【单选题】 An unconsolidated aggregate of silt particles is also termed silt, ___________ a consolidated aggregate is called siltstone.
A．( which
B．( why
C．( whereas
D．( whether
A．( which
B．( why
C．( whereas
D．( whether
【单选题】 In 1923 Alice Paul (began campaign) to promote (the adoption) of (an amendment) to the United StatesConstitution mandating (equal rights) for women.
A．began campaign
B．the adoption
C．an amendment
D．equal rights
A．began campaign
B．the adoption
C．an amendment
D．equal rights
【单选题】swimming mAChinEs
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs (mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish) swim Continuously. FEEDing, Courtship, rEproDuCtion, AnD EvEn "rEst" ArE CArriED out whilE in ConstAnt motion.As A rEsult, prACtiCAlly EvEry AspECt oF thE BoDy Form AnD FunCtion oF thEsE swimming "mAChinEs" is ADAptED to EnhAnCE thEr ABility to swim.
mAny oF thE ADAptAtions oF thEsE FishEs sErvE to rEDuCE wAtEr rEsistAnCE (DrAg). intErEstingly Enough, sEvErAl oF thEsE hyDroDynAmiC ADAptAtions rEsEmBlE FEAturEs DEsignED to improvE thE AEroDynAmiCs oF high-spEED wArCrAFt. though humAn EnginEErs ArE nEw to thE gAmE, tunAs AnD thEir rElAtivEs EvolvED thEr "high-tECh" DEsigns long Ago.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE mADE strEAmlining into An Art For thEir BoDiEs ArE slEEk AnD CompACt. thE BoDy shApEs oF tunAs, in FACt, ArE nEArly iDEAl From An EnginEEring point oF viEw. most spECiEs lACk sCAlEs ovEr most oF thE BoDy, mAking it smooth AnD slippEry. thE EyEs liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not protruDE At All. thEy ArE Also CovErED with A sliCk, trAnspArEnt liD thAt rEDuCEs DrAg. thE Fins ArE stiFF, smooth, AnD nArrow, quAlitiEs thAt Also hElp Cut DrAg. whEn not in usE, thE Fins ArE tuCkED into spECiAl groovEs or DEprEssions so thAt thEy liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not BrEAkup its smooth Contours. AirplAnEs rEtrACt thEir lAnDing gEAr whilE in Flight For thE sAmE rEAson.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE EvEn morE sophistiCAtED ADAptAtions thAn thEsE to improvE thEir hyDroDynAmiCs. thE long Bill oF mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish proBABly hElps thEm slip through thE wAtEr. mAny supErsoniC AirCrAFt hAvE A similAr nEEDlE At thE nosE.
most tunAs AnD BillFishEs hAvE A sEriEs oF kEEls AnD FinlEt nEAr thE tAil.Although most oF thEir sCAlEs hAvE BEEn lost, tunAs AnD mACkErEls rEtAin A pAtCh oF CoArsE sCAlEs nEAr thE hEAD CAllED thE CorsElEt. thE kEEls, FinlEt, AnD CorsElEt hElp DirECt thE Flow oF wAtEr ovEr thE BoDy surFACE in suCh As wAy As to rEDuCE rEsistAnCE (sEE thE FigurE).AgAin, supErsoniC jEts hAvE similAr FEAturEs.
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BECAusE thEy ArE AlwAys swimming, tunAs simply hAvE to opEn thEir mouths AnD wAtEr is ForCED in AnD ovEr thEir gills.
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ACCorDingly, thEy hAvE lost most oF thE musClEs thAt othEr FishEs usE to suCk in wAtEr AnD push it pAst thE gills.
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in FACt, tunAs must swim to BrEAthE.
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thEy must Also kEEp swimming to kEEp From sinking, sinCE most hAvE lArgEly or ComplEtEly lost thE swim BlADDEr, thE gAs FillED sAC thAt hElps most othEr Fish rEmAin BuoyAnt.
onE potEntiAl proBlEm is thAt opEning thE mouth to BrEAthE DEtrACts From thE strEAmlining oF thEsE FishEs AnD tEnDs to slow thEm Down. somE spECiEs oF tunA hAvE spECiAlizED groovEs