托福考试易错题（2019/10/16）

第1题： EricCarle EricCarle is acclaimed and beloved as the creator of brilliantly illustrated and innovatively designed picture books for very young children.Carle’s books utilize bold color and innovative techniques to try and stimulate a child’s imagination in order to facilitate the child’s transition from home to school. The Very Hungry Caterpillar, for example, is designed with scalloped holes through the pages to demonstrate how a caterpillar eats through different materials. This book has eaten its way into the hearts of literally millions of children all over the world and has been translated into more than 30 languages and sold over 22 million copies. Since the Caterpillar was published in 1969,ErieCarle has illustrated more than seventy books, many best sellers, most of which he also wrote, and more than 71 million copies of his books have sold around the worlD、 Born in Syracuse, New York, in 1929,EricCarle moved with his parents to Germany when he was six years old; he was educated there, and graduated from the prestigious art school, theAkademie derBildenden Kunste, in Stuttgart. But his dream was always to return toAmerica, the land of his happiest childhood memories. So, in 1952, with a fine portfolio in hand and forty dollars in his pocket, he arrived in New York. Later, he was the art director of an advertising agency for many years. One day, respected educator and author,Bill Martin Jr., called to askCarle to illustrate a story he had written. Martin’s eye had been caught by a striking picture of a red lobster that carle had created for an advertisement. BrownBear,BrownBear, WhatDo You See was the result of their collaboration. It is still a favorite with children everywhere. This was the beginning ofEricCarle’s true career. SoonCarle was writing his own stories, too. His first wholly original book was 1, 2, 3 to the Zoo, followed soon afterward by the celebrated classic, The Very HungrgCaterpillar. EricCarle’s art is distinctive and instantly recognizable. His art work is created in collage technique, using hand-painted papers, which he cuts and layers to form bright, and cheerful images. Many of his books have an added dimension-die-cut pages, twinkling lights as in The Very Lonely Firefly, even the lifelike sound of a cricket’s song as in The Very QuietCricket-- giving them a playful quality: a toy that can be read, a book that can be toucheD、Children also enjoy working in collage and many send him pictures they have made themselves, inspired by his illustrations. He receives hundreds of letters each week from his young admirers. The secret ofEricCarle’s books’ appeal lies in his intuitive understanding of and respect for children, who sense in him instinctively someone who shares their most cherished thoughts and emotions. The themes of his stories are usually drawn from his extensive knowledge and love of nature and interest shared by most small children.Besides being beautiful and entertaining, his books always offer the child the opportunity to learn something about the world around them. It is his concern for children, for their feelings and their inquisitiveness, for their creativity and their intellectual growth that, in addition to his beautiful artwork, makes the reading of his books such a stimulating and lasting experience. Carle says: "With many of my books I attempt to bridge the gap between the home and school. To me home represents, or should represent; warmth, security, toys, holding hands, being helD、School is a strange and n

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第2题： Philosophy of LogicalAnalysis Modern physics and physiology throw a new light upon the ancient problem of perception. If there is to be anything that can be called "perception", it must be in some degree an effect of the object perceived, and it must more or less resemble the object if it is to be a source of knowledge of the object. The first requisite can only be fulfilled if there are causal chains which are, to a greater or lesser extent, independent of the rest of the worlD、According to physics, this is the case. Modern analytical empiricism differs from that of Locke,Berkeley, and Hume by its incorporation of mathematics and its development of a powerful logical technique. It is thus able, in regard to certain problems, to achieve definite answers, which have the quality of science rather than philosophy. It has the advantage; as compared with philosophies of system-builders, of being able to tackle its problems one at a time, instead of having to invent at one stroke a block theory of the whole universe. Its methods, in this respect, resemble those of science. There remains, however, a vast field, traditionally included in philosophy, where scientific methods are inadequate. This field includes ultimate questions of value; science alone, for example, cannot prove that it is bad to enjoy the infliction cruelty. Whatever can be known, can be known by means of science; but things which are legitimately matters of feeling lie outside its province. Philosophy, throughout its history, has consisted of two parts inharmoniously blended: on the one hand, a theory as to the nature of the world, on the other hand, an ethical or political doctrine as to the best way of living. A、[■] The failure to separate these two with sufficient clarity has been a source of much confused thinking. B、[■] Philosophers, from Plato to William James, have allowed their opinions as to the constitution of the universe to be influenced by the desire for edification: knowing, as they supposed, what beliefs would make men virtuous, they have invented arguments, often very sophisticated, to prove that these beliefs are true. C、[■] Morally, a philosopher who uses his professional competence for anything except a disinterested search for truth is guilty of a kind of treachery.And when he assumes, in advance of inquiry, that certain beliefs, whether true or false, are such as to promote good behavior, he is so limiting the scope of philosophical speculation as to make philosophy trivial; the true philosopher is prepared to examine all preconceptions. D、[■] When any limits are placed, consciously or unconsciously, upon the pursuit of truth, philosophy becomes paralyzed by fear, and the ground is prepared for a government censorship punishing those who utter "dangerous thoughts" -in fact, the philosopher has already placed such a censorship over his own investigations. Intellectually, the effect of mistaken moral considerations upon philosophy has been to impede progress to an extraordinary extent. I do not myself believe that philosophy can either prove or disapprove the truth of religious dogmas, but ever since Plato most philosophers have considered it part of their business to produce "proofs" of immortality and the existence of GoD、They have found fault with the proofs of their predecessors—Saint Thomas rejected SaintAnselm’s proofs, and Kant rejectedDescartes’—but they have supplied new ones of their own. In order to make their proofs seem valid, they have had to falsify logic, to make mathematics mystical, and to pretend that deep-seated prejudices were heaven-sent intuitions. All this is rejected by the philosophers who make logical analysis the main business of philosophy. They confess frankly that the human intellect is of profound importance to mankind, but they refuse to believe that there is some "higher" way of knowing, by whic

