托福考试易错题（2019/7/15）

{{B}}MediterraneanDiet{{/B}}
The Mediterranean diet is based upon the eating patterns of traditional cultures in the Mediterranean region. Several noted nutritionists and research projects have concluded that this diet is one of the most healthful in the world in terms of preventing such illnesses as heart disease and cancer, and increasing life expectancy.
The countries that have inspired the Mediterranean diet all surround the Mediterranean SeA、These cultures have eating habits that developed over thousands of years. InEurope, parts of Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and southern France adhere to principles of the Mediterranean diet, as do Morocco and Tunisia in NorthAfricA、Parts of theBalkan region and Turkey follow the diet, as well as MiddleEastern countries like Lebanon and SyriA、The Mediterranean region is warm and sunny, and produces large supplies of fresh fruits and vegetables almost year round that people eat many times per day. Wine, bread, olive oil, nuts, and legumes are other staples of the region, and the Mediterranean Sea has historically yielded abundant quantities of fish.
International interest in the therapeutic qualities of the Mediterranean diet began back in the late 1950s, when medical researchers started to link the occurrence of heart disease with diet.
Dr.Ancel Keys performed an epidemiological analysis of diets around the world (epidemiology being the branch of public health that studies patterns of diseases and their potential causes among populations).
Entitled the SevenCountries Study, it is considered as one of the greatest studies of its kind ever performeD、 In it, Keys gathered data on heart disease and its potential causes from nearly 13,000 men in Greece, Italy,Croatia, Serbia, Japan, Finland, the Netherlands, and the United States.
it concluded that the Mediterranean people in the study enjoyed some significant health advantages. The Mediterranean groups had lower mortality rates in all age brackets and from all causes, particularly from heart disease. The study also showed that the Mediterranean diet is as high or higher in fat than other diets, obtaining up to 40 percent of all its calories from fat. It has, however, different patterns of fat intake. Mediterranean cooking uses smaller amounts of saturated fat and higher amounts of unsaturated fat, mostly in the form of olive oil. Saturated fats are fats that are found principally in meat and dairy products, although avocados, some nuts, and some vegetable oils also contain them. Saturated fats are used by the body to make cholesterol, and high levels of cholesterol have since been directly related to heart disease.
Several other studies have validated Keys’ findings regarding the good health to people in Mediterranean countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) showed in a 1990 analysis that four major Mediterranean countries (Spain, Greece, France, and Italy) have longer life expectancies and lower rates of heart disease and cancer than otherEuropean countries andAmericA、The data are significant because the same Mediterraneans frequently smoke and don’t have regular exercise programs like manyAmericans, which means that other variables may be responsible. Scientists have also ruled out genetic differences, because Mediterraneans who move to other countries tend to lose their health advantages. These findings suggest that diet and lifestyle are major factors.
The Mediterranean diet gained even more notice whenDr. Walter Willett, head of the nutrition department

第1题：{{B}}Set 2{{/B}}

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第2题：Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a direct effect of the rise in sea-level A、Increase of rainfall. B、Salt water intrusion. C、Destruction of coastal structures. D、Shoreline shifts.

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第3题：The first birds appeared during late Jurassic times. These birds are known from　 　four very good skeletons, two incomplete skeletons, and an isolated feather, all from　 　the Solnhofen limestone ofBavaria, Germany. This fine-grained rock, which is　 　extensively quarried for lithographic stone, was evidently deposited in a shallow(5) coral lagoon of a tropical sea, and flying vertebrates occasionally fell into the water　 　and were buried by the fine limy mud, to be preserved with remarkable detail In this　 　way, the late Jurassic bird skeletons, which have been namedArchaeopteryx, were　 　fossilizeD、And not only were the bones preserved in these skeletons, but so also　 　were imprints of the feathers. If the indications of feathers had not been preserved in(10) association withArchaeopteryx, it is likely that these fossils would have been　 　classified among the dinosaurs, for they show numerous theropod characteristics.　 　Archaeopteryx were animals about the size of a crow, with an archeosaurian type of　 　skull, a long neck, a compact body balanced on a pair of strong hind limbs, and a　 　long tail. The forelimbs were enlarged and obviously functioned as wings.(15) Modern birds, who are the descendants of these early birds, are highly　 　organized animals, with a constant body temperature and a very high rate of　 　metabolism. In addition, they are remarkable for having evolved extraordinarily　 　complex behavior patterns such as those of nesting and song, and the habit among　 　many species of making long migrations from one continent to another and back(20) each year. Most birds also have very strong legs, which allows them to run or walk on the　 　ground as well as to fly in the air. Indeed, some of the waterbirds, such as ducks and　 　geese, have the distinction of being able to move around proficiently in the water, on　 　land, and in the air, a range in natural locomotor ability that has never been attained(25) by any other vertebrate.It can be inferred from the passage that theropods were A、dinosaurs B．birds C．Archaeopteryx D．crows

