| 托福考试易错题（2019/8/1） |
| 第1题： GreatBarrier Reef The GreatBarrier Reef is made of coral, a colorful rock-like substance actually composed of many small marine animals, each one less than half a centimeter in size.Coral grows in colonies that can reach over a meter and a half in height, and several of these colonies grow in close proximity to each other, eventually joining up to form an underwater chain or reef. The GreatBarrier Reef refers to a series of almost three thousand coral reefs that stretch across the ocean floor in a twelve hundred mile chain, which makes it so long that it can actually be seen from space.Apart from its size, the GreatBarrier Reef is also renowned for its age. The living part of the reef itself is around 8,000 years old, but sits atop the remains of dead coral that is much older, in some places almost half a million years ol D、A、system of living organisms so anc ient and so large would be fascinating to scientists by the simple fact of its existence alone, but the GreatBarrier Reef is also of great scientific interest because of the diversity of marine life that lives in its vicinity. As stated above, the GreatBarrier Reef is made of coral, but just as there are many different varieties of dogs, cats, and finches, there are many varieties of coral, over 500 of which are found in the GreatBarrier Reef. The rocky formations of the reefs also provide shelter for a variety of smaller marine fish, and these in turn provide food for larger, more predatory fish.As a result, some scientists believe that the Reef is home to up to twenty-five percent of all marine fish species. However, this is only a rough estimate since so few of the Reef’s fish species have been documente D、In addition, the Reef hosts a variety of sponges, anemones, sea turtles, sea snakes, sea birds, and whales. Marine biologists, therefore, value the Reef for what it can teach them about ocean ecology, while other scientists are eagerly investigating the practical applications of chemical compounds produced by the creatures of the Reef. Indeed, chemicals initially discovered in Reef organisms are already the basis for many potent new medicines, including some that help battleAIDS and various cancers. Coral reefs in general, and the GreatBarrier Reef in particular, have been considered so environmentally important that the governments that control the waters where they exist have designated vast tracts of ocean as environmentally protected areas. Nevertheless, the reefs form one giant, interconnected ecosystem, and human activities in unprotected areas of the reefs can affect the entire system. One such human activity is fishing. ■ A、The rich biodiversity of the reefs attracts many predatory fish that in turn draw large numbers of fishing vessels. ■ B、Unfortunately, many modern fishing techniques employ nets that catch not only the target species, but all fish too big to slip through the holes in the net. ■ C、Besides fishing, the reefs face pressure from shipping and oil spills. ■ D、Shipping can become a problem when freighters make mistakes in navigation and run into the reef, shattering segments of it that have taken decades or even centuries to grow. Oil spills-- always damaging to the environment--have an especially devastating effect when they occur near the reefs because so many endangered species are affecte D、 The future of the GreatBarrier Reef is uncertain. In addition to the environmental hazards outlined above, the Reef is under threat of global warming.Although coral consists of tiny, carnivorous animals, those animals do not get most of their nutrients from the organisms they catch. Instead, they enjoy a symbiotic relationship with a form of algae called zooxanthellae. These algae live off the nitrogen emitted by the coral. Like many other types of algae, zooxanthellae undergo photosynthesis, using energy from sunlight to create sugars that they can use for fue |
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| 第2题：NativeAmericans probably arrived fromAsia in successive waves over severalmillennia, crossing a plain hundreds of miles wide that now lies inundated by 160 feetof water released by melting glaciers. For several periods of time, the first beginningaround 60,000 B、 C、and the last ending around 7,000 B、 C、, this land bridge was open. The (5) first people traveled in the dusty trails of the animals they hunteD、They brought with themnot only their families, weapons, and tools but also a broad metaphysical understanding, sprung from dreams and visions and articulated in myth and song, which complemented their scientific and historical knowledge of the lives of animals and of people.All this they shaped in a variety of languages, bringing into being oral literatures of power and beauty. (10) Contemporary readers, forgetting the origins of western epic, lyric, and dramatic forms, are easily disposed to think of “literature” only as something written.But onreflection it becomes clear that the more critically useful as well as the more frequentlyemployed sense of the term concerns the artfulness of the verbal creation, not its mode of presentation. Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture,(15)or mode of presentation, because some significant verbal achievement results from thestruggle in words between tradition and talent. Verbal art has the ability to shape out acompelling inner vision in some skillfully crafted public verbal form.Of course, the differences between the written and oral modes of expression are notwithout consequences for an understanding of NativeAmerican literature. The essential(20)difference is that a speech event is an evolving communication, an “emergent form,” theshape, functions, and aesthetic values of which become more clearly realized over the course of the performance. In performing verbal art , the performer assumes responsibilityfor the manner as well as the content of the performance, while the audience assumes theresponsibility for evaluating the performer’s competence in both areas. It is this intense(25)mutual engagement that elicits the display of skill and shapes the emerging performance.Where written literature provides us with a tradition of texts, oral literature offers atradition of performances. According to the passage, what responsibility does the audience of a verbal art performance have A、They provide financial support for performances. B、They judge the quality of the content and presentation. C、They participate in the performance by chanting responses. D．They determine the length of the performance by requesting a continuation. |
