托福考试易错题（2019/5/19）

{{B}}TheEvolution of the Photofit{{/B}}
Security technology:A、new type of computerised photofit system takes a novel evolutionary approach to generating images of suspects. If you have ever tried to describe someone’s face in detail, you will understand why the "photofit" composite images used by the police look so dodgy. In recent years, computerised "E-Fit" systems have helped improve the accuracy of these images by allowing witnesses to choose from a wider range of facial features.But researchers at the University of Stirling in Scotland found that, despite these improvements, people still have a hard time constructing recognisable faces--especially if there is a delay of more
The problem is that people tend to recoguise faces as whole entities, rather than as separate features. So picking from a range of eyes, noses and mouths is not necessarily the most suitable approach, saysCharlie Frowd, a psychologist at the University of Stifling. Next year, however,British police are expected to begin trials of a new computerised system, calledEvoFIT, developed byDr. Frowd and his colleague Peter Hancock. It uses an evolutionary approach, known as a genetic algorithm, to "evolve" faces rather than piece them together.
"The process is entirely non-verbal and takes a fraction of the normal time," claimsDr. FrowD、A、witness is shown an array of 60 different faces with random features. Having studied them closely, the witness is asked to choose the six images that most closely resemble the person they are trying to describe. These six are then used to generate another set of 60, by switching featurees between some of the images and by making random changes to others. The witness is then asked to repeat the task, whereupon a new batch of faces is generated, and so on. In evolutionary terms, this process is known as "genetic crossover and mutation", and is a powerful way to search a large number of possibilities for a particular solution.By allowing the user to steer the selection process, the program is able to generate a good likeness for the original face after just a few cycles.
In one of its early versions,EvoFIT was used by police in Northampton shire who were trying to catch a violent attacker. The attacker was never caught, but the senior investigating officer, Superintendent Paul Spick, says the witness involved found the new software much quicker and easier to use than traditionalE-Fit systems. It was also more accurate: the final image caused the witness visible distress when displayeD、A、further important advantage ofEvoFIT over traditional composites is that an image can be generated even if the witness can only provide a sketchy verbal description.
The researchers have since made a number of further improvements to their system and are now in the process of commercializing it in partnership withABM, aBritish firm which supplies police forces with photofit, one of the leading computerized composite systems. The images are more realistic, and the system can generate three-quarter angle views of the face, which are easier to distinguish than direct frontal views, saysDr. FrowD、

His team has also found that by combining the images generated by different witnesses, or even from a single witness, it is possible to get an even better likeness.
This could be particularly useful when multiple witnesses come forward and the police are unsure which of the images they produce is the most accurate.
In the latest version, witnesses are given

第1题：{{B}}Set 3{{/B}}

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第2题： Patents and lnventions When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: first, he can give the invention to the world by publishing it; keep the idea secret or patent it. Secrecy obviously evaporates once the invention is sold or used, and there is always the risk that in the meantime another inventor, working quite independently will make and patent the same discovery.A、granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, whereby, in return for a limited period of monopoly (16 years in the UK), the inventor publishes full details of his invention to the publiC、 Once the monopoly period expires, all those details of the invention pass into the public domain.A、[■] Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the life-span of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.B、[■] The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi: his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971,C、[■]Because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.D、[■] George Valensi was more fortunate than most of other inventors. Because a patent remains perpetually published after it has expired, the shelves of the library attached to theBritish Patent Office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents, that the one sure way of avoiding infringement of any other inventor’s rights is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise; because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates future patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to cull ideas from other areas Of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security. Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity, dedication or the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patents for the manufacture of margarine and the theory of magnetic recording date back to 1869 and 1886 respectively. Many of the original ideas behind television stem from the late 19th and early 20th century, well beforeBaird aroused public interest.Every stereo gramophone sold today owes its existence to the theory patented byBlumlein in 1931, and even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear. Such anticipations can have surprising significance. The German chemical giant,BASF, was recently refused a patent for the clever idea of pumping expanded plastics into a submerged ship and thereby floating it to the surface. The grounds of the refusal were that the GermanExaminer had once seen a WaltDisney cartoon in whichDonaldDuck had performed a similar trick on a sunken boat with table-tennis balls. If theBASF scheme proves successful in practice and enables valuable wrecks to be salvaged it is likely that WaltDisney will be credited as the inventor. Even the apparently safe history of the telephone and gramophone contains some surprises. US legal case law details how anAmerican calledDrawbaugh had ideas for a telephone which anticipatedBell’s patents of 1875—1876 by five years, but it wasAlexander GrahamBell who made the system practical on a commercial level and was acknowledged and rewarded as inventor. The future will produce many similar situations. Patents are daily being granted for ideas from inventors for schemes that cannot yet work—but that one day, following massive investment by industry, will become a reality. It is

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第3题：William Wordsworth / 大王花(经典加试)

【分析题】：

第4题：Butterflies and moths undergo complete metamorphosis, them changing from caterpillar to adult via one intermediate stage, the pupa.

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第5题： It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979 A．(provided many contradictory statistics about Europa B．(considered Europa the most important of Jupiter's moons C．( did not emphasize Europa because little information of interest was available D．( did nor mention Europa because it had not yet been discovered

【单选题】： A     B     C     D