托福习题练习
| 托福考试易错题（2019/10/25） |
| 第1题： THE、HISTORY OFCOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 1 Communication technology influences the ways in which we think about the worlD、It changes the things we think about，the symbols we use to form and communicate ideas, and the arenas in which our thoughts develop．In the history of communication, there have been many revolutionary technologies, among them the printing press in the fifteenth century and electronic media in the nineteenth century． 2The development of writing was a major advancement in the ability to communicate over distances and to preserve information accurately．Writing conveyed knowledge of the arts and sciences, which provided foundations for other areas of investigation．However, before books and the printing press, written language was limited to a few clay tablets and parchment scrolls．It was not until books became available that writing made a major impact．For centuries，books were rare and expensive because each one was handwritten， a process that took several months．The printing press with movable type made it possible to produce hundreds of copies of a book in a single day． 3The invention of the printing press in 1450 launched a new era in the technology of communication．The printing press opened to large groups of people a body of information that had previously been confined to the educated few. The printing press brought books to the common people, increasing the ranks of the literate．Rapid expansion of the arts and sciences and the use of printed materials required a higher level of education．Education became a formalized institution, and children earned adulthood by achieving literacy．The proliferation of books and reading changed how people thought and what they thought about．Reading entailed the linear organization of ideas, stimulating abstract thought and reasoning．The ability to read required a significant increase in a person’s attention span, resulting in a higher degree of intellectual discipline．Higher rates of literacy led society to a broader，more global perspective． 4 Another significant revolution in communication technology began in the nineteenth century with the advent of electronic mediA、The invention of the telegraph in 1843 signaled a new era in communication technology, the electronic era—so called because the telegraph used electrical signals to carry information along an electrical wire．The telegraph fed society’s growing appetite for immediate access to information，and it provided a foundation for Successive technologies：the telephone in 1876．the phonograph in 1878, film and movies in the 1890s, radio in 1919, and television in 1925． 5 As with the earliest handwritten books, radio technology was at first restricted to the educated few, scientists and researchers, but later spread to the greater society．By the 1930s, the middle classes were listening to news, drama, comedy, and musical performances from thousands of miles away．Radio was the first mass broadcast medium and, together with television a few decades later, it was responsible for altering both the pattern and volume of information that flowed into people’s homes． 6The invention of electronic media changed communication more than any other technological event since the development of writing．The spread of electronic media occurred with a speed never seen before，thus intensifying commercial and social interaction．There was a tremendous shift in how people received the information that contributed to their understanding of the worlD、Voices or pictures could create ideas that appeared authentic—more so than ideas conveyed by the printed worD、The graphic, intensely human nature of electronic media enhanced the belief that if it was on the air, it had to be true． In stating that there have been many revolutionary technologies in paragraph 1，the author means that these technologies were very < |
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| 第2题：Questions 40-50In the nineteenth century, oceanography benefited from the new desire to study phenomena on a global scale. Many scientists collected information on the chemical composition, temperature, and pressure of the ocean at various depths and in different regions. The difficulty of gathering information about the ocean depths was immense.At first it was believed that the temperatures in the depths never fell below 4 degreesCelsius, until it was shown that the figures were distorted by the effect of pressures on the thermometers. There was intensive study of tides and ocean currents, and a number of physicists examined the forces responsible for the movements of the water. For example, James Rennell provided the first accurate map of the currents in theAtlantic Ocean, and the United StatesCoast Survey made extensive studies of the Gulf Stream. The zoologistEdward Forbes argued that no life existed below a depth of 300 fathoms (about 600 meters), a view widely accepted until disproved by the voyage of theBritish research vessel HMSChallenger (1872-1876). The HMSChallenger expedition provided valuable information about the seabed, including the discovery of manganese nodules that are now being seen as a potentially valuable source of minerals.The first detailed map of the seabed was provided