because it must keep up with the action of the event. D.It gives background on the event, and interprets and evaluates the event. 2.Why does the author quote a linguist in paragraph 2? A.To describe the uniqueness of radio play-by-play B.To show how technical sports commentary is C.To give examples of play-by-play commentary D.To criticize past trends in sports commentary 3.It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely agrees with which of the following statements about sports commentary? A.Color commentary is more important than play-by-play commentary B.Sports commentators do not need special knowledge of the sport. C.Commentary enhances the excitement and enjoyment of sports. D.Sports commentators should work hard to improve their grammar. |
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| 第13题：Frances Perkins, （） of the United States cabinet, served in the cabinet as secretary of labor from 1933 to 1945. A. the first female member B. was the first female member C. the first female member who D. of whom the first female member |
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| 第14题：When （） to dough and heated, carbon dioxide is released, causing the dough to rise. A. is added baking powder B. added baking powder is C. is baking powder added D. baking powder is added |
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| 第15题： （） the percentage of individuals with similar traits in succeeding generations, geneticists use the theory of probability. A. The calculation of B. To calculate C. Is calculating D. Calculated |
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| 第16题：Because of （） diversity, seven separate groupings or divisions of algae have been established by botanists. A. them B. so that C. those D. their |
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| 第17题： Chromosomes are regarded today as the major carriers of genetic material, （） of DNA and various types of protein. A. consisting B. as to consist C. consist D. which consisting |
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| 第18题：The leopard seal is the only pinniped （） preys on penguins and other seals. A. that normally B. of which it normally C. normally D. that it normally |
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