托福考试易错题（2019/7/18）

Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States
The development of the modem presidency in the United States began withAndrew Jackson who swept to power in 1829 at the head of theDemocratic Party and served until 1837.During his administration he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency. "The President is the direct representative of theAmerican people," he lectured the Senate when it opposed him. "He was elected by the people, and is responsible to them. " With this declaration, Jackson redefined the character of the presidential office and its relationship to the people.
During Jackson’s second term, his opponents had gradually come together to form the Whig party.
Whigs andDemocrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about by the market, banks, and commerce.
TheDemocrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between "the people" --farmers, planters, and workers--and a set of greedy aristocrats.
This "paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for their own profit,Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation’s virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth.
TheDemocrats wanted the rewards of the market without sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republiC、They wanted the wealth that the market offered without the competitive, changing society; the complex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that came with it.
Whigs, on the other hand, were more comfortable with the market. For them, commerce and economic development were agents of civilization. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other.Economic growth would benefit everyone by raising national income and expanding opportunity. The government’s responsibility was to provide a well-- regulated economy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability.
Whigs andDemocrats differed not only in their attitudes toward the market but also about how active the central government should be in people’s lives.DespiteAndrew Jackson’s inclination to be a strong President,Democrats as a rule believed in limited government. Government’s role in the economy was to promote competition by destroying monopolies and special privileges. In keeping with this philosophy of limited government,Democrats also rejected the idea that moral beliefs were the proper sphere of government action. Religion and politics, they believed, should be kept clearly separate, and they generally opposed humanitarian legislation.
The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that it should be used to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special role where individual effort was in-effective.By regulating the economy and competition, the government could ensure equal opportunity. Indeed, for Whigs the concept of government promoting the general welfare went beyond the economy. In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of the United States also believed that government power should be used to foster the moral welfare of the country. They were much more likely to favor social reform legislation and aid to education.
In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs andDemocrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoye

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