| 托福考试易错题（2019/11/2） |
| 第1题： BIRD、SONG 1One instance in the animal kingdom with parallels to human music is bird song. Much has recently been discovered about the development of song in birds. Some species are restricted to a single song learned by all individuals, while other species have a range of songs and dialects, depending on environmental stimulation. The most important auditory stimuli for birds are the sounds of other birds, including family or flock members and territorial rivals. For all bird species, there is a prescribed path to development of the final song, beginning with the subsong, passing through plastic song, until the bird achieves the species song or songs. This process is similar to the steps through which young children pass as they first babble and then mimic pieces of the songs they hear around them, although the ultimate output of human singers is much vaster and more varied than even the most impressive bird repertoire. 2Underlying all avian vocal activity is the syrinx, an organ unique to birds that is located at the first major branching of the windpipe and is linked to the brain. There are general parallels between the syrinx in birds and the larynx in humans.Both produce sound when air is forced through the windpipe, causing thin membranes to vibrate. However, compared to the human larynx, which uses only about two percent of exhaled air, the syrinx is a far more efficient sound-producing mechanism that can create sound from nearly all the air passing through it. 3Possibly the most interesting aspect of bird song from the perspective of human intelligence is its foundation in the central nervous system. Like humans, birds have large brains relative to their body size. Song is a complex activity that young birds must learn, and learning implies that higher-brain activity must be complex in the control of song. This control is associated with two song-control centers in the avian brain. If the links between these centers and the syrinx are interrupted, a bird is unable to produce normal song. Moreover, bird song is one of the few instances in the animal kingdom of a skill that is lateralized; the song- control centers are located in the left side of the avian brain.A、lesion there will destroy bird song, while a similar lesion in the right half of the brain will result in much less damage. How does the development of song in birds parallel its development in humansA．Bird song and human music evolved during the same period in history. B．All birds and humans are capable of learning a large number of songs. C．The song repertoire of both birds and humans changes over their lifetime. D．Song development progresses through stages in both birds and humans. |
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| 第2题： A、The early history of bookbinding. B．How old books become valuable. C．Economical ways to protect old books, D．Why some books deteriorate. |
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| 第3题： A、( She agrees with the man’s choice B、She doesn’t recommend the red tie C、She doesn’t think the man needs to wear a tie D、She has no opinion about men’s clothing |
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| 第4题：Questions 22-31 The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millenniumA、D、, however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished deaD、Most of these early mound builders were part of theAdena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana,Alabama, Georgia, and FloridA、Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern NorthAmerica and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. AboutA、D、400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were locateD、This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from aboutA、D、700 until shortly before theEuropeans began arriving in the sixteenth century.At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in NorthAmericA、Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became closely associated with the Sun --- the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves "children of the Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun goD、 Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United StatesA．The development of trade in NorthAmerica B．The establishment of permanent settlements Conflicts with other NativeAmerican groups over land D．A、migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains. |
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| 第5题： A、( Help the woman repair her car B、Help the woman find a job C、Cancel the woman’s appointment for her D、Take the woman to her doctor’s office |
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