for theAtlantic by theAmerican geographer Matthew F. Maury. He devised new techniques for measuring ocean depths, and his work proved of great value in laying the first transatlantic telegraph cables. He also studied global wind patterns and was able to provide sailors with guides that significantly reduced the time taken on many routes. Some oceanographers believed that the winds were responsible for producing ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream, but Msury disagree D、He argued that they wrer produced by changes in the density of seawater due to temperature, which set up systems of movement between warm and cool regions of the worl D、Maury believed that the circulation of a worm current would produce ice-free sea around the North Pole, a claim not disproved until Fridtjof Nansen allowed his vessel The Fram to be carried to within a few degrees of the pole in the years 1893-1896. According to the passage, what led to advances in the study of oceans A、An interest in conducting ocean research on a worldwide level B、 A、disagreement betweenAmerican andBritish oceanographers C．The development of new global weather patterns D、The use of thermometers that could withstand deep ocean pressures |
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| 第4题：Nous désirons faire un voyage à Paris. |
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| 第5题： DRAMA、INANCIENT GREEC E、 1Long before the ancient Greeks could read and write, they learned of their history and culture through epic poetry chanted by bards or singers. The bards chanted stories in standard musical phrases that were accompanied by musical instruments such as the lyre, a general name for any of several stringed instruments favored by the bards. The greatest bard, Homer, was a poet, singer and master of the lyre.According to tradition, Homer was a wandering minstrel who traveled from place to place chanting stories of gods and heroes.Another famous poet, singer, and lyre player was Sappho, who started a school for girls, where she taught the arts of music, poetry, and dance. 2Greek civilization reached a golden age during the fifth centuryBC, when politics, philosophy, art, architecture, and theater thrived, as they never had before.As the Greeks took new pride in human achievements, they developed ideals of beauty, order, balance, and moderation throughout their culture, including music and dramA、 3 Early drama was associated with the worship of the godDionysus and was an outgrowth of the choral songs and dances performed in honor of the goD、The famous outdoor Theater ofDionysus inAthens showed the importance of drama to the Greeks. It was situated on a hillside to take advantage of the natural slope and light, and it could accommodate an audience of 30,000 people.A、chorus of singers, dancers, and musicians, led by a singer who stood on steps above them, performed stories that educated and entertained the audience while honoring the goD、 4The crucial innovation that turned choral performance into drama is attributed to Thespis, a poet who is said to have originated tragedy.As the chorus sang the story of a hero or god, Thespis would enter the theater as a masked actor.Between songs, he recited verses as a character in the story, and these spoken verses changed what had been a choral monologue into a dialogue between the actor and the chorus. The legacy of Thespis can be seen in the term "thespian," which now describes anything relating to dramA、 5 Actors of that time wore a large mask made of linen or cork, inside which was a device like a speaking trumpet to amplify the voice. When the actor recited, it was in an exalted monotone, often to the accompaniment of flutes. The chorus enhanced the tragedy with various dances and songs, generally accompanied by the lyre. The actor chanted the lines of the lead character, while the chorus sang the narrative passages. Still, despite the attention the actor received, theChorus and its music continued to dominate dramatic performances with the combined power of singing and dancing. 6Like Thespis, the playwrightAeschylus acted in his own plays, but he added a second masked actor. Now audience attention could be directed to the interplay between the two actors—action and reaction, question and answer, conflict or cooperation—rather than between the actor and chorus.A、later playwright, Sophocles, added a third actor. This made possible not only three-way dramatic scenes but also plays with a large cast of characters, since the masks allowed an actor to play more than one part in different scenes. The addition of actors shifted the focus of drama away from the chorus toward the action and dialogue of the characters. 7Playwrights continued to introduce innovations, but essentially they adhered to prescribed conventions. One of these conventions limited the number of scenes in a play to five. The drama always took place in one location and within a short span of time, sometimes a single day.Another convention reflected the society’s sense of balance and order: bloody deeds rarely took place in front of the audience. Therefore, murders, suicides, and other acts of violence occurred offstage. The Greek concept of moderation is reflected in st |
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