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第3题：In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The intent of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar to that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of an areas a marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park is. People are permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may not be harmed or removeD、 The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic andAtmosphericAdministration, a branch of the United StatesDepartment ofCommerce. Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after 1978. They range in size from the very small (less than I square kilometer) FagateleBayNational Marine Sanctuary inAmerican Samoa to the MontereyBay National MarineSanctuary inCalifornia, extending over 15,744 square kilometers. The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new management practices in which whole communities of species, and not just individual species, are offered some degree of protection from habitat degradation and overexploitation. Only in this way can a reasonable degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting that also maintains the natural interrelationships that exist among these species. Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the United States and other countries. The NationalEstuarine Research Reserve System, managed by the United States government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries. Outside the United States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery of theCarbbean SeA、Others rangefrom the well-knownAustralian GreatBarrer Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures on fragile coral reef systems.As state, national, and international agencies come to recognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas. whether as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an increasingly important role in preserving that diversity. According to the passage, all of the following are achievements of the National Marine Sanctuaries ProgramEXCEPT A、the discovery of several new marine organisms B、the preservation of connections between individual marine species C、the protection of coastal habitats D、the establishment of areas where the public can observe marine life

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NORTHAMERICAN GRASSLANDS

1In NorthAmerica, native grasslands occur primarily in the Great Plains in the middle of the continent. The NorthAmerican prairie biome is one of the most extensive grasslands in the world, extending from the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the west to the deciduous forest in the east, and from northern Mexico in the south toCanada in the north.Average annual rainfall ranges from about 40 cm (16 inches) in the west to 80 cm (31 inches) in the east.Average annual temperatures range between 10 degrees and 20 degreesCelsius (50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit). In the moist regions of the NorthAmerican grasslands, especially in the northern Great Plains, rainfall is distinctly seasonal, and temperatures can vary widely from very hot in summer to bitter cold in winter.
2One hundred years ago, the Great Plains grasslands were one vast, unbroken prairie. Much of the prairie is now farmland, the most productive agricultural region in the world, dominated by {{B}}monocultures{{/B}} of cereal grains. Wheat, barley, soybeans, corn, and sunflowers occupy the land that was once prairie. In areas given over to grazing lands for cattle and sheep, virtually all the major native grasses have been replaced by {{U}}alien{{/U}} species.
3 An important feature of the northern Great Plains grasslands is the presence of millions of glacial depressions that are now small ponds known as prairie potholes. They were formed during the most recent IceAge, when streams flowed in tunnels beneath glacially formed sandy ridges. When the IceAge ended around 12,000 years ago, the retreating glaciers created about 25 million depressions across a 300,000-square-mile landscape—about 83 potholes per square mile.As the ice blocks melted, much of the water was left behind, forming wetlands ranging in size from a tenth of an acre to several acres. The wetlands were soon surrounded by fluttering waves of grasses: shortgrass, mixed grass, and tallgrass.
4{{U}}Today these small wetlands still cover the prairies, although much of the landscape— including both native grasses and potholes—has been transformed to cropland and grassland for grazing.{{/U}} What does remain of the wetlands, however, still serves as an important breeding area for more than 300 bird species, including large numbers of migrating shorebirds and waterfowl. The potholes fill up with water during spring rains and usually dry out by late summer.Every spring, birds arrive in great numbers—northern pintails, mallards, coots, and pied-billed grebes—4 to 6 million strong, to mate in the seasonal wetlands that dot portions of Minnesota, Iowa, North and SouthDakota, Montana,Alberta, Saskatchewan, and ManitobA、Prairie pothole country produces half of NorthAmerica’s 35 to 40 million ducks and is renowned worldwide as a "{{U}}duck factory{{/U}}."
5Recently biologists have discovered that the prairie pothole region is potentially a vast carbon sink: a natural sponge that absorbs carbon dioxide

