| 托福考试易错题（2019/9/21） |
| 第1题：Soap operas, a type of television drama series, are so called because at first they were ---such as soap manufacturers. A、commercial companies by sponsored B．companies commercial by sponsored C．sponsored by commercial companies D．companies commercial sponsored by |
| 【单选题】： |
| 第2题：NativeAmericans probably arrived fromAsia in successive waves over severalmillennia, crossing a plain hundreds of miles wide that now lies inundated by 160 feetof water released by melting glaciers. For several periods of time, the first beginningaround 60,000 B、 C、and the last ending around 7,000 B、 C、, this land bridge was open. The (5) first people traveled in the dusty trails of the animals they hunteD、They brought with themnot only their families, weapons, and tools but also a broad metaphysical understanding, sprung from dreams and visions and articulated in myth and song, which complemented their scientific and historical knowledge of the lives of animals and of people.All this they shaped in a variety of languages, bringing into being oral literatures of power and beauty. (10) Contemporary readers, forgetting the origins of western epic, lyric, and dramatic forms, are easily disposed to think of “literature” only as something written.But onreflection it becomes clear that the more critically useful as well as the more frequentlyemployed sense of the term concerns the artfulness of the verbal creation, not its mode of presentation. Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture,(15)or mode of presentation, because some significant verbal achievement results from thestruggle in words between tradition and talent. Verbal art has the ability to shape out acompelling inner vision in some skillfully crafted public verbal form.Of course, the differences between the written and oral modes of expression are notwithout consequences for an understanding of NativeAmerican literature. The essential(20)difference is that a speech event is an evolving communication, an “emergent form,” theshape, functions, and aesthetic values of which become more clearly realized over the course of the performance. In performing verbal art , the performer assumes responsibilityfor the manner as well as the content of the performance, while the audience assumes theresponsibility for evaluating the performer’s competence in both areas. It is this intense(25)mutual engagement that elicits the display of skill and shapes the emerging performance.Where written literature provides us with a tradition of texts, oral literature offers atradition of performances. According to the passage, what responsibility does the audience of a verbal art performance have A、They provide financial support for performances. B、They judge the quality of the content and presentation. C、They participate in the performance by chanting responses. D．They determine the length of the performance by requesting a continuation. |
| 【单选题】： |
| 第3题： Natural Selection First coined byDarwin, the term natural selection refers to the process at the core of evolutionary theory. Simply put,Darwin believed that every living organism had to struggle to survive and reproduce.By random chance, some individuals in a species would have characteristics that made them better adapted to this struggle than their contemporaries. Such individuals would be more likely to reproduce and pass their characteristics on to their offspring. Over many generations, a series of small differences in characteristics would accumulate, until eventually the creatures that were produced would be so different from their original ancestors that they would constitute a new species. ■ A、AlthoughDarwin did not know how variations between individual members of the same species were able to arise in the first place or how such traits could then be passed on from species to species, we now know that this process occurs through genes. ■ B、Genes determine what characteristics an organism will possess, from its size to its skin color to its gender. ■ C、Sometimes these genes become damaged or altered--a process known as mutation. ■ D、Most mutations are either too small to have any effect, or have detrimental effects on the organism.A、few, however, can be beneficial to helping an organism survive. The organisms with these beneficial mutations are the ones that .survive and reproduce, passing their particular genetic mutation on to future generations. Originally,Darwin thought that two particular types of traits were naturally selected for evolution. The first type included any and all traits that helped an organism survive, either by giving it easier access to food, better protection from predators, or superior adaptability to shifting environmental conditions. Several examples of the natural selection of such traits have been observed sinceDarwin first proposed his theory. The most often cited example is the coloration of moths near industrial centers. Some of them have white wings and the others have black wings. Under normal conditions, the lighter-colored moths predominate since white moths are less visible against the light-colored bark of the trees in the forests where they live, which means they can more easily avoid predators. Near industrial centers, however, darker-colored moths predominate, as the pollution from the factory has darkened the bark of the nearby trees. Moths landing on these trees are much more difficult to see if they have black wings. This trait has now become most common in moth populations living in areas where pollutants have changed the color of the tree bark. The second type of naturally selected traits envisioned byDarwin involved those characteristics of an organism that made it easier for that organism to find a mate. This form of natural selection, often called sexual selection, was thought to explain the existence of highly developed traits in certain animals that seemed to play no particular role in their survival, and that in some cases seemed to make it even harder for them to survive.A、prime example of such a trait is the peacock’s elaborate, colorful tail feathers.A、long, unwieldy tail that can expand into a display of bright colors that draws the attention of any predator in the vicinity seems less likely than that of other kinds of birds to help the bird survive. However, researchers discovered that peahens invariably chose to mate with those peacocks whose tail feathers produced the most artistic displays. Thus, although the peacock’s tail feathers have no adaptive function in terms of coping with survival pressure, the gene that controls feather color is the one that is most likely to be passed on because of its role in the mating process. Many scientists now believe that a third type of naturally selected characteristics exists, namely those that may be harmful to an individual organi |
| 【单选题】： |
| 第4题： Which of the following is mentioned as the dominant theme in Roesen's painting A．( Fertility B．( Freedom C．( Impermanence D．( Abundance |
| 【单选题】： |
| 第5题：Questions 1-10 All mammals feed their young.Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own fooD、The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a nonelective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that mammals-- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals -- have in common. But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her young after they have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch. For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care.Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animal’s life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction of their full adult size.And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young generally do no survive. The author lists various animals in line 5 toA．contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammals B、describe the process by which mammals came to be defined C．emphasize the point that every type of mammal feeds its own young D．explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonelective |
| 【单选题】： |