托福考试易错题（2019/1/16）

第1题：The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a 　　　 striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the maria (dark 　　　 lowlands) and the terrace( bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability 　　　 of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two (5)　 terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to 　　　 the Moon such as Surveyor andApollo. One of the most obvious differences 　　　 between the terrains is the smoothness of the maria in contrast to the roughness of the 　　　 highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters; the highlands are 　　　 completely covered by large craters(greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters (10)　 of the maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon’’s 　　　 craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.　　　　　 Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic 　　　 pictures years before the age of space exploration.Earth-based telescopes can resolve 　　　 objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface.Close observation of (15)　 craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the 　　　 understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the 　　　 solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array 　　　 of land forms.Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large circular maria were (20)　seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the mari A、Although various land forms 　　　 were catalogued, the majority of astronomers’’ attention was fixed on craters and their 　　　 origins.　　　　　Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as 　　　 they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively (25)　simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, 　　　 smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-fifth to one-sixth their diameters.　　　 The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.The word "undergone" in line is closest in meaning to A、altered B．substituted C．experienced D．preserved

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第2题：The professor mentions the energy that maintains the stars at a high temperature. Where does the energy come from A、From the conversion of hydrogen to helium. B、From the internal gravity of the stars. C、From the conversion of helium to hydrogen. D、From the light emitted by other stars.

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第3题：Task 1INTEGRAEDArgent avis,一种灭绝的鸟，Reading里面说这个鸟不能飞，给了三个理由1、不能flit off,因为翅膀很长，会碰到地；2、太重，68KG即使能飞，那muscle也不strong enough来支持，说他太重了；3、进化一定要有目的，这种鸟太大不需要靠飞行躲避天敌，同时也不需要靠飞行猎食Listening就各个论点反驳了一下1、说这种鸟能够flit off,并且是靠助跑running to help them fly的，起飞时不一定要用站立姿势，可以起跑然后从山上飞下高空。而且这种鸟生活的环境周围有很多山，够他飞的。另外在fossil里面发现了一个strong “fire bone”这个bone说明了这种鸟可以running。2、说这种鸟飞是靠thermals help them to stay in the atmosphere,然后举例说其他的大型鸟condor, eagle use the same method to fly3、说flying不是advantage是错误的，因为这种鸟是scavenge, which means they are feed on other dead animals, because they are too large, they need sufficient fooD、而flying can help them cover a larger area to find fooD、

【分析题】：

第4题：Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many　　　 that were once considered undesirable noises.ComposerEdgard Varese (1883-1965)　　　 called thus the "liberation of soun D、..the right to make music with any and all sounds."　　　Electronic music, for example―made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and(5)electronic instruments―may include sounds that in the past would not have been　　　 consdered musicalEnvironmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated　　　 hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical　　　 composition.But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and nonelectronic　　　 instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic(10) sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments.　　　 A、brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once; a 　　　 pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In　　　 the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved　　　 percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions.(15) Traditional percussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters; and instruments　　　 that used to be couriered unconvennonal in Western music―tom-toms, bongos,　　　 slapsticks, maracas―are widelv use D、　　　 In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of　　　 Microtones. Non-Western music typically divides and interval between two pitches more(20) finely than Western music does, thereby producing a greter number of distinct tones,　　　 or micro tones, within the same interval.Composers such as Krzysztof Pmderecki create　　　 sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters―closely spaced tones played　　　 together and heard as a mass, block, or band of soun D、The directional aspect of sound has　　　 taken on new importance as well Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed(25) at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium.　　　Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations,　　　 recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and　　　 novel ways of arranging notation on the page.The word "it" in line 12 refers to A、piano B．string C．blade D、music

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第5题： TheEffects of SleepDeprivation Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system. However, many adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep each night. The average adult today gets only 6.4 hours of sleep, nearly an hour and a half less than what the average person received a century ago. Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the prevalence and severity of sleep deprivation in the working population.A、significant number of people work at night, work long shifts, or suffer from insomnia or jet lag. Others are deprived of sleep because they work too hard, stay out too late, or try to do too many things in a day.Adults who regularly sleep six hours or less might think they accomplish more by staying up late, but they pay for it the next day when they feel sleepy or irritable or are unable to concentrate, remember things, or be very effective at their work. Studies show that the brain is adversely affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. In one study, thirteen healthy adult subjects who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a hospital sleep laboratory during a period of 35 hours.During the experiment, the subjects were asked to perform several cognitive tasks, such as arithmetic and word problems, while undergoing magnetic resonance scans of their brain activity. The scans recorded each subject’s brain activity from a rested state through various stages of sleep deprivation over the 35-hour perioD、The scans produced images showing increased activity in some regions of the brain and decreased activity in others. The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in sleep-deprived subjects. When subjects were fully rested, their magnetic resonance scans showed that the temporal lobe was very active. However, after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. The effects of the inactivity included slurred speech in the subjects who had gone for prolonged periods With no sleep. Several studies show that getting less than six hours of sleep a night can impair short-term memory, coordination, reaction time, and judgment, thus posing a serious risk of accident or injury. In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk. They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0. 5 percent, the legal limit for drunk driving in most westernEuropean countries. The study also found that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involved sleep deprivation. The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving. There are other problems associated with sleep deprivation beyond impaired motor skills and judgment.Drivers who get too little sleep may have higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, may take unnecessary risks, or may express rage toward other drivers. These dangers affect not only drivers but also people who work long shifts or night shifts, such as medical personnel and other emergency workers. The dangers of sleep deprivation go far beyond the obvious risks and can, in fact, undermine all areas of an individual’

【单选题】： A     B     C     D