托福考试易错题（2019/9/23）

第1题：Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events,　　anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within 　　a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals　　can be credited with conscious processing.(5) Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at 　　all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswereD、　　One example of such unexplained behavior: Honeybees communicate the sources of 　　nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation 　　of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the sun’’s position in the sky,(10)and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most 　　researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows 　　no special intelligence.But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the 　　food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging 　　honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would(15)appear next. When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the 　　bees circling the spot, waiting for their fooD、No one has yet explained how bees,　　whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an ounce, could have inferred the location 　　of the new site. Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many(20)animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the　　natural environment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees　　occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzees　　compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips. One pair might contain, say, five　　chips and three chips, the other(25)our chips and three chips.Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the　　chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing　　ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums.What does the passage mainly discuss A、The role of instinct in animal behavior B．Observations that suggest consciousness in an anima behavior C．The use of food in studies of animal behavior Differences between the behavior of animals in their natural environments and in laboratory experiments.

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第2题： Country Music A、commercial offshoot of the folk music of the rural South, country music is anAmerican art form that gained worldwide appeal after World War Ⅱ. Originally known as hillbilly or mountain music, country music grew from the folk music that was brought to NorthAmerica byAnglo-Celtic settlers in the 1700s and 1800s. The music changed as it came in contact with ethnic music--AcadianCajun) in Louisiana, Latin in the Southwest,African throughout much of the South--and such popular music as that found in vaudeville, minstrel shows, and Hawaiian tent shows. It was also called country and Western music because of its popularity with cowboys. Traditionally country musicians have been most proficient on stringed instruments. The violin, or fiddle, was the most popular instrument on the frontier because of its easy portability. To this day fiddle contests remain a feature of the country music scene. The banjo was adapted from theAfricanAmerican culture, and the five-siring model is now universally popular among performers of the style known as bluegrass. The guitar has long been a staple of country music bands and singers. String bass and Hawaiian guitar have been used since the 1920s, and their modern descendants are the electric bass and the pedal steel guitar.Drums, pianos, and electrified instruments, used as early as the 1930s by Western swing bands, are heard on country recordings from the 1950s. In 1922 radio stations WBAP in Fort Worth, Tex. , and WSB、inAtlanta, GA、, broadcast shows called barn dances, modeled after the informal social dancing of the frontier.Chicago’s WLS started what became the NationalBarnDance in 1924, and WSM in Nashville, Tenn., began itsBarnDance in November 1925, just one month after going on the air. Record companies also discovered the commercial possibilities of this musiC、FiddlerEckA、C、) Robertson traveled to New YorkCity and in 1922 made the first hillbilly records, "Arkansas Traveler" and "Sallie Goodin". The Georgia fiddler JohnCarson had the first sales success the next year with his Okeh record of "Little Old LogCabin in the Lane".A、Texas native who actually had voice training and light opera experience, VernonDalhart (his real name was Marion Slaughter) sold millions of records in the 1920s for dozens of different companies. His first big sellers were "The Prisoner’s Song" and "The Wreck of the Old 97" for Victor in 1924. In 1927 Jimmie Rodgers, originally a yodeler, made his first recordings.Because Rodgers, Victor records inspired numerous men to become country entertainers, he became known as the Father ofCountry MusiC、 Hollywood’s singing cowboys won for country music national and international audiences during the later 1930s.Even though record sales for country and other types of music slipped during the GreatDepression, radio continued to broadcast a large array of live country music talent, usually in the early morning, noon, or late night hours. New barn dances were heard on the airwaves, and two of the local shows gained network radio audiences during the 1930s. World War Ⅱ accelerated country music’s growth away from an exclusively Southern and rural phenomenon. Southern servicemen took the music with them to far-flung parts of the nation and the world, while civilian defense workers from the South brought their love of the music into the various centers of war production. The postwar years brought a newfound national prosperity, which boosted country music to greater commercial heights. Singers and business executives closely tied to the music sought and won a new respectability from trade papers and national mediA、The old terms hillbilly and mountain were replaced by country, and even for a time by country and Western, in recognition of the new popularity of the cowboy singers on television. 【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第3题： Cultural Shock "Culture shock" might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroaD、Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure. Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life; when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removeD、He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props has been knocked out from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. "The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel baD、" When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorifieD、All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembereD、It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality. Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. A、[■]Although not common, there are individuals who cannot live in foreign countries. B、[■]During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new. C、[■] They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners. D、[■] This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months, depending on circumstances. If one is very important, he or she will be brought to visit the show places, will be pampered and petted, and in a press interview will speak glowingly about goodwill and international friendship. But this mentality does not normally last if the foreign visitor remains abroad and needs to seriously cope with real conditions of life. It is then that the second stage begins, characterized by a hostile and aggressive attitude toward the host country. This hostility evidently grows out of the genuine difficulty which the visitor experiences in the process of adjustment. There are house troubles, transportation troubles, shopping troubles, and the fact that people in the host country are largely indifferent to all these troubles. They help, but they don’t understand your great concern over these difficulties. Therefore, they must be insensitive and unsympathetic to you and your worries. The result, "I just don’t like them." You become aggressive, you band together with others from your country and criticize the host country, its ways, and its people.But this criticism is not an objective appraisal. You take refuge in the colony of others from your country which often becomes the fountainhead of emotionally charged labels known as stereotypes. This is a peculiar kind of offensive shorthand which caricatures the host country and its people in a negative manner. The "dollar graspingAmerican" and the "indolent LatinAmerican" are samples of mild forms of stereotypes. The second stage of culture shock is, in a sense, a crisis in the disease. If you come out of it, you leave before you reach the stage of a nervous breakdown. If visitors succeed in acquiring some knowledge of the language and begin to get around by themselves, they are beginning to open the way into the new cultural environment. Visitors s

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第4题： A、Arrive at class on time B．Finish his assignments more promptly C．Get his watch fixed D．Get notes about the class from a friend

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第5题：task 4　　【passage】：Progress explanation means somebody tells sb else how to do some work. Progress explanation有两类：1、directive explanation。teach people how to carry out a project step by step. with instruction 2、informational explanation。just tell people a general idea about it ,without instruction, people are not told how to finish the task themselves.　　【lecture】：the professor use two examples to illustrate two types: 1、he bought a cell phone recently，但不会put the telephone number into cell phone. His friend taught him how to enter the name and phone number step by step,for example, first input a number then a name . but one night the prof saw on Tv a program , says how signal is transmitted from one cellphone to another when dialed, by atenas and satellites, but it didn’t tell how to use the phone, so the prof didn’t know how to use the phone even after watching the program 　　question: how does the prof illustrate the definition of progress explanation using examples 　　两种process，一种directive,还有一个informational，文章解释了这两个概念。教授说自己昨天买了个新手机，不知道怎么输号码，然后一个朋友走进来教他使用，然后他就能自己用了。然后说那天在电视上看到report，讲手机的原理，什么什么的，但是知道了这些原理也不知道怎么用手机。问题：用教授的例子解释这两个概念。

【分析题】：