托福习题练习
| 托福考试易错题（2019/2/16） |
| 第1题： The school newspaper will eliminate event reports and news comments in the future issues, and this is due to some practical concerns: firstly, our school website is providing some news reports and comments that students can read and download easily from school official websites; secondly, due to its difficulties and extra working hours, there are not enough student reporters who are willing to write critical comments on the latest news. Question: The woman expresses her opinion towards the university’s decision to eliminate news comments on school newspaper. State her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion. |
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| 第2题：Listening 9 "PhilosophyClass" {$mediaurl}  What is the main focus of this discussion A、The Renaissance B、Important scholars C、Humanism D、Political reform |
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| 第3题：Some animal activities, such as mating, migration, and hibernate, have a yearly cycle. |
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| 第4题： Artificial Intelligence Any discussion of artificial intelligence, orA、I., must inevitably start with the question of what exactly intelligence is. Unfortunately, it is not an easy matter to decide. Intelligence is normally defined as the ability to recognize relationships and to build upon them. However, computers can often do that better than humans, yet they are not therefore considered more intelligent.Desires, goals, and preferences are also important, as is a sense of self- awareness, when we talk about what we mean by artificial intelligence. The scope and depth of a program’s coverage of all of these attributes determine which of the two main sorts of artificial intelligence it belongs to. WeakA、I. is the main type of artificial intelligence that exists today. WeakA、I. programs do not attempt to mimic human consciousness or encapsulate the full range of human mental activity. Instead, they attempt to perform one particular problem-solving task very well. The most obvious example of such a program is the chess-playing computerDeepBlue, which, in May of 1997, became the first computer to defeat a current world champion in a standard tournament match.DeepBlue is clearly more intelligent than humans when it comes to chess, but it just as clearly has no greater consciousness that would allow it to compete with us in any other areA、Other examples of weakA、I. include computerized grammar checkers, e-mail spam filters, and Internet chat bots.Because these sorts of programs are limited to specific tasks, and because they have become so familiar to us, they are not often considered artificial intelligence programs by most members of the general publi C、Nevertheless, they all represent considerable advances in theA、I. field, and form the best examples of the progress computer scientists have made towards creating thinking machines. StrongA、I. is the other type of artificial intelligence and is what most people think of when they hear the term. StrongA、I. refers to computers that have a wide range of general cognitive abilities, including consciousness or self-awareness. No strongA、I. programs actually exist today, but scientists continue to work on developing one that works.At present, there are two main approaches to the creation of strongA、I. The first involves attempting to build a computer that is modeled after the human brain. The main problem with this approach is that scientists do not yet have a complete understanding of the human brain, so that any models based on it must necessarily be flaweD、In addition, the human brain is so complex that it is virtually impossible to create a computer model based on it with today’s processing technology. The second approach involves trying to create a strongA、I. program based on building up existing computer programs. This approach has the advantage of allowing scientists to make progress on strongA、I. software without having to first develop much mere powerful hardware, but also raises the interesting question of Whether or not they would even recognize success: a strongA、I. program that was not modeled after the human brain might not manifest its intelligence: ina manner noticeable to its programmers. Scientists and philosophers have long debated exactly how a computer might prove to us that it had developed genuine intelligence, yet no solid consensus exists. Indeed, we often find it difficult to judge another human being’s level of intelligence, so it is perhaps unsurprising that we find measuring a computer’s simulation of that ability nearly impossible. ■ A、One method for gaging the success of a strongA、I. program is called the Turing Test. ■ B、First proposed in the 1950s, a Turing Test works by having a judge or series of judges engage in a written conversation with hidden test subjects, some of whom are human and some of whom are actually computers. ■ C、The theory is that a compu |
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| 第5题：The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceabiliy ofBritish copyright law in theAmerican colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as publishers.Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported fromEurope, printers in(5) Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and type.Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk.Consisting of only one sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itselt to subjects of high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer(10)miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors impatient for payment In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts,(15)catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy. Chapbook were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of modem-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require(20)fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, costeffective editions and sold cheaply. By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications(25)would prove of fleeting interest.Almanacs, annual publications that contained information on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of a given year, provided the perfect steady seller because their information pertained to the locale in which they would be used Chapbooks produced in colonialAmerica were characterized by A、fine paper B．cardboard covers C、elaborate decoration D．a large number of pages |
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