托福考试易错题（2019/10/21）

{{B}}MediterraneanDiet{{/B}}
The Mediterranean diet is based upon the eating patterns of traditional cultures in the Mediterranean region. Several noted nutritionists and research projects have concluded that this diet is one of the most healthful in the world in terms of preventing such illnesses as heart disease and cancer, and increasing life expectancy.
The countries that have inspired the Mediterranean diet all surround the Mediterranean SeA、These cultures have eating habits that developed over thousands of years. InEurope, parts of Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and southern France adhere to principles of the Mediterranean diet, as do Morocco and Tunisia in NorthAfricA、Parts of theBalkan region and Turkey follow the diet, as well as MiddleEastern countries like Lebanon and SyriA、The Mediterranean region is warm and sunny, and produces large supplies of fresh fruits and vegetables almost year round that people eat many times per day. Wine, bread, olive oil, nuts, and legumes are other staples of the region, and the Mediterranean Sea has historically yielded abundant quantities of fish.
International interest in the therapeutic qualities of the Mediterranean diet began back in the late 1950s, when medical researchers started to link the occurrence of heart disease with diet.
Dr.Ancel Keys performed an epidemiological analysis of diets around the world (epidemiology being the branch of public health that studies patterns of diseases and their potential causes among populations).
Entitled the SevenCountries Study, it is considered as one of the greatest studies of its kind ever performeD、 In it, Keys gathered data on heart disease and its potential causes from nearly 13,000 men in Greece, Italy,Croatia, Serbia, Japan, Finland, the Netherlands, and the United States.
it concluded that the Mediterranean people in the study enjoyed some significant health advantages. The Mediterranean groups had lower mortality rates in all age brackets and from all causes, particularly from heart disease. The study also showed that the Mediterranean diet is as high or higher in fat than other diets, obtaining up to 40 percent of all its calories from fat. It has, however, different patterns of fat intake. Mediterranean cooking uses smaller amounts of saturated fat and higher amounts of unsaturated fat, mostly in the form of olive oil. Saturated fats are fats that are found principally in meat and dairy products, although avocados, some nuts, and some vegetable oils also contain them. Saturated fats are used by the body to make cholesterol, and high levels of cholesterol have since been directly related to heart disease.
Several other studies have validated Keys’ findings regarding the good health to people in Mediterranean countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) showed in a 1990 analysis that four major Mediterranean countries (Spain, Greece, France, and Italy) have longer life expectancies and lower rates of heart disease and cancer than otherEuropean countries andAmericA、The data are significant because the same Mediterraneans frequently smoke and don’t have regular exercise programs like manyAmericans, which means that other variables may be responsible. Scientists have also ruled out genetic differences, because Mediterraneans who move to other countries tend to lose their health advantages. These findings suggest that diet and lifestyle are major factors.
The Mediterranean diet gained even more notice whenDr. Walter Willett, head of the nutrition department

第1题：{{B}}Set 2{{/B}}

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第2题： The hermit crab, a crustacean that uses an empty shell as a portable refuge to coverits soft abdomen, changes shellsas grows.

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第3题：How is the student going to pay A、With a personal check. B．With a credit carD、 C．With paper money. D．With a student car

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第4题：Questions 1-10 All mammals feed their young.Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own fooD、The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a nonelective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that mammals-- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals -- have in common. But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her young after they have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch. For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care.Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animal’s life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction of their full adult size.And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young generally do no survive. The author lists various animals in line 5 toA．contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammals B、describe the process by which mammals came to be defined C．emphasize the point that every type of mammal feeds its own young D．explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonelective

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第5题： BiologicalBarriers and Pathways Virtually all living things have some way of getting from here to there.Animals may walk, swim, or fly. Plants and their seeds drift on wind or water or are carried by animals. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that, in time, all species might spread to every place onEarth where favorable conditions occur. Indeed, there are some cosmopolitan species.A、good example is the housefly, found almost everywhere onEarth. However, such broad distribution is the rare exception. Just as barbed wire fences prevent cattle from leaving their pasture, biological barriers prevent the dispersal of many species. What constitutes barriers depends on the species and its method of dispersal. Some are physical barriers. For land animals, bodies of water, chains of mountains, or deserts are effective. For example, theAmerican bison spread throughout the open grasslands of NorthAmerica, but in the southern part of the continent there are deserts, so the bison could not spread there. For aquatic creatures, strong currents, differences in salinity, or land areas may serve as barriers. Some barriers involve competition with other species.A、dandelion seed may be carried by the wind to bare ground, and, if environmental factors are right, it may germinate. There is not much chance, however, that any individual seedling will survive. Most places that are suitable for the growth of dandelions are already occupied by other types of plants that are well adapted to the areA、The dandelion seedling must compete with these plants for space, water, light, and nutrients. Facing such stiff competition, the chances of survival are slim. For animals, some barriers are behavioral, The blue spotted salamander lives only on mountain slopes in the southernAppalachian Highlands.Although these creatures could survive in the river valleys, they never venture there.Birds that fly long distances often remain in very limited areas. Kirkland’s warblers are found only in a few places in Michigan in the summer and fly to theBahamas in winter. No physical barriers restrict the warblers to these two locations, yet they never spread beyond these boundaries.Brazil’sAmazon River serves as a northern or southern boundary for many species of birds. They could freely fly over the river, but they seldom do. There are three types of natural pathways through which organisms can overcome barriers. One type is called a corridor.A、corridor consists of a single type of habitat that passes through various other types of habitat. NorthAmerica’s Rocky Mountains, which stretch fromAlaska to northern Mexico, is an example. Various types of trees, such as theEngehnann spruce, can be found not only at the northern end of the corridor inAlaska but also at higher elevations along the entire length of this corridor. A、second type of natural pathway is known as a filter route.A、filter route consists of a series of habitats that are different from one another but are similar enough to permit organisms to gradually adapt to new conditions as they spread from habitat to habitat. The greatest difference between a corridor and a filter route is that a corridor consists of one type of habitat, while a filter consists of several similar types. The third type of natural pathway is called a sweepstakes route. This is dispersal caused by the chance combination of favorable conditions. Bird watchers are familiar with "accidentals", which are birds that appear in places far from their native areas. Sometimes they may find a habitat with favorable conditions and "colonize" it. Gardeners are familiar with "volunteers", cultivated plants

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