托福习题练习
| 托福考试易错题（2019/2/26） |
第1题：→ Holmes and Rahe (1967) developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life change as a form of stress.  The scale assigns numerical values to 43 major life events that are supposed to reflect the magnitude of the readjustment required by each change. In responding to the scale, respondents are asked to indicate how often they experienced any of these 43 events during a certain time period (typically, the past year). The person then adds up the numbers associated with each event checkeD、 → The SRRS and similar scales have been used in thousands of studies by researchers all over the worlD、[] Overall, these studies have shown that people with higher scores on the SRRS tend to be more vulnerable to many kinds of physical illness—and many types of psychological problems as wellDerogatis &Coons, 1993; Gruen, 1993; Scully, Tosi &Banning, 2000).  More recently, however, experts have criticized this research, citing problems with the methods used and raising questions about the meaning of the findingsCritelli &Ee, 1996; Monroe & McQuaid, 1994; Wethington, 2000).First, the assumption that the SRRS measures change exclusively has been shown to be inaccurate. We now have ample evidence that the desirability of events affects adaptational outcomes more than the amount of change that they require (Turner & Wheaton, 1995). Thus, it seems prudent to view the SRRS as a measure of diverse forms of stress, rather than as a measure of change-related stress (McLean & Link, 1994). → Second, the SRRS fails to take into account differences among people in their subjective perception of how stressful an event is. For instance, while divorce may deserve a stress value of 73 for most people, a particular person’s divorce might generate much less stress and merit a value of only 25. → Third, many of the events listed on the SRRS and similar scales are highly ambiguous, leading people to be inconsistent as to which events they report experiencing (Monroe & McQuaid, 1994). For instance, what qualifies as "trouble with the boss" Should you check that because you’re sick and tired of your supervisor What constitutes a "change in living conditions"Does your purchase of a great new sound system qualifyAs you can see, the SRRS includes many "events" that are described inadequately, producing considerable ambiguity about the meaning of one’s response. Problems in recalling events over a period of a year also lead to inconsistent responding on stress scales, thus lowering their reliability (Klein & Rubovits, 1987). Fourth, the SRRS does not sample from the domain of stressful events very thoroughly.Do the 43 events listed on the SRRS exhaust all the major stresses that people typically experience Studies designed to explore that question have found many significant omissionsDohrenwend et al., 1993; Wheaton, 1994). → Fifth, the correlation between SRRS scores and health outcomes may be inflated because subjects’ neuroticism affects both their responses to stress scales and their self-reports of health problems. Neurotic individuals have a tendency to recall more stress than others and to recall more symptoms of illness than others (Watson,David, & Suls, 1999). These tendencies mean that some of the correlation between high stress and high illness may simply reflect the effects of subjects’ neuroticismCritelli &Ee, 1996). The possible contami- nating effects of neuroticism obscure the meaning of scores on the SRRS and similar measures of stress. The LifeExperiences Survey In the light of these problems, a number of researchers have attempted to develop improved versions of the SRRS. For example, the Life |
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| 第2题： LANGSTON HUGHES 1 Among the many talentedAfricanAmerican writers connected with the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s, Langston Hughes was the most popular in his time. His two most important achievements were the incorporation of the rhythms of black music into his poetry and the creation of an authentic black folk speaker in the character of JesseB、Semple. Through both poetry and storytelling, Hughes captured in written form the dominant oral and improvisatory traditions of black culture. 2Langston Hughes was born in Missouri in 1902. He began to write poetry in high school and later attendedColumbia University in New York.After one year at university, Hughes commenced a nomadic life in the United States andEurope. He shipped out as a merchant marine and worked in a Paris nightclub, all the while writing and publishing poetry. His prolific literary career was launched in 1926 with the publication of his first book, The WearyBlues, a collection of poems onAfricanAmerican themes set to rhythms from jazz and blues. His first novel appeared in 1930, and from that point on Hughes was known as "the bard of Harlem." 3In the activist 1930s, Hughes was a public figure. He worked as a journalist, published works in several media, and foundedAfricanAmerican theaters in New York,Chicago, and LosAngeles. Hughes’s concern with race, mainly in an urban setting, is evident in his poetry, plays, screenplays, novels, and short stories. His poetry includes lyrics about black life and black pride as well as poems of racial protest. His major prose writings are those concerned with the character JesseB、Semple, a shrewd but supposedly ignorant Harlem resident nicknamed Simple. Simple was a wise fool, an honest man who saw through sham and spoke plainly. The Simple stories were originally published as newspaper sketches and later collected in five book volumes. 4 By the 1960s, readers preferred themes that reflected the struggles of the times, and Hughes’s writings were overshadowed by those of a younger generation of black poets. However, in more recent decades, scholars and readers have rediscovered Hughes and regard him as a major literary and social influence. His poetry and stories remain an enduring legacy of the Harlem Renaissance, and for this reason his position in theAmerican canon is secure. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the Harlem Renaissance is the name of A、a university B、a literary movement C、a newspaper D、a book of poems |