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| 第3题： MACHIAVELLI 1Niccolo Machiavelli, an Italian statesman and political philosopher of the early sixteenth century, is considered the founder of modem political thinking. Machiavelli was a product of Renaissance Florence, a city-state that was struggling for expansion and survival among a competing group of similar states.As a public servant and diplomat, Machiavelli came to understand power politics by observing the spectacle around him without any illusions. In 1512, he was briefly imprisoned and then forced to leave public life. He retired to his country estate, where he recorded his reflections on politics. Two of his books would become classics in political theory:Discourses on the First TenBooks ofLivy, a set of essays on ancient and modem politics, and The Prince, a potent little book that would shock readers for centuries. 2Machiavelli saw politics as an affair separate from religion and ethics, an activity to be practiced and studied for its own sake. Politics was simply the battle of men in search of power, and since all men were brutal, selfish, and cowardly, politics must follow certain rules. In his most famous work, The Prince (1532), Machiavelli described the means by which a leader may gain and maintain power. The ideal prince was the man who had studied his fellow men, both by reading history and by observing the present, and was willing to exploit their weaknesses. Machiavelli thought that his own time was too corrupt to permit any alternative to the Renaissance despots that he saw all around him. 3Machiavelli’s philosophy arose more from a deeply pessimistic view of human nature than from a lack of moral sense, which many readers criticized in him. He was, and still is, misunderstood to have promoted atheism over religion and criminality over other means of governing.Despite the ruthless connotation of the term "Machiavellian," many of his works, such as the History of Florence (1532), express republican principles. Machiavelli’s supporters saw him not as a cynic who gloried in evil but as a scientist of politics who saw the world more clearly than others and reported what he saw with lucidity and honesty. 4The cultural impact of Machiavelli’s philosophy was far-reaching, and negative interpretations have persisteD、The dramatic literature of the late sixteenth century, notably the plays of Shakespeare, often featured a villainous but humorous character type known as the Machiavel. The Machiavel character loved evil for its own sake, and this delight in evil made all other motivation unnecessary. The Machiavel had a habit of using humorous monologues to comment on his own wickedness and contempt for goodness. Shakespeare’s principal Machiavel characters are the treacherous Iago in Othello, the ruthlessly ambitiousEdmund in King Lear, and the murderous title character in Richard III. The word potent in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA．influential B．dishonest C．poetic D．humorous |
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| 第4题： The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in their gardens was that tulips A．( were easy to grow B．( had become readily available C．( made them appear fashionable D．( reminded them of home |
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| 第5题：Questions 34-43 A、number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker.The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting informationby use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specializedline communication through performance. A、person conveys thoughts and ideas throughchoice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, bythe rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that areflowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of theutterance. When speaking before a group, a person’s tone may indicate unsureness orfright, confidence or calm.At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant’stone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack ofconcern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usuallydiscernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communicationthat is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /orgesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, incombination with the performer’s skills, personality, and ability to create empathy willdetermine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person’s self-image, perception ofothers, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a fewpersonality traits.Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person,for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speakerperceives the listener’s receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversationcan drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging thespeaker.Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of thehappy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualitiesof the depressed What does the author mean by staring that, "At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen"(lines 9-10) A、Feelings are expressed with different wordsthan ideas are. B．The tone of voice can cany informationbeyond the meaning of words. C． A、high tone of voice reflects an emotionalcommunication. D．Feelings are more difficult to express thanideas. |
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