| 托福考试易错题（2019/1/7） |
| 第1题： Metaphysical philosophy (is) concerned (with) the principles, structures, and (meaningful) that underlie all observable (reality). A．is B．with C．meaningful D．reality |
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| 第2题： A、( Two different types of bones in the human body B、How bones help the body move C、How bones continuously repair themselves D、The chemical composition of human bones |
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| 第3题：GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY 1The Greek word "systema" means union, and scientists use the word "system" to describe a collection of several components that are linked to one another by functional relationships.Everything outside the system is known as the surroundings. Most scientific literature is a description of the components of a system, their relationships with one another, and their relationships with other systems.Although each science has its own systems with their own subject matter and networks of relationships, the formal characteristics of systems are similar for all sciences. The scientific discipline called general systems theory formulates principles that are valid for systems in general, no matter the elements involved and the relations or forces among them. 2Systems can be divided into two types: closed systems and open systems.A、closed system receives no supply of energy from outside and transfers no energy outwards.An open system receives energy from its surroundings and transfers it out again. 3 A、closed system is isolated fiom its surroundings. The energy supply of a closed system is limited and is progressively used up by the processes operating within the system. The ability of the system to function decreases as the available energy is exhausteD、Without any additional energy supplied from the outside, the system’s processes stop altogether and no further change is possible in the system.A、mill wheel supplied with water from a non-refillable container is a closed system. Once the container of water is empty, the wheel no longer turns because there is no water to turn it. In a truly closed system, the water would have to be collected below the mill wheel in a second container to ensure that the system did not supply any energy to the outside. 4Some scientists argue that there are few truly closed systems in nature, and many define closed systems more broadly as those allowing energy but not mass to cross the system boundary.By this definition, theEarth system as a whole is a closed system. The boundary of theEarth system is the outer edge of the atmosphere, and except for the occasional meteorite, virtually no mass is exchanged between theEarth system and the rest of the universe. However, energy in the form of solar radiation passes from the sun, through the atmosphere to theEarth’s surface, which in turn radiates energy back out to space across the system boundary. Hence, energy passes across theEarth’s system boundary, but mass does not, making it a closed system. 5In an open system, energy and mass can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. Living organisms are open systems. They absorb light energy or chemical energy in the form of organic molecules and release heat and metabolic waste products, such as carbon dioxide, to the surroundings. Generally, relationships exist between the components of a system and its surroundings, that is, other systems.Each open system is part of a larger system that receives and gives off energy. In an open system, the energy is continually resupplied from sources outside the system. In the example of the mill wheel, if the non-refillable water container is replaced by a reservoir fed continuously by a stream, it becomes an open system because the energy supply is renewed from the outside. 6The natural environment is made up of open systems. These can behave as closed systems temporarily if the energy supply is halted for a perioD、If, for example, the stream to the reservoir supplying the mill dries up for a long period, the energy consumption of the mill wheel cannot be balanced by new energy supply. The water in the reservoir is used up, and if the dry period is long enough, the mill wheel stops turning.Eventually, the stream may flow again, filling the reservoir and turning the mill wheel again. This occurs because the stream-reservoir-mill system is itself a part of theEarth’s much l |
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| 第4题：1 A、subculture is a cultural group within the larger society that provides social support to people who differ from the majority in terms of status, race, ethnic background, religion, or other factors. Whenever these differences lead to exclusion or discrimination, subcultures develop as a shield to protect members from the negative attitudes of others. Subcultures unify the group and provide it with values, norms, and a history. 2 Some subcultures do not experience discrimination yet differ from the mainstream enough to generate a "we" feeling among members and a sense of separateness.Examples include military officers, college students, information technology specialists, social workers, jazz musicians, or any subgroup with its own special language and customs. Subcultures usually have values that are variations on those of the dominant culture. These variations are close enough for the subgroup to remain under the societal umbrella but different enough to reflect the unique experience of subgroup members. In NorthAmerica today, teenagers are a distinct subculture with a special way of talking and dressing so that insiders can recognize one another while keeping outsiders out. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2 A、The different experiences of subgroups cause their members to seek protection in the values and customs of their own group. B．Every society is like a large umbrella that covers people from a wide variety of backgrounds and cultures, protecting everyone equally. C． A、subculture’s values show its separateness yet resemble the majority’s values enough to keep the subgroup within the larger society. D．Each group member has experiences that differ from those of all other members and are completely outside those of the mainstream. |
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| 第5题： Mount Rushmore Mount Rushmore is a monument to the ideals of the United States. The faces of four presidents who contributed to the formation of the nation are carved on Mount Rushmore in SouthDakotA、These four presidents are George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt.Each had a vision of what the United States ofAmerica should be and shaped the development of the country. Doane Robinson, the superintendent of the SouthDakota State Historical Society, first envisaged the idea of a monument consisting of colossal stone carvings situated in SouthDakota in 1923. He proposed the carving of giant statues of historical figures of the Old West, such as General GeorgeCuster and KitCarson into a mountainside. Robinson lobbied for support of the idea, as he believed it would promote tourism in the areA、Although many thought the idea was ludicrous, Robinson managed to enlist the support of U.S. Senator Peter Norbeck. Norbeck suggested that Robinson find a sculptor skilled enough to undertake the project, so Robinson contacted GutzonBorglum, anAmerican artist, who accepted the commission. Borglum was not interested in creating a sculpture using regional historical figures as subjects because he thought that such a sculpture would not be of great interest or historical importance. SoBorglum, together with Norbeck and Robinson, decided upon a sculpture of great presidents who had contributed to the birth and development of the United States and to the achievement of its aspirations.Borglum selected Mount Rushmore in the Harney National Forest for his carving because it faced southeast and would be in direct sunlight for the better part of the day. The site was also ideal because the granite that made up the mountain was suitable for the work. Although Robinson, Norbeck, andBorglum managed to obtain permission for the project from the federal legislature, the project stalled due to opposition and lack of funding. Finally, in 1927, PresidentCalvinCoolidge took an extended holiday in the area and was convinced that the project should proceeD、As an indication of his commitment, he provided federal funding for the project.Coolidge insisted that the four presidents selected should include two Republicans and aDemocrat, along with George Washington. Jefferson, Lincoln, and Roosevelt were chosen as they best represented the first 150 years of the United States ofAmerica, and were admired by the trio that had conceived and brought the project to fruition. Each president immortalized on Mount Rushmore made a significant contribution to the country. George Washington was the country’s first president, serving from 1789 to 1797. Washington was instrumental in the nation’s attainment of its independence fromEngland and was responsible for the democracy now existing in the United States. Thomas Jefferson served as president from 1801 to 1809. He was responsible for the drafting of theDeclaration of Independence and the Louisiana Purchase, which expanded the country westwarD、Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 but assassinated while still in office in 1865. Lincoln guided the country through theCivil War and was often referred to as "The GreatEmancipator" for his part in the abolition of slavery. Theodore Roosevelt served as president from 1901 to 1909. He was responsible for the construction of the PanamaCanal. However, Roosevelt’s inclusion was controversial because he had only been out of office for less than twenty-five years when the project started, so his contribution to the United States had not yet been judged by history.But despite the controversy, the project continueD、In 1934, the team of artists and sculptors completed the face of George Washington, followed by Thomas Jefferson in 1936,Abraham Lincoln in 1937, and Theodore Roosevelt in 1939. It took 14 years to complete the sculpture on Mount Rushmore but only a |
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