托福习题练习
| 托福考试易错题（2019/4/25） |
| 第1题： SPORTSCOMMENTARY 1 One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary.An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows, and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. "Play-by-play" commentary narrates the sports event, while "color-adding" or "color" commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post-event evaluation.Color commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators. 2 Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are "he takes the lead by four" and "she’s in position." One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as "a monologue directed at an unknown, unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen.., and provide no feedback to the speaker." It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation. 3 The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. For example, "Smith in close" eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do.Another example is inverted word order, as in "over at third is Johnson." Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities--as in tennis and baseball--or a limited number of activity options--as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the listener of the varying order of the competitors in a "state of play" summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in. Why does the author quote a linguist in paragraph 2A．To describe the uniqueness of radio play-by-play B．To show how technical sports commentary is C．To give examples of play-by-play commentary D．To criticize past trends in sports commentary |
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| 第2题： Dans notre classe, plusieurs camarades ____ le franais
A． apprendent B．apprennent C．apprennont D．Apprend |
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| 第3题： A、Students might not consider them to be an important part of culture. B．They symbolize the rebellion of youth in the 1950’’s. C．They are discussed in the student’’s textbook. D．They have been worn for hundreds of years. |
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| 第4题： The Impressionists InApril 1870, an art exhibit opened in Paris featuring famous and priceless works of art. However, at the time, no one knew that these paintings would one day be considered masterpieces. The paintings and the painters were virtually unknown at the time and would remain that way for several years. In the nineteenth century, French art was dominated by theAcademy of FineArts.Every year the academy held an art show called Le Salon. In 1863, theAcademy rejected one of the paintings ofEdouard Manet. Manet and a group of other independent artists organized their own show, which they called Salon des Refuses (Salon of the Rejected), which opened onApril 15,1874.A、newspa per critic named Louis Leroy visited the gallery and was not pleased with what he saw. One painting of boats in a harbor at dawn byClaude Monet particularly enraged him. It was called Impression: Sunset. Leroy wrote that this piece, and in fact most of the pieces in the show, looked like impressions--a term for a preliminary, unfinished sketch made before a painting is done. Leroy’s newspaper review was jokingly called "TheExhibition of the Impressionists". Within a few years of Leroy’s review, the term "Impressionists" had clearly stuck, not as a term of derision but as a badge of honor, and a new movement was born. The Impressionist movement included the French paintersEdouard Manet,Claude Monet, PierreAuguste Renoir,EdgarDegas, PaulCezanne, and theAmerican painter MaryCassatt. The techniques and standards employed within the Impressionist movement varied widely, and though the artists shared a core of values, the real glue which bound the movement together was its spirit of rebellion and independence. This spirit is clear when you compare Impressionist paintings with traditional French paintings of the time.  The Impressionists delighted in painting landscapes (except forEdgarDegas, who preferred painting indoor scenes, and MaryCassatt, who mainly painted portraits of mothers and children). Traditional painters, too, painted landscapes, but their landscapes tended to be somber and dark. The Impressionists’ landscapes sparkle with light.  Impressionists insisted that their works be "true to nature".  When they painted landscapes, they carried their paints and canvases outdoors in order to capture the ever-changing light. Traditional painters gener ally made preliminary sketches outside but worked on the paintings themselves in their studios."Classic" Impressionist paintings are often easy to spot because of the techniques used by the painters. One of the first "rules" of the Impressionists, that the colors should be dropped pure on the canvas instead of getting mixed on the palette, was respected by only a few of them and for only a couple of years, but most Impressionists mixed their paints as little as possible. They believed that it was better to allow the eye to |
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| 第5题：Reading 1 "Rising Sea Levels" Perhaps the most pervasive climatic effect of global warming is rapid escalation of ice melt. Mount Kilimanjaro inAfrica, portions of the SouthAmericanAndes, and the Himalayas will very likely lose most of their glacial ice within the next two decades, affecting local water resources. Glacial ice continues its retreat inAlaskA、NASA、scientists determined that Greenland’s ice sheet is thinning by about 1 m per year. The additional meltwater, especially from continental ice masses and glaciers, is adding to a rise in sea level worldwide. Satellite remote sensing is monitoring global sea level, sea ice, and continental ice. Worldwide measurements confirm that sea level rose during the last century. Surrounding the margins ofAntarctica, and constituting about 11% of its surface area, are numerous ice shelves, especially where sheltering inlets or bays exist.Covering many thousands of square kilometers, these ice shelves extend over the sea while still attached to continental ice. The loss of these ice shelves does not significantly raise sea level, for they already displace seawater. The concern is for the possible surge of grounded continental ice that the ice shelves hold back from the seA、 Although ice shelves constantly break up to produce icebergs, some large sections have recently broken free. In 1998 an iceberg (150 km by 35 km) broke off the Ronne Ice Shelf, southeast of theAntarctic PeninsulA、In March 2000 an iceberg taggedB-15 broke off the Ross Ice Shelf (some 90° longitude west of theAntarctic Peninsula), measuring 300 km by 40 km. Since 1993, six ice shelves have disintegrated inAntarcticA、About 8000 km of ice shelf are gone, changing maps, freeing up islands to circumnavigation, and creating thousands of icebergs. The Larsen Ice Shelf, along the east coast of theAntarctic Peninsula, has been retreating slowly for years. Larsen-A、suddenly disintegrated in 1995. In only 35 days in early 2002, Larsen-B、collapsed into icebergs. This ice loss is likely a result of the 2.5℃ temperature increase in the region in the last 50 years. In response to the increasing warmth, theAntarctic Peninsula is sporting new vegetation growth, previously not seen there. →A、loss of polar ice mass, augmented by melting of alpine and mountain glaciers (which experienced more than a 30% decrease in overall ice mass during the last century) will affect sea-level rise. The IPCC、assessment states that "between one-third to one-half of the existing mountain glacier mass could disappear over the next hundred years."Also, "there is conclusive evidence for a worldwide recession of mountain glaciers... This is among the clearest and best evidence for a change in energy balance at theEarth’s surface since the end of the 19th century."  Sea-level rise must be expressed as a range of values that are under constant reassessment.  The 2001 IPCC、forecast for global mean sea-level rise this century, given regional variations, is from 0.11-0.88 m.  The median value of 0.48 m is two to four times the rate of previous increase. These increases would continue beyond 2100 even if greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilizeD、 → The Scripps Institute of Oceanography in La Jolla,California, has kept ocean temperature records since 1916. Significant temperature increases are being recorded to depths of more than 300 m as ocean temperature records are set.Even the warming of the ocean itself will contribute about 25% of sea-level rise, simply because of thermal expansion of the water. In addition, any change in ocean temperature has a profound effect on weather and, indirect |
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