托福习题练习
| 托福考试易错题（2019/5/23） |
| 第1题： {$mediaurl} What does the professor imply A、Before Twain, few works produced in the United States were worthy of attention. B、By Twain’s time,American literature had developed a style and voice all its own. C、Twain’s outlook as an author was unlike his contemporaries’ inAmerican literature. D、Twain’s influence alleviatedAmerican authors’ concerns about proving themselves. |
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| 第2题：Question 41- 50:InDeath Valley,California, one of the hottest, most arid places in NorthAmerica, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of centralDeath Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet grounD、Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains.Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals(the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses. A、rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.The dominant salt inDeath Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in theDry Valleys ofAntarctica, and in desert sections ofAustralia, New Zealand, and centralAsi A、 The word "dominant" in line 22 is closest in meaning to A、most recent B、most common C．least available D．least damaging |
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| 第3题： POPULATIONECOLOGY 1Population ecology is the science that measures changes in population size and composition and identifies the causes of these fluctuations．Population ecology is not concerned solely with the human population．In ecological terms．a population consists of the individuals of one species that simultaneously occupy the same general areA、rely on the same resources, and are affected by similar environmental factors．The characteristics of a population are shaped by its size and by the interactions among individuals and between individuals and their environment． 2Population size is a balance between factors that increase numbers and factors that decrease numbers．Some factors that increase populations are favorable light and temperature，adequate food supply, suitable habitat, ability to compete for resources, and ability to adapt to environmental change．Factors that decrease populations are insufficient or excessive light and temperature, inadequate food supply, unsuitable or destroyed habitat, too many competitors for resources, and inability to adapt to environmental change． 3 An important characteristic of any population is its density．Population density is the number of individuals per unit, such as the number of maple trees per square kilometer in a county．Ecologists can rarely determine population size by actually counting all individuals within geographical boundaries.Instead, they often use a variety of sampling techniques to estimate densities and total population sizes．In some cases，they estimate population size through indirect indicators, such as the number of nests or burrows, or signs such as tracks or droppings． 4 Another important population characteristic, dispersion, is the pattern of spacing among individuals with the population’s geographical boundaries.Various species are distributed in their habitats in different ways to take better advantage of food supplies and shelter, and to avoid predators or find prey．Within a population’s range, densities may vary greatly because not all areas provide equally suitable habitat, and also because individuals space themselves in relation to other members of the population． 5Three possible patterns of dispersion are clumped, uniform, and random．A、clumped dispersion pattern means that individuals are gathered in patches throughout their habitat．Clumping often results from the irregular distribution of resources needed for survival and reproduction．For example, fallen trees keep the forest floor moist, and many forest insects are clumped under logs where the humidity is to their 1iking．Clumping may also be associated with mating, safety, or other social behavior．Crane flies, for example, swarm in great numbers, a behavior that increases mating chances, and some fish swim in large schools so they are less likely to be eaten by predators． 6 A、uniform or evenly spaced distribution results from direct interactions among individuals in the population．For example, regular spacing of plants may result from shading and competition for water．In animal populations, uniform distribution is usually caused by competition for some resource or by social interactions that set up individual territories for feeding，breeding, or resting． 7Random spacing occurs in the absence of strong attraction or repulsion among individuals in a population．Overall, random patterns are rare in nature, with most populations showing a tendency toward either clumped or uniform distribution． 8Populations change in size, structure, and distribution as they respond to changes in environmental conditions．Four main variables—births, deaths, immigration, and emigration—determine the rate of change in the size of the population over time．A、change in the birth rate or death rate is the major way that most populations respond to changes in resource availability．Members of |
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| 第4题：In their designs the S. always sought ___ to a problem,..... A、the sipmlest solution B．the solution of simplest C．the solution that simplification D．which solution simplest |
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| 第5题： OrganicArchitecture One of the most striking personalities in the development of early- twentieth-century architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Wright attended the University of Wisconsin in Madison before moving toChicago, where he eventually joined the firm headed by Louis Sullivan. Wright set out to create "architecture of democracy".Early influences were the volumetric shapes in a set of educational blocks the German educator Friedrich Froebel designed, the organic unity of a Japanese building Wright saw at theColumbianExposition inChicago in 1893, and a Jeffersonian belief in individualism and populism.Always a believer in architecture as "natural" and "organic", Wright saw it as serving free individuals who have the right to move within a "free" space, envisioned as a nonsymmetrical design interacting spatially with its natural surroundings. He sought to develop an organic unity of planning, structure, materials, and site. Wright identified the principle of continuity as fundamental to understanding his view of organic unity. "Classic architecture was all fixation. Now why not let walls, ceilings, floors become seen as component parts of each other This ideal, profound in its architectural implications, I called continuity. " Wright manifested his vigorous originality early, and by 1900 he had arrived at a style entirely his own. In his work during the first decade of the twentieth century, his cross-axial plan and his fabric of continuous roof planes and screens defined a new domestic architecture. Wright fully expressed these elements and concepts in the Robie House, built between 1907 and 1909. Like other buildings in theChicago area he designed at about the same time, this was called a "prairie house". Wright conceived the long, sweeping ground-hugging lines, unconfined by abrupt wall limits, as reaching out toward and capturing the expansiveness of the Midwest’s great flatlands. Abandoning all symmetry, the architect eliminated a facade, extended the roofs far beyond the walls, and all but concealed the entrance. Wright filled the "wandering" plan of the Robie House with intricately joined spaces (some large and open, others closed), grouped freely around a great central fireplace.  He set masses and voids in equilibrium; the flow of interior space determined the exterior wall placement.  The exterior’s sharp angular planes meet at apparently odd angles, matching the complex play of interior solids, which function not as inert containing surfaces but as elements equivalent in role to the design’s spaces.  The Robie House is a good example of Wright’s "naturalism", his adjusting of a building to its site. However, in this particular case, the confines of the city lot constrained the building-to-site relationship more than did the sites of some of Wright’s more expansive suburban and country homes. The Kaufmann House, nicknamed "Fallingwater" and designed as a weekend retreat atBear Run near Pittsburgh, is a prime example of the latter. Perched on a rocky hillside over a small waterfall, this structure extends the Robie House’s blocky masses in all four directions. The contrast in textures between concrete, painted metal, and natural stones in its walls enliven its shapes, as doe |
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