托福考试易错题（2019/8/2）

New-Age Transport
It looks as if it came straight from the set of Star Wars. It has four-wheel drive and rises above rocky surfaces. It lowers and raises its nose when going up and down hills.And when it comes to a river, it turns amphibious: two hydrojet power it along by blasting water under its body. There is room for two passengers and a driver, who sit inside a glass bubble operating electronic, aircraft-type controls.A、vehicle so daring on land and water needs windscreen wipers--but it doesn’t have any. Water molecules are disintegrated on the screen’s surface by ultrasonic sensors.
This unusual vehicle is the Racoon. It is an invention not of Hollywood but of Renault, a rather conservative French state-owned car-maker, better known for its family hatchbacks. Renault built the Racoon to explore new freedoms for designers and engineers created by advances in materials and manufacturing processes. Renault is thinking about startlingly different cars; other producers have radical new ideas for trains, boats and aeroplanes.
The first of the new freedoms is in design. Powerful computer-aided designCAD、systems can replace with a click of a computer mouse hours of laborious work done on thousands of drawing boards. So new products, no matter how complicated, can be developed much faster. For the first time,Boeing will not have to build a giant replica of its new airliner, the 777, to make sure all the bits fit together. ItsCA
D、system will take care of that.
But Renault is takingCA
D、further. It claims the Racoon is the world’s first vehicle to be designed within the digitised world of virtual reality.Complex programs were used to simulate the vehicle and the terrain that it was expected to cross. This allowed a team led by Patrick G. M. Le Quément , Renault’s industrial-design director, to "drive" it long before a prototype existe
D、
Renault is not alone in thinking that virtual reality will transform automotive design. InDetroit, Ford is also investigating its potential. Jack Turner, the firm’s head of design, would like designers in different parts of the world to work more closely together, linked by computers. They would do more than style cars. Virtual reality will allow engineers to peer inside the working part of a vehicle.Designers will watch beatings move, oil flow, gears mesh and hydraulics pump.As these techniques catch on, even stranger vehicles are likely to come along.
Transforming these creations from virtual reality to actual reality will also become easier, especially with advances in materials. Firms that once bashed everything out of steel now find that new alloys or composite materials (which can be made from mixtures of plastic, resin, ceramics and metals, reinforced with fibres such as glass or carbon) are changing the rules of manufacturing.At the same time, old materials keep getting better, as their producers try to secure their place in the factory of the future.
This competition is increasing the pace of development of all materials.
One company in this field is ScaledComposites.
It was started in 1982 byBurr Rutan, an aviator who has devised many unusual aircraft.
It has also worked on composite sails for theAmerica’sCup yacht race and on General Motors’ Ultralite, a 100-miles per-gallon experimental family car built from carbon fibre.
Again, the Racoon reflects this race between the old and the new. It uses conventional steel and what Renault describes as a new "high-limit elastic steel" in its chassis. This steel is 30% lighter than the usual kin
D、The Racoon also has parts made from c

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