托福考试易错题（2019/9/25）

第1题：The cultures early of the genus Homo were generally distinguished by regular use of stone tools and by a hunting and gathering economy.

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE、TWENTIETHCENTURY

1Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a monarch, whose right to rule is generally hereditary and lifelong.At the start of the twentieth century, monarchs ruled over most of the world, but by the middle of the century, only a handful remaineD、A、series of revolutions in the preceding centuries had weakened theEuropean monarchies, and while monarchs remained symbols of national unity, real power had passed to constitutional assemblies. Monarchy survived as a form inEurope only where the king or queen functioned as the symbolic head of a parliamentary state, as inBritain, the LowCountries, and ScandinaviA、It lasted longer in the few small states ofAsia andAfrica that had never come under direct colonial rule.By the 1960s, autocratic monarchy had become an outdated form of government. Throughout most of the world, people were considered citizens, not subjects, and the totality of the people were seen as constituting the state.
2In most states where monarchical authority was removed, some form of liberal democracy took its place.A、liberal democracy is a state where political authority rests in the people acting through elected representatives and where an elected executive is responsible to the will of the people as a whole. {{U}}The term{{/U}} applies to a broad group of states with a parliamentary or representative political tradition. Liberal democracies differ from the communist states known as {{U}}people’s democracies{{/U}}, in which theCommunist party holds the ultimate authority. Generally, liberal democracies follow the parliamentary {{U}}pattern{{/U}}, with the executive power vested in a cabinet responsible to the parliament and drawn from the majority party or combination of parties. In the United States, an independently elected executive, the president, functions separately from the legislative authority, the congress.
3The doctrine that all of the people had effective authority, or sovereignty, became the basis for the functioning of democratic states. This doctrine of popular sovereignty became all-inclusive as citizenship rights were extended to classes formerly excluded and to women. The liberal democratic state claimed the right to control every aspect of human life according to the will of the people, except where limits on state control were directly stated in a bill of rights in a democratic constitution and recognized in practice.
4 All democratic states, both parliamentary and presidential, changed in form during the twentieth century. To meet the needs of an urban industrial society, states generally enlarged their scope of activity to control economic power and to provide common services to the people. The expansion of state activity and extension of state services involved a new view of legislation and its role in society. The passing of laws came to be seen as a way to promote the well being of the people. With this new concept of legislation, the number of new laws increased immensely, particularly in the areas of social welfare, education, health and safety, and economic development.
5The trend toward liberal democracy continued throughout the century, but at various times there was also a tendency toward a revival of authoritarian rule. In a number of states, democratic governments could not cope with the crises of the time. {{U}}In these cases, some form of totalitarian dictatorship emerged, replacing popular sovereignty with the total power of the state. {{/U}}In some instances, monarchy gave way directly to dictatorship. In others, dictatorial regimes took over democratically organized states, notably inEasternEurope

第2题：{{B}}Set 2{{/B}}

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第3题： Art Deed, a style of design popular in the 1920's and 1930's, was used primarily in furniture, jewel, textiles, and interior decoration.

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第4题：Listening 4 "Professor’s Office" {$mediaurl} What advice does the professor give the woman A、Have some friends read the research B、Refer to the explanation in the textbook C、Ask a chemistry major to help her D、Include more references in the report

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第5题：TOEFL Reading Passage 1 Two Types of Social Groups 1. One of the most basic elements of human life is the way in which we form social groups and interact with the members of those groups.According to sociologists, no one is ever entirely separate from the social networks that surround him or her, and the groups we belong to play an enormous role in determining how we see ourselves and our worlD、EarlyAmerican sociologistCharles H.Cooley(1864-1929) defined two principal categories of human groupings, and his ideas are still widely accepted today. He termed them primary and secondary, based on the kinds of relationships individuals in the group share with each other. 2. In primary groups, we form whatCooley referred to as primary relationships. These are marked by strong, long-lasting emotional ties, feelings of intimacy and genuine concern for the well-being of the other person or people. Intangible items, such as love, respect, and support, are exchanged by individuals in primary groups, causing them to feel nurtured by the relationships the group affords them. Participation in the group is therefore seen as its own reward; there is no concrete, external goal that members are working towards. 3.Due to the time and effort it takes to build such close bonds, primary groups are typically small. Some prominent examples given byCooley include families, groups of childhood friends, and the tight-knit communities adults enter into with their neighbors or other close peers. In the view ofCooley and later sociologists, it is the primary group that is most important in the development of an individual’s personal beliefs and values, and assists that person with his or her integration into society at large. 4. Secondary groups, in contrast, are characterized by the lack of intimate relationships among their members. These secondary relationships involve less personal interaction and weaker emotional connections, and therefore they do not have as significant an impact on the development of an individual’s worldview. In addition, since ties between individuals are not as strong, many secondary groups either exist for only a short time before dissolving, or experience frequent changes in membership. 5. Secondary groups can be quite large.A、company’s employees, a university’s student body, and even a country’s citizens are all examples of secondary groups. The items individuals exchange are usually tangible in nature, such as the labor provided in return for wages in the case of a commercial organization. Most notably, though, the reason that secondary groups form in the first place is to accomplish a specific task. Employees participate in the secondary group of their company with the intention of creating a product or service, as well as to receive pay. lf the group fails to achieve its goal, it will most likely cease to exist. 6.Cooley believed that both primary and secondary groups are universal to human societies. While modern sociologists agree with this, they have also observed that the ratio of primary to secondary groups varies according to the level of a society’s technological development. In less-developed nations, individuals spend most of their lives in a single location with prolonged exposure to a certain group of people.This enables them to develop close bonds more easily, so primary groups are commonplace.Developed countries, on the other hand, have witnessed an increase in secondary groups at the expense of primary groups. The fast pace, widespread technology and diversity of life in these societies mak

【单选题】： A     B     C     D