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| 第3题： Tourism inChile The biggest problem facingChile, as it promotes itself as a tourist destination to be reckoned with, is that it is at the end of the earth. It is too far south to be a convenient stop on the way to anywhere else and it is considerably farther than a relatively cheap half-day’s flight away from other major tourist markets, such as Mexico. Chile, therefore, is having to fight hard to attract tourists, to convince travelers that it is worth coming halfway round the world to visit.But it is succeeding, not only in existing markets like the USA、and WesternEurope but in new territories, in particular the FarEast. Markets closer to home, however, are not being forgotten. More than 50% of visitors toChile still come from its nearest neighbor,Argentina, where the cost of living is much higher. Similar to all the other SouthAmerican countries,Chile sees tourism as a valuable earner of foreign currency, although it has been far more serious than most in promoting its image abroaD、Relatively stable politically within the region, it has benefited from the problems suffered in other areas. In Peru, guerrilla warfare in recent years has dealt a heavy blow to the tourist industry and fear of street crime inBrazil has reduced the attraction of Rio de Janeiro as a dream destination for foreigners. More than 150000 people are directly involved inChile’s tourist sector, an industry which earns the country more than U.S. $ 950 million each year. The state-run National Tourism Service, in partnership with a number of private companies, is currently running a world-wide campaign, taking part in trade fairs and international events to attract visitors toChile. Chile’s great strength as a tourist destination is its geographical diversity. From the parchedAtacamaDesert in the north to theAntarctic snowfields of the south, it is more than 5000 km long. With the Pacific on one side and theAndean mountains on the other,Chile boasts natural attractions. Its beaches are not up toCaribbean standards but resorts such as Vinadel Mar are generally clean and unspoiled and have a high standard of services. But the trump card is theAndes mountain range. There are a number of excellent ski resorts within one hour’s drive of the capital, Santiago, and the national parks in the south are home to rare animal and plant species. The parks already attract specialist visitors, including mountaineers, who come to climb the technically difficult peaks, and fishermen, lured by the salmon and trout in the region’s rivers. However, infrastructural development in these areas is limiteD、The ski resorts do not have as many lifts as theirEuropean counterparts and part poor quality of roads in the south means that only the most determined travelers see the best of the national parks. A、[■]Air links betweenChile and the rest of the world are, at present, relatively poor. B、[■] WhileChile’s two largest airlines have extensive networks within SouthAmerica, they operate only a small number of routes to the U.S. andEurope while services toAsia are almost non-existent. C、[■] Internal transport links are being improved and luxury hotels are being built in one of its national parks. D、[■]Easter Island andChilesAntarctic Territory are also on the list of areas where the government believes it can create tourist markets. But the rush to open hitherto inaccessible areas to mass tourism is not being welcomed by everyone. Indigenous and environmental groups, including Greenpeace, say that many parts of theAndes will suffer if they become over-developeD、There is a genuine fear that areas ofChile will suffer the cultural destruction witnessed in Mexican andEuropean resorts. The policy of opening upAntarctica to tourism is also politically sensitive.Chile already has permanent settlements on the ice and many peo |
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| 第4题：Altitude, climate, temperature, and the length of the growing season both determine Where plants will grow.
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| 第5题： Swimming Machines Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes (marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish) swim continuously. Feeding, courtship, reproduction, and even "rest" are carried out while in constant motion.As a result, practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming "machines" is adapted to enhance ther ability to swim. Many of the adaptations of these fishes serve to reduce water resistance (drag). Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed warcraft. Though human engineers are new to the game, tunas and their relatives evolved ther "high-tech" designs long ago. Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art for their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not breakup its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason. Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have even more sophisticated adaptations than these to improve their hydrodynamics. The long bill of marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish probably helps them slip through the water. Many supersonic aircraft have a similar needle at the nose. Most tunas and billfishes have a series of keels and finlet near the tail.Although most of their scales have been lost, tunas and mackerels retain a patch of coarse scales near the head called the corselet. The keels, finlet, and corselet help direct the flow of water over the body surface in such as way as to reduce resistance (see the figure).Again, supersonic jets have similar features.  Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills.  In fact, tunas must swim to breathe.  They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down. Some species of tuna have specialized grooves in their tongue. It is thought that these grooves help to channel water through the mouth and out the gilt slits, thereby reducing water resistance. There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that reduce drag.Again, these fishes are the envy of engineers. There high, narrow tails with swept-back tips are almost perfectly adapted to provide propulsion with the least possible effort. Perhaps most important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water. They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies. Scientists and engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing more efficient propulsion systems for ships. The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body |
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