第4题： READING SECTIONDIRECTIONS The Reading section measures your ability to read and understand passages inEnglish. You will read five passages and answer questions about them.Answer all questions based on what is stated or implied in the passages. Most questions are worth one point. The last question in each set is worth more than one point. For this question, the directions will indicate how many points you can receive. Some passages have one or more words in bold type. For these bolded words, you will see a definition in a glossary at the end of the passage. Allow 20 minutes to read each passage and answer the questions about it. You may now begin the first passage. {{B}}Set 1{{/B}}

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第5题：Reading 1 "Rising Sea Levels" Perhaps the most pervasive climatic effect of global warming is rapid escalation of ice melt. Mount Kilimanjaro inAfrica, portions of the SouthAmericanAndes, and the Himalayas will very likely lose most of their glacial ice within the next two decades, affecting local water resources. Glacial ice continues its retreat inAlaskA、NASA、scientists determined that Greenland’s ice sheet is thinning by about 1 m per year. The additional meltwater, especially from continental ice masses and glaciers, is adding to a rise in sea level worldwide. Satellite remote sensing is monitoring global sea level, sea ice, and continental ice. Worldwide measurements confirm that sea level rose during the last century. Surrounding the margins ofAntarctica, and constituting about 11% of its surface area, are numerous ice shelves, especially where sheltering inlets or bays exist.Covering many thousands of square kilometers, these ice shelves extend over the sea while still attached to continental ice. The loss of these ice shelves does not significantly raise sea level, for they already displace seawater. The concern is for the possible surge of grounded continental ice that the ice shelves hold back from the seA、 Although ice shelves constantly break up to produce icebergs, some large sections have recently broken free. In 1998 an iceberg (150 km by 35 km) broke off the Ronne Ice Shelf, southeast of theAntarctic PeninsulA、In March 2000 an iceberg taggedB-15 broke off the Ross Ice Shelf (some 90° longitude west of theAntarctic Peninsula), measuring 300 km by 40 km. Since 1993, six ice shelves have disintegrated inAntarcticA、About 8000 km of ice shelf are gone, changing maps, freeing up islands to circumnavigation, and creating thousands of icebergs. The Larsen Ice Shelf, along the east coast of theAntarctic Peninsula, has been retreating slowly for years. Larsen-A、suddenly disintegrated in 1995. In only 35 days in early 2002, Larsen-B、collapsed into icebergs. This ice loss is likely a result of the 2.5℃ temperature increase in the region in the last 50 years. In response to the increasing warmth, theAntarctic Peninsula is sporting new vegetation growth, previously not seen there. →A、loss of polar ice mass, augmented by melting of alpine and mountain glaciers (which experienced more than a 30% decrease in overall ice mass during the last century) will affect sea-level rise. The IPCC、assessment states that "between one-third to one-half of the existing mountain glacier mass could disappear over the next hundred years."Also, "there is conclusive evidence for a worldwide recession of mountain glaciers... This is among the clearest and best evidence for a change in energy balance at theEarth’s surface since the end of the 19th century." Sea-level rise must be expressed as a range of values that are under constant reassessment. The 2001 IPCC、forecast for global mean sea-level rise this century, given regional variations, is from 0.11-0.88 m. The median value of 0.48 m is two to four times the rate of previous increase. These increases would continue beyond 2100 even if greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilizeD、 → The Scripps Institute of Oceanography in La Jolla,California, has kept ocean temperature records since 1916. Significant temperature increases are being recorded to depths of more than 300 m as ocean temperature records are set.Even the warming of the ocean itself will contribute about 25% of sea-level rise, simply because of thermal expansion of the water. In addition, any change in ocean temperature has a profound effect on weather and, indirect

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