托福考试易错题（2019/7/10）

{{B}}Job Satisfaction and Personnel Mobility{{/B}}
Europe, and indeed all the major industrialized nations, is currently going through a recession. This obviously has serious implications for companies and personnel who find themselves victims of the downturn.AsBritain apparently eases out of recession, there are also potentially equally serious implications for the companies who survive, associated with the employment and recruitment market in general.
During a recession, voluntary staff turnover is bound to fall sharply. Staff who have been with a company for some years will clearly not want to risk losing their accumulated redundancy fights. Furthermore, they will be unwelling to go to a new organization where they may well be joining on a "last in, first out" basis.Consequently, even if there is little or no job satisfaction in their current post, they are most likely to remain where they are, quietly sitting it out and waiting for things to improve. InBritain, this situation has been aggravated by the length and nature of the recession--as may also prove to be the case in the rest ofEurope and beyonD、
In the past, companies used to take on staff at the lower levels and reward loyal employees with internal promotions. This opportunity for a lifetime career with one company is no longer available, owing to downsizing" of companies, structural reorganizations and redundancy programmes, all of which have affected middle management as much asthe lower levels. This reducetion in the layers of management has led to flatter hierarchies, which, in turn, has reduced promotion prospects within most companies. Whereas ambitious personnel had become used to regular promotion, they now find their progress is blockeD、
This situation is compounded by yet another factor. When staff at any level are taken on, it is usually from outside and promotion is increasingly through career moves between companies. Recession has created a new breed of bright young graduates, much more self-interested and cynical than in the past. They tend to be more wary, sceptical of what is on offer and consequently much tougher negotiators. Those who joined companies directly from education feel the effects most strongly and now feel uncertain and insecure in mid-life.
In many cases, this has resulted in staff dissatisfaction. Moreover, management itself has contributed to this general ill-feeling and frustration. The caring image of the recent past has gone and the fear of redundancy is often used as the prime motivator.
As a result of all these factors, when the recession eases and people find more confidence, there will be an explosion of employees seeking new opportunities to escape their current jobs. This will be led by younger, less-experienced employees and the hard-headed young graduates. "Headhunters" confirm that older staff are still cautious, having seen so many good companies "go to the wall", and are reluctant to jeopardize their redundancy entitlements. Past experience, however, suggests that, once triggered, the expansion in recruitment will be very rapiD、
The problem which faces many organizations is one of strategic planning; of not knowing who will leave and who will stay.
Often it is the best personnel who move on whilst the worst cling to the little security they have. Whilst this expansion in the recruitment market is likely to happen soon inBritain, most employers are simply not prepareD、
With the loss of middle management, in a static marketplace, personnel management and recruitment are often conducted by junior

第1题：{{B}}Set 2{{/B}}

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第2题：Although the chemical elements niobium and tantalum are not quite ----------zirconium and hafnium, the differences between them are slight A、as similar B．as similar as C．similar than D．that similar

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第3题： WATERAND、LIFE、ON MARS 1The presence or absence of water has a direct bearing on the possibility of life on other planets. In the nineteenth century, it was commonly accepted that life, perhaps even intelligent life, was widespread in the solar system, and Mars was an obvious target in the search for life. New photographic technology offered a way for astronomers to learn more about the red planet. In 1888, Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli produced images that showed a network of long, thin, dark lines crossing the surface of Mars. He called these features canali in Italian, which became "canals" or "channels" inEnglish. The strange appearance of the canals suggested to some scientists that they had been formed artificially rather than naturally. The mystery deepened when Schiaparelli observed that many of the canals in the photographs were actually double. 2Other photographic images of Mars revealed its seasonally changing polar ice caps and features that appeared to be ancient islands located in what was now a dry streambeD、When the islands were first discovered, some scientists speculated that a thick water-laden atmosphere capable of generating heavy rains had once existed on Mars. However, others remained unconvinced of the presence of water. Then, in 1963, a team of astronomers obtained a good photographic plate of the near-infrared spectrum of Mars. The photograph showed that, faintly but definitely, water vapor lines could be seen. This photograph established that there really was water on Mars, though the amount was very small. Today, the presence of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is generally accepted, as is the belief that the atmosphere was once much denser than it is now, with a much greater abundance of water vapor. 3The surface of Mars is dry today, but it does contain significant amounts of ice and signs that liquid water once flowed over the planet.All of the locations where evidence of water has been found are ancient, probably formed very early in Martian history.Data transmitted from spacecraft on Mars in 2004 have revealed that water was once common across a vast region of the planet, possibly as shallow lakes or seas that dried out and then filled up again. There are signs that the wind blew debris around during dry stages. These seas and lakes extended across hundreds of thousands of square miles, creating habitable conditions during long stretches of time billions of years ago. 4 Evidence of water includes the presence of various minerals known as evaporates, deposits left behind when liquid water turns to vapor. Small areas of mineral deposits have been found in Valles Marineris, a huge hole on Mars that is larger than the GrandCanyon onEarth. The minerals there contain water, so they had to be formed in the presence of water. Geologic research has also turned up clay and gypsum deposits that were formed by water in the soil. Rocks that clearly formed in water extend throughout 300 meters of layered materials in several locations across the Martian plains. The layers were built up over time, which means water was present, at least temporarily, for extended periods on ancient Mars. 5 Besides the ice packs at Mars’s poles, astronomers have discovered a frozen sea near its equator. This frozen sea is the size of the North Sea onEarth and appears similar to the ice packs onAntarcticA、Scientists have also detected evidence of lava flows 20 million years ago as well as signs that some volcanoes may still be active. Several recently formed volcanic cones near Mars’s North Pole indicate that the planet’s core may interact with the surface, meaning there was both warmth and moisture in the recent pas-circumstances that might have supported life. 6Liquid water is the key ingredient for life as we know it. Of all the other planets in the solar system, Mars is most likeEarth. The fact th

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第4题：It may be argued that genetics, the (study) of heredity and variation, (underwent) the (most rapid) development of any (science biological) in the twentieth century. A、study B．underwent C．most rapid D．science biological

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第5题：Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists inessence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, coveredwith a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty ofdesign, shape, and decoration is no accident: the proportions of the instrument are(5) determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance isdeceptive.About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin, Its tone and itsoutstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important.however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. In combination with thelarger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus(10)of the modern symphony orchestr A、The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrumentin its own right dates from the early 1600’’s, when it first became standard in Italianopera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre(15)violons du Roy (The King’’s 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later inthe century.In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the factthat the strings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired(20)by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositionsdemanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinnerstrings and a far higher string tension. Small changes had to be made to the violin’’sinternal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility(25)and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingeringpatterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.Which of the following terms is defined in the passage A、resonator (line 2) B．solo (line 7) C．left-hand technique (line 25) D．fingering patterns (lines 25-26)

【单选题】： A     B     C     D