托福习题练习
| 托福考试易错题（2019/4/3） |
| 第1题： THE、ROLE、OF GOVERNMENT IN THE、ECONOMY 1 Because most people do not volunteer to pay taxes or police their own financial affairs, governments cannot influence economic activity simply by asking people to pollute less, to give money to the poor, or to be innovative. To accomplish these things, governments have to pass laws. Since the early twentieth century, governments of countries with advanced industrial or service economies have been playing an increasing role in economics. This can be seen in the growth of government taxation and spending, in the growing share of national income devoted to income-support payments, and by the enormous increase in the control of economic activity. 2 The large-scale organization of business, as seen in mass production and distribution, has led to the formation of large-scale organizations--corporations, labor unions, and government structures--that have grown in importance in the past several decades. Their presence and growing dominance have shifted capitalist economies away from traditional market forces and toward government administration of markets. 3 In the United States, government provides a framework of laws for the conduct of economic activity that attempt to make it serve the public interest. For instance, the individual states and the federal government have passed laws to shield investors against frauD、These laws specify what information has to be disclosed to prospective investors when shares of stocks or bonds are offered for sale.Another important area of law concerns the labor force, such as regulation of work hours, minimum wages, health and safety conditions, child labor, and the rights of workers to form unions, to strike, to demonstrate peacefully, and to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing. 4 In other nations, the ways in which governments intervene in their economies have varied; however, governments everywhere deal with essentially the same issues and participate in economic activity.Even governments that are reluctant to regulate commerce directly have undertaken large-scale projects such as hydroelectric and nuclear energy developments, transportation networks, or expansion of health, education, and other public services. All of the following are given as issues concerning the labor forceEXCEPTA．stock ownership B．health and safety C．hours of work D．the right to strike |
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| 第2题：{{B}}Set 5{{/B}} At first everything seemed fine and dandy.America was enjoying one of the biggest economic surges in the nation’s history. However, even thoughAmerica benefited from the economic boom of the so called "Roaring Twenties", the imbalance between the rich and the poor combined with the production of more and more goods and rising personal debt caused one of the biggest recessions in history. OnBlack Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the stock market crashed, triggering the GreatDepression, which was the worst economic collapse in the history of the modem, industrial worlD、It spread from the United States and rippled out to the rest of the world, with banks failing and businesses going bust for over a span of a decade, leaving more than a quarter of the working force inAmerica without jobs. President Herbert Hoover, underestimating the seriousness of the crisis, called it "a passing incident in our national lives," and assuredAmericans that it would be over within two months. Hoover did not think that the federal government should offer relief to the poverty-stricken population because he firmly believed in individualism. Focusing on economic programs to help finance businesses and banks, Hoover met with resistance from business executives who preferred to lay off workers.Blamed by many for the GreatDepression, Hoover was widely ridiculeD、 Hoover’s economy was put to the test with the onset of the GreatDepression in 1929. It was his vocal stance on non-intervention that led toDemocratic criticism that Hoover was a "sitting duck" president; on the other hand, his more pro-free market opponents also denied he was a laissez-faire president and condemned him for being an interventionist. Hoover tried to restore confidence with a series of speeches but his weak speaking style hampered these efforts. The biggest problem was that his predictions of an upturn just around the comer never materializeD、His promises were not delivered and he lost a lot of the public’s confidence. Together, the government and businesses actually spent more in the first half of 1930 than the previous year; yet frightened consumers cut back their expenditures by ten percent.A、severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland beginning in the summer of 1930, while foreign banks declared bankruptcy, draining U.S. wealth and destroying world trade. The combination of these factors caused a downward spiral: as earning fell, domestic banks collapsed, and mortgages were called in. Hoover’s hold-the- line policy in wages lasted little more than a year. Unemployment soared from five million in 1930 to over eleven million in 1931, causing this sharp recession to become the GreatDepression. In 1930, Hoover reluctantly signed the Smoot-Hawley TariffAct, which raised tariffs on over 20,000 dutiable items. The Tariff, combined with the 1932 RevenueAct, which hiked taxes and fees across the board, is often blamed for deepening the economic depression, and is considered by some to be Hoover’s biggest political mistakes. Moreover, the Federal Reserve System’s tightening of the money supply is also regarded by most modem economists as a mistaken tactic, under the circumstances. In order to cover the expenses of these government programs, Hoover agreed to one of the largest tax increases inAmerican history.  The RevenueAct of 1932 raised taxes on the highest incomes from 25% to 63%, while the estate tax was doubled, and corporate taxes were raised by almost 15%.  Also, a "check tax" was inclu【单选题】： | |
| 第3题： President Hoover’s PoliticsDuring the GreatDepression At first everything seemed fine and dandy.America was enjoying one of the biggest economic surges in the nation’s history. However, even thoughAmerica benefited from the economic boom of the so called "Roaring Twenties", the imbalance between the rich and the poor combined with the production of more and more goods and rising personal debt caused one of the biggest recessions in history. OnBlack Tuesday, October 29,1929, the stock market crashed, triggering the GreatDepression, which was the worst economic collapse in the history of the modern, industrial worlD、It spread from the United States and rippled out to the rest of the world, with banks failing and businesses going bust for over a span of a decade, leaving more than a quarter of the working force inAmerica without jobs. President Herbert Hoover, underestimating the seriousness of the crisis, called it "a passing incident in our national lives" and assuredAmericans that it would be over within two months. Hoover did not think that the federal government should offer relief to the poverty-stricken population because he firmly believed in individualism. Focusing on economic programs to help finance businesses and banks, Hoover met with resistance from business executives who preferred to lay off workers.Blamed by many for the GreatDepression, Hoover was widely ridiculeD、 Hoover’s economy was put to the test with the onset of the GreatDepression in 1929. It was his vocal stance on non-intervention that led toDemocratic criticism that Hoover was a "sitting duck" president; on the other hand, his more pro-free market opponents also denied he was a laissez-faire president and condemned him for being an interventionist. Hoover tried to restore confidence with a series of speeches but his weak speaking style hampered these efforts. The biggest problem was that his predictions of an upturn just around the comer never materializeD、His promises were not delivered and he lost a lot of the public’s confidence. Together, the government and businesses actually spent more in the first half of 1930 than the previous year; yet frightened consumers cut back their expenditures by ten percent.A、severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland beginning in the summer of 1930, while foreign banks declared bankruptcy, draining U. S. wealth and destroying world trade. The combination of these factors caused a downward spiral: as earning fell, domestic banks collapsed, and mortgages were called in. Hoover’s hold-the-line policy in wages lasted little more than a year. Unemployment soared from five million in 1930 to over eleven million in 1931, causing this sharp recession to become the GreatDepression. In 1930, Hoover reluctantly signed the Smoot-Hawley TariffAct, which raised tariffs on over 20,000 dutiable items. The Tariff, combined with the 1932 RevenueAct, which hiked taxes and fees across the board, is often blamed for deepening the economic depression, and is considered by some to be Hoover’s biggest political mistakes. Moreover, the Federal Reserve System’s tightening of the money supply is also regarded by most modern economists as a mistaken tactic, under the circumstances. In order to cover the expenses of these government programs, Hoover agreed to one of the largest tax increases inAmerican history.  The RevenueAct of 1932 raised taxes on the highest incomes from 25 % to 63%, while the estate tax was doubled, and corporate taxes were raised by almost 15%. |
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| 第4题： A、( It’s not always clear why people behave in certain ways B、People usually blame others for their mistakes C、Certain conditions cause drivers to behave strangely D、The reason for some behavior is obvious |
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