| 托福考试易错题（2019/4/10） |
| 第1题： Influenza and Vaccines There is no specific cure for influenzA、Recommended treatment usually consists of bed rest and increased intake of nonalcoholic fluids until fever and other symptoms lessen in severity.Certain drugs have been found effective in lessening flu symptoms, but medical efforts aimed against the disease focus chiefly on prevention by means of vaccines that create immunity. No drugs can cure influenza, but certain antiviral medicines can relieve flu symptoms.Available by prescription, these drugs provide modest relief, but only if taken on the first or second day of symptoms. The drugs amantadine (sold under the brand name Symmetrel) and rimantadine (Flumadine., both in pill form, work against hemagglutinin and are effective in treating typeA、influenzA、Two other drugs inhibit neuraminidase and are effective against both typeA、and typeB、strains: oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is in pill form and zanamivir (RelenzA、is an inhalant. A、flu vaccine consists of greatly weakened or dead flu viruses, or fragments of dead viruses.Antigens in the vaccine stimulate the patient’s immune system to produce antibodies against the viruses. If the flu viruses invade a vaccinated person at a later time, the sensitized immune system recognizes the antigens, produces the antibodies and quickly responds to help destroy them. About 5 to 10 percent of people who receive a flu vaccine experience mild, temporary side effects, typically soreness at the injection site. Young children who have not previously been exposed to the influenza virus are most likely to experience side effects. Flu viruses constantly change so different virus strains must be incorporated in vaccines from one year to the next. Scientists try to provide a good match between the vaccine and the most serious virus strains circulating at the time.But because it takes months to manufacture and distribute vaccines, decisions on their composition must be made well before the start of each flu season.Each February experts at the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend a vaccine composition to be used for the forthcoming winter in the Northern Hemisphere; a second recommendation is made in September for vaccines to be used in the Southern Hemisphere. Typically vaccines contain antigens from three virus strains, usually two strains from typeA、and one strain from typeB、 According to theCDC, the success of flu vaccines varies from one person to another. In healthy young adults, the vaccines are 70 to 90 percent effective in preventing the disease. In the elderly and people with certain chronic medical conditions, the vaccines are less effective in preventing illness but help reduce the severity of an infection and the risk of major complications or death. Studies show that flu vaccines reduce flu-related hospitalization by about 70 percent and flu-related deaths by about 85 percent among elderly people. TheCDC、recommends annual flu shots for people who are at high risk for developing serious complications as a result of an influenza infection.A、[■]This group includes all people aged 65 and older; people in nursing homes and other facilities that house people with chronic medical conditions; people with chronic heart, lung or kidney disease, diabetes, an impaired immune system, or severe forms of anemia; children and adolescents with conditions treated for long periods of time with aspirin (which makes them vulnerable to Reye’s syndrome. ; and women who will be in the second or third trimester of pregnancy during the influenza season.B、[■] Some doctors encourage individuals who travel to areas of the world where influenza viruses circulate to receive the most current vaccine.C、[■] Vaccination taken earlier can better protect the travellers from being infected by influenza in the epidemic areasD、[■] vaccination is more urgently needed particularly if they ar |
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| 第2题：1David Smith worked primarily in iron, exploring its possibilities more fully than any other sculptor before or since. To Smith, iron spoke of the power, mobility, and vigor of the industrial age. Smith was born in Indiana in 1906, the descendant of a nineteenth- century blacksmith. His iron sculptures flowed naturally out of the mechanized heart ofAmerica, a landscape of railroads and factories.As a child, Smith played on trains and around factories, as well as in nature on hills and near creeks. He originally wanted to be a painter, but after seeing photographs of the metal sculpture of Picasso in an art magazine, he began to realize that iron could be handled as directly as paint. 2 Many of Smith’s sculptures are "totems" that suggest variations on the human figure. They are not large iron dolls, although several have "heads" or "legs." Still, they forcefully convey posture and gesture. Their message flows from the internal relations of the forms and from the impression of tension, spring, and alertness set up by their position in space. 3 Later in his career, Smith produced two series of sculptures in stainless steel: the Sentinels in the 1950s and theCubis in the 1960s. He also began placing his sculptures outdoors, in natural light, where the highly reflective stainless steel could bring sunlight and color into the work. In the late afternoon sun, the steel planes of theCubis reflect a golden color; at other times, they have a blue cast. The mirror-like steel creates an illusion of depth, which responds better to sunshine than it would to the static lighting of a museum. The word vigor in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A、history B．poverty C．lifestyle D．strength |
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| 第3题：Why does the professor mention the immigrants A、They have played an important role in the history and even now. B．They helped to form the country back in the history. C．They did great things to improve the economy of the country. D．Americans are all children of immigrants who came for their dreams. |
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| 第4题：Because the low latitudes of theEarth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat Than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move, Heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat isMoved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in(5) the form of latent heat. The term "latent heat" refers to the energy that has to be used to Convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature. We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster than in winter, when temperatures are colder. The energy used in both cases to change (10) liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat―supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is stored in water vapor in the atmosphere as latent heat.Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun’’s incoming energy is used to evaporate (15) Water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion of the Sun’’s energy.By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun’’s energy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it (20) can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.The passage mainly discusses how heat A、is transformed and transported in theEarth’’s atmosphere B．is transported by ocean currents C、can be measured and analyzed by scientists D．moves about theEarth’’s equator |
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| 第5题： The word "it" in line 21 refers to A．( biological productivity B．( oil C．( organic material D．( petroleum |
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