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第4题：TOEFL Reading Passage 2 America’s Western Migration 1.AfterAmerica declared independence in 1776, its citizens began migrating from the original colonies along theAtlantic coast, crossing theAppalachian Mountains and heading west.By 1800, trading centers had been established from Ohio toAlabama and pioneers were already making their way towards the Mississippi River. With the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and further land acquisitions, the frontier of theAmerican nation was continually pushed westward, and groups of settlers were never far behinD、 2. This tremendous migration was carried out by individuals who chose to leave the relative safety of theEast and venture into unknown territories. They followed common trails, the earliest of which led to places like Missouri, Kansas, and NebraskA、After 1840, others into the Far West were opened and saw steadily increasing traffiC、The people who undertook such journeys were motivated by a variety of factors.EarlyAmerican cities, particularly those in the Northeast, had developed at a tremendous pace, leaving some longing for a return to simpler lifestyles. They were crowded, employment was often limited to the factories, and smoke from coal-burning industrial facilities polluted the air. For manyAmericans, the urban landscape did not match their image ’of the ideal life. 3. Yet economic pressure was likely the primary catalyst for westward migration. For some families in the early 1800s, it was difficult to obtain enough resources to live on. This was true in the South as well as the North, where instead of factories the expansive plantations ruled the economy.A、privileged few owned most of the farmland and dominated the agricultural market so that small farmers had trouble making money.Americans struggling under such conditions were very receptive to the reports constantly arriving from western settlers, which described vast regions of bountiful farmland waiting to be claimeD、These accounts were often terribly misleading, emphasizing the positive aspects of migration while ignoring the negative, but they nonetheless convinced many that their fortunes lay on the western frontier. 4. The U.S. government did everything it could to encourage the migration trend, seeing it as the best method for ensuring thatAmerica, rather than the Mexico,England, or the NativeAmericans, gained control of the western territories, Politicians passed a series of measures that made land available to farmers--or homesteaders--at drastically reduced rates or, in many cases, for free. For example, soldiers who served in the War of 1812 againstBritain were promised tracts of western farmland, and six million acres were distributed under this arrangement.Congress’s PreemptionAct of 1841 gave squatters, people who had begun living on a piece of land without ownership of it, the opportunity to purchase up to 160 acres for just $1.25 per acre. This concept was expanded under the 1862 HomesteadAct, which allowed any citizen to claim a 160-acre plot for nothing more than the trivial $10 fee charged to file an application. Then, if that person established a farm on the land and improved it for five years, he or she would be granted ownership of it. 5. While these government policies spurred migration, the advent of new transportation technologies ultimately enabled the large-scale settlement of western regions. In the early 1800s communities had to remain close to major rivers, for these provided the only sure means of transporting goods back to the eastern markets. Overland transportation by horse-drawn wagon was simply too slow and costly.Construction of canals was the first attempt to address this problem. TheErieCanal, running 363 miles from LakeErie to the Hudson River atAlbany, resulted in a significant drop in the cost of shipping merchandise fromB

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第5题： Paleoanthropologists examine fossil remains of extinct primates, while physical anthropologists concernwith ethnology study the behavior of primates intheir natural settings.

【单选题】： A     B     C     D