托福考试易错题（2019/10/24）

第1题：The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were(a) primarily single-celled organisms(b) no different from objects found in putrefying materials(c) fairly rare(d) able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE、TWENTIETHCENTURY

1Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a monarch, whose right to rule is generally hereditary and lifelong.At the start of the twentieth century, monarchs ruled over most of the world, but by the middle of the century, only a handful remaineD、A、series of revolutions in the preceding centuries had weakened theEuropean monarchies, and while monarchs remained symbols of national unity, real power had passed to constitutional assemblies. Monarchy survived as a form inEurope only where the king or queen functioned as the symbolic head of a parliamentary state, as inBritain, the LowCountries, and ScandinaviA、It lasted longer in the few small states ofAsia andAfrica that had never come under direct colonial rule.By the 1960s, autocratic monarchy had become an outdated form of government. Throughout most of the world, people were considered citizens, not subjects, and the totality of the people were seen as constituting the state.
2In most states where monarchical authority was removed, some form of liberal democracy took its place.A、liberal democracy is a state where political authority rests in the people acting through elected representatives and where an elected executive is responsible to the will of the people as a whole. {{U}}The term{{/U}} applies to a broad group of states with a parliamentary or representative political tradition. Liberal democracies differ from the communist states known as {{U}}people’s democracies{{/U}}, in which theCommunist party holds the ultimate authority. Generally, liberal democracies follow the parliamentary {{U}}pattern{{/U}}, with the executive power vested in a cabinet responsible to the parliament and drawn from the majority party or combination of parties. In the United States, an independently elected executive, the president, functions separately from the legislative authority, the congress.
3The doctrine that all of the people had effective authority, or sovereignty, became the basis for the functioning of democratic states. This doctrine of popular sovereignty became all-inclusive as citizenship rights were extended to classes formerly excluded and to women. The liberal democratic state claimed the right to control every aspect of human life according to the will of the people, except where limits on state control were directly stated in a bill of rights in a democratic constitution and recognized in practice.
4 All democratic states, both parliamentary and presidential, changed in form during the twentieth century. To meet the needs of an urban industrial society, states generally enlarged their scope of activity to control economic power and to provide common services to the people. The expansion of state activity and extension of state services involved a new view of legislation and its role in society. The passing of laws came to be seen as a way to promote the well being of the people. With this new concept of legislation, the number of new laws increased immensely, particularly in the areas of social welfare, education, health and safety, and economic development.
5The trend toward liberal democracy continued throughout the century, but at various times there was also a tendency toward a revival of authoritarian rule. In a number of states, democratic governments could not cope with the crises of the time. {{U}}In these cases, some form of totalitarian dictatorship emerged, replacing popular sovereignty with the total power of the state. {{/U}}In some instances, monarchy gave way directly to dictatorship. In others, dictatorial regimes took over democratically organized states, notably inEasternEurope

第2题：{{B}}Set 2{{/B}}

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第3题：A block and tackle is a （） of pulley blocks and ropes used for pulling or hoisting large objects.  A. mechanical set special  B. set special mechanical  C. special mechanical set  D. special set mechanical

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第4题： A、( They need very little energy B、They’re found at all depths of the ocean C、They live where there is no sunlight D、They’re similar to many other kinds of microorganisms

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第5题： {$mediaurl} According to the professor, what is one important result of the red giant phaseA．The creation of a new planet. B．The onset of a supernova explosion. C．The formation of dwarf stars. D．The beginning of star degeneration.

【单选题】： A     B     C     D