| 托福考试易错题（2019/5/20） |
| 第1题：Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as NorthAmerican entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year―30 percent over(5) the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life. The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790’’s, NorthAmerican entrepreneurs―even without technological improvements―had broadened the scope of the outwork system that mace manufacturing(10)more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820’’s and 1830’’s the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of me outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens(15)of massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the enure shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful "shoe boss" and eroded workers’’ control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price. For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even(20)more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods.As early as 1782 the prolificDelaware inventor OliverEvans had buiit a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour,25)and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it desended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nation’’s largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory machinery A、It become easier for factory’’ owners to find workers and customers. B．Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers. C．The amount of power required for factories operate was reduceD、 D．Factories could operate more than one engine at a time. |
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| 第2题： Ceratopsia Ceratopsia thrived in NorthAmerica andAsia during theCretaceous Period (about 146 to 65.5 million years ago). Their name means "horned face" and indeed many of them did feature bony horns projecting from their skulls. ■ A、The horns may look quite predatory, butCeratopsians were herbivores1, so their horns were defensive in nature and may have been used to enforce order in the group. ■ B、Not allCeratopsians had horns, but all had beaklike mouths. ■ C、The fossil record has revealed three distinct families amongCeratopsia: Psittacosaurids, Protoceratopsids, andCeratopsids. Triceratops, a member of theCeratopsid family, is probably the best known species ofCeratopsiA、With its facial horns and neck display, it exhibits many of the features commonly associated with this dinosaur group. ■ D、However, there are species ofCeratopsia that are quite different from the familiar Triceratops. The Psittacosaurids comprise the Psittacosaurus genus2 and the Hongshanosaurus genus.Although not much fossil data are available for Hongshanosaurus, comparisons with Psittacosaurus can be made.Evidence indicates that both were roughly deer-sized bipeds dwelling inEastAsiA、Hongshanosaurus had beak points on both upper and lower jaws, while only the upper jaw of Psittacosaurus was pointeD、Much more fossil evidence is available for Psittacosaurus species.At least one species had long quills along its back and tail. Researchers speculate these quills were used for display during mating or fighting.As earlyCeratopsians, the Psittacosaurids had many anatomical features that would show up in similar or interestingly modified forms in later species, but none of the Psittacosaurids had the neck frills or facial horns that came to be associated with theCeratopsians. Although their name suggests that the Protoceratopsids were the first of this dinosaur group to have horned faces, they, in fact, lacked the well-developed horns of later species. While they more closely resembled theCeratopsids on the whole, they were still relatively small and hornless. Protoceratops, a six-foot-long quadrupedal herbivore, is a representative ProtoceratopsiD、Fossil examples found inChina and Mongolia show that it had a turtle-like beak and a neck frill, a version of which would show up among the more familiarCeratopsids. While Protoceratops did have some knobby points on its skull, the points only slightly hinted at the impressive horns that appeared on theCeratopsids. With the arrival of Triceratops and other advancedCeratopsids,Ceratopsia reached new levels of sophistication, variety, and size.AllCeratopsid fossils have been found in western NorthAmerica and reveal that they were quadrupedal herbivores with beaked jaw tips and rows of teeth specialized for shearing. The family featured a remarkable array of horns, neck frills, and spines. These neck frills, manifesting in various shapes and sizes, probably were too thin to be practical as a defense against predator species, and researchers speculate that they were used during mating displays, for anchoring jaw muscles, for regulating body temperature, or for a combination of these purposes. MostCeratopsids had two long brow horns and a short horn on the nasal ridge.Because theCeratopsids were vegetarian and fairly large (up to 30 feet long and 10 feet tall), researchers think that the horns, along with the neck frills, largely served functions of competition, whether in displays or combat. Moreover, since intraspecific conflicts often are tests of strength rather than fights to the death, thin neck frills may have been sturdy enough to provide some protection during such confrontations. There is evidence ofCeratopsian species that do not neatly fall into the familial categories as describeD、While these species appear closely related toCeratopsia, they tend to be |
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| 第3题：Listening 4 "Professor’s Office" {$mediaurl} Why does the professor say this: A、He realizes that she won’t have time to revise the report. B、He is concerned that she will not complete the research. C、He recalls that he will not be available to help her. D、He wants her to get an extension to finish the project. |
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| 第4题：Questions: 11-20In the United States, many social reformers in the late nineteenth century demonstrated a concern for improved housing conditions for workers. George Pullman (1831-1897), the wealthy industrialist who introduced luxury railway cars with beds, built his model city called Pullman in 1880 to address housing problems caused byChicago’s industrialization.Construction the town, Pullman hoped to produce an ideal environment that would help attract workers of a superior type to the railway car industry and retain them. Pullman inhabitants were expected to embody values of thrift, industry, and morality. They were taught to develop propriety and good manners, cleanliness and neatness of appearance, diligence, and self-improvement through education and savings. Like the brick clock tower that dominated the town center, Pullman kept a regulatory eye on his workers.In its first five years, this new experiment in industrial life received little criticism, except form radical political groups.Crediting the town of Pullman with producing a new type of dependable and ambitious worker in a rationally ordered environment, reformers,at first, praised it as a successful model for modern industrial life. However, after 1885, with the high gloss of the experiment dulled, it became clear that the residents of Pullman had honest grievances about the overcharging of rent and other services.In 1893, The World’sColumbianExposition, an exhibition that aimed to promoteAmerican cultural, economical, and technological development, and in which George Pullman was a major investor, was held inChicago. The town of Pullman became a popular tourist stop, attracting more than its share of curious travelers. There were 1,000 foreign visitors alone during the exposition year. In fact, the firstBaedeker Travel Guideto the United States advised visitors to tour Pullman. Frequent trains and trolley cars connected the fairgrounds of the exposition with the town, and on several occasions, George Pullman himself guided the tours.Construction a fantastic environment for the benefit of tourists, he made sure that any real tensions between his office and the working inhabitants of the town were rendered invisible to the tourist gaze. The word “grievances” in line 17 is closest in meaning to A、stories B、opinions C．findings D．complaints |
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| 第5题：Oxygen and nutrients reach the body’’s tissues __________ from the blood through the capillary wall. A、pass B．by passing C．to be passing D．have passed |
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