托福考试易错题（2019/1/11）

第1题：Why does the guide ask the student if he likes sports A、Biology students have their own sports teams. B、There is limited access to sports on campus. C．The athletic center is close to the biology building. D．There is a football game about to begin.

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第2题：Reading 3 "New Women of the IceAge" The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinterpretation of the Paleolithic past centers on new views of the role of women in the food-foraging economy.Amassing critical and previously overlooked evidence from and the neighboring site of Pavlov, researchers Olga Softer, JamesAdovasio, andDavid Hyland now propose that human survival there had little to do with men hurling spears at big game animals. Instead, observes Softer, one of the world’s leading authorities on IceAge hunters and gatherers and an archeologist at the University of lllinois inChampaign-Urbana, it depended largely on women, plants, and a technique of hunting previously invisible in the archeological evidence—net hunting. "This is not the image we’ve always had of Upper Paleolithic macho guys out killing animals up close and personal," Softer explains. "Net hunting is communal, and it involves the labor of children and women.And this has lots of implications." → Many of these implications make her conservative colleagues cringe because they raise serious questions about the focus of previous studies.European archeologists have long concentrated on analyzing broken stone tools and butchered big-game bones, the most plentiful and best preserved relics of the Upper Paleolithic era (which stretched from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago). From these analyses, researchers have developed theories about how these societies once hunted and gathered fooD、Most researchers ruled out the possibility of women hunters for biological reasons.Adult females, they reasoned, had to devote themselves to breast-feeding and tending infants. "Human babies have always been immature and dependent," says Softer. "If women are the people who are always involved with biological reproduction and the rearing of the young, then that is going to constrain their behavior. They have to provision that chilD、For fathers, provisioning is optional." → To test theories about Upper Paleolithic life, researchers looked to ethnography, the scientific description of modern and historical cultural groups. While the lives of modern hunters do not exactly duplicate those of ancient hunters, they supply valuable clues to universal human behavior. In many historical societies, Soffer observes, women played a key part in net hunting, since the technique did not call for brute strength nor did it place young mothers in physical peril.AmongAustralian aborigines, for example. Women as well as men knotted the mesh, laboring for as much as two or three years on a fine net.Among NativeAmerican groups, they helped lay out their handiwork on poles across a valley floor. Then the entire camp joined forces as beaters. Fanning out across the valley, men, women, and children alike shouted and screamed, flushing out game and driving it in the direction of the net. "Everybody and their mother could participate," says Soffer. "Some people were beating, others were screaming or holding the net.And once you got the net on these animals, they were immobilizeD、You didn’t need brute force. You could club them, hit them any old way." → People seldom returned home empty-handeD、Researchers living among the net hunting Mbuti in the forests of theCongo report that they capture game every time they lay out their woven traps, scooping up 50 percent of the animals encountereD、"Nets are a far more valued item in their panoply of food-producing things than bows and arrows are," saysAdovasio. So lethal are these traps that the Mbuti generally rack up more meat than they can consume, trading the surplus with neighbors. Other net hunters traditionally smoked or dried their catch and stored it for leaner times. → Softer doubts tha

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第3题：(a)Current issues in economics(b)Choices faced by conservationists(c) A、recent biology lecture(d) Topics for a research paper

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第4题：The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals,　　　 most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is　　　 estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical signals. The simples of these is the carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant cluster, a chemical that acts(5)　 a pheromone to promote aggregation. Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide,　　　 resulting in solitary ants moving to join a group.At the other extreme, the most complex　　　 of the fire ants’’ signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular　　　 colony or nest identify another worker as local or foreign.Each ant nest has its own odor　　　 as a result of its location, history, and local food supply. The resident ants pick up this(10)　 odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have　　　 different colony odors. This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony　　　 integrity.　　　 Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency,　　　 and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass migrations. A、fire ant(15)　 queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony’’s workers. They respond　　　 by scurrying to gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates　　　 a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest.　　　 Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private　　　 messages. One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source(20)　 is worth keeping secret.Each species marks its trails with signals that are meaningless to　　　 others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices nothing.　　　 On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. Many kinds of ants　　　 perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse.If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done.The word "alert" in line 13 is closest in meaning to A、allow B．transport C．ware D．provide

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第5题：Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events,　　anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within 　　a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals　　can be credited with conscious processing.(5) Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at 　　all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswereD、　　One example of such unexplained behavior: Honeybees communicate the sources of 　　nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation 　　of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the sun’’s position in the sky,(10)and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most 　　researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows 　　no special intelligence.But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the 　　food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging 　　honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would(15)appear next. When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the 　　bees circling the spot, waiting for their fooD、No one has yet explained how bees,　　whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an ounce, could have inferred the location 　　of the new site. Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many(20)animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the　　natural environment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees　　occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzees　　compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips. One pair might contain, say, five　　chips and three chips, the other(25)our chips and three chips.Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the　　chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing　　ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums.The word "rudimentary" in line 21 is closest in meaning to A、superior B．original C．basic D．technical

【单选题】： A     B     C     D