| 托福考试易错题（2019/8/10） |
| 第1题：Delaware is the only state which the legislature can amend the state constitution without the approval of the voters . |
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| 第2题：Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must possess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators pr decayed by bacteri A、Even hard parts left on the surface for and length of time will be destroyed Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by the elements and to be protected(5) agents of weathering and erosion Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion. The beds of ancient lakes were also excellent sites for rapid burial of skeletal remains of freshwater organisms and skeletons of other animals, including those of early humansAncient(10) swamps were particularly plentiful with prolific growths of vegetation, which fossilized in abundance. Many animals became trapped in bogs overgrown by vegetation. The environment of the swamps kept bacterial decay to a minimum, which greatly (aideD、in the preservation of plants and animals. The rapidly accumulating sediments in flood plains, deltas, and stream channels buried freshwater organisms, along with other plants and animals that happened to fall into the(15) water. Only a small fraction of all the organisms that have ever lived are preserved as fossils. Normally, the remains of a plant or animal are completely destroyed through predation and decay.Although it seems that fossilization is common for some organisms, for others it is almost impossible. For the most part, the remains of organisms are recycled in the earth, which is fortunate because(20) otherwise soil and water would soon become depieted of essential nutrients.Also, most of the fossils exposed onEarth’s surface are destroyed by weathering processes. This makes for an incomplete fossil record with poor or no representation of certain species. The best fossils are those composed of unaltered remains. Generally, it is the inorganic hard parts, composed mostly of calcium carbonate, that form the vast majority of unaltered fossils.Calcite and(25) aragonite also contributed to a substantial number of fossils of certain organisms.The fact that the "land is largely the site of erosion" (line 7) is significant because A、erosion is less destructive than sedimentation B．fossils are most common in areas Subject to erosion C．erosion contributes to the destruction of skeletal remains D．few organisms live in areas that experience extensive erosion |
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| 第3题： SOIL QUALITY 1Soil is a renewable resource, but only on a very long time scale, as it takes hundreds or thousands of years for the natural processes of erosion, organic decay, and accumulation to create soils．Soil quality and the potential to produce crops can vary enormously from region to region and among various soil types． 2One important factor affecting the productivity of soils ever time is agriculture．Top-quality lands are brought into production earlier because of their higher potential to produce fooD、As more and more land has been brought under agricultural production, the average quality of land has decreased, reducing potential productivity per hectare．Crops deplete soil fertility by consuming nutrients, and this eventually reduces crop yields．Poor management practices lead to soil compaction and soil pollution as well as loss of soil cover．Without proper management and the constant addition of nutrients and energy in the form of fertilizers and irrigation, crop production falls over time． 3Within the scientific community, there is little doubt that soil quality is diminishing in many areas around the worlD、Scientists have found that the quality of one quarter of the world’s soils has experienced some degradation, and the pace of degradation has accelerated over the past 50 years．The loss of soil fertility has caused a slowing in the growth of agricultural productivity．Annual crops tend to degrade soils more than perennial crops, and common property lands generally suffer more degradation than private lands． 4Today, irrigated cropland produces about one-third of the world’s fooD、Approximately 18 percent of the world’s cropland is irrigated, and scientists project this amount to double by 2020．Irrigation can increase crop yields per hectare to two or three times the yields of land watered only by rain．However, there are also some harmful side effects．Besides increasing crop productivity in the short run, irrigation can lead to sharp drops in crop productivity in the long run by causing excessive salt buildup and rising water tables． 5One of the most critical soil quality problems related to irrigation is the increase in concentration of dissolved salts．This process, salinization, affects an estimated one-fourth of the world’s irrigated croplanD、In some places, irrigation water contains as much as 3.5 tons of salt per 1.000 cubic meters．As the water flows over and through the ground, it dissolves salts, increasing the salinity of the water．Since some crops require 6.000 to 10.000 cubic meters of water per hectare, land can receive tens of tons of salt per hectare．As the water evaporates, high concentrations of salts such as sodium chloride are left behind in the topsoil．Salt buildup can stunt crop growth, decrease yields, kill crop plants, and eventually make the land unproductive． 6 A、problem that often accompanies salinization in dry regions is waterlogging, which often occurs when farmers apply heavy amounts of irrigation water in an attempt to prevent salts from accumulating．However, unless the water drains properly, it collects underground and gradually raises the water table closer to the surface, thereby bringing salts to the surface and concentrating them．Saltwater then envelops the fragile root systems of plants, killing the plants and converting fertile fields to wet deserts．This is a particularly serious problem inCalifornia’s heavily irrigated San Joaquin Valley, where soils contain a clay layer that prevents water from flowing through the grounD、Worldwide, at least one-tenth of all irrigated land is subject to waterlogging． 7 Another serious soil problem is erosion, the loss of soils from water and wind action． Soil erosion occurs on agricultural land without vegetative cover for protection or because of poor agricultural management．Scientists estimate that topsoil on cultivated |
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| 第4题： {{B}}Narrator{{/B}} Listen to a part of a lecture in a business class. |
| 第5题： Benjamin Graham Benjamin Graham was a noted economist who formulated his theories on stock market investment in response to the great stock market collapse of 1929. Specifically, he viewed the collapse of the stock market as a result of people following market trends too closely. In fact, he often used a character called "Mr. Market" in his works to demonstrate how foolish it was to simply fall into line with market trends. If a person called "Mr. Market" appeared on your doorstep each day and offered random prices for various stocks, you would not accept every offer he made, since some of those offers would be utterly ridiculous. Instead,Benjamin Graham argued, a person who wishes to do well in the stock market should seek out stocks that are being sold for less than their value should be in a rational market. This was something he called value investing. The problem, of course, lies in figuring out what a stock’s ideal value should be. To do this, Graham believed that before buying a stock, an investor should analyze that company’s assets and liabilities to determine its true financial situation. If that situation looked good, and seemed as if it should allow the company to command a higher stock price than it was actually charging, then it was a good buy. When it came to determining which stocks were below ideal market value,Benjamin Graham emphasized studying those aspects of a company that were easily quantifiable. In his original version of the theory of value investing, he simply looked for stocks that were trading for slightly less than their so-called "book value."A、company’s book value is how much net worth it has according to its accounting books, which list all of its liabilities, expenses, revenue, and assets. Most economists later viewed this as a flawed approach, since some assets, such as computers, tractors, and cars, depreciate in value almost as soon as they are acquireD、They argued that the value of a company’s assets should be measured not by their book value, but by how much money they were likely to make the company in future. Others pointed out that some industries are so unstable that it is difficult to meaningfully quantify the assets of the companies involved in them. Still others have criticized Graham’s theory for ignoring factors that cannot be easily quantified, such as the quality of a company’s leadership.Despite this criticism, studies have shown that value investing seems to increase an investor’s chance of making money on the stock exchange. To most people today, Graham’s basic theory may seem like little more than common sense; yet there are still many investors who allow themselves to get caught up in the excitement of market fluctuations and who stop making rational investment decisions. We see this in the creation and bursting of stock bubbles.A、stock bubble occurs when people focus purely on market trends without stopping to examine the actual worth of the companies whose stock they are buying. Normally, this is driven by a belief that companies in a certain sector are on the verge of a breakthrough that will drive their profits up. Investors pour money into buying these companies’ stocks, which drives up the stocks’ price. This in turn makes their investment seem good to others, who then follow suit, driving the price up even higher and encouraging still more people to invest in those stocks. This upward cycle cannot continue indefinitely, however.Eventually, the stock prices are so much higher than those companies’ financial positions should allow that some of the investors get nervous and start selling stock. The prices then begin to drop, and everyone involved panics, trying to sell at the same time, rendering those stocks virtually worthless. In a very real sense, the stock market crash that launched the GreatDepression was a result of the first stock market bubble bursting. The problem was that since no one knew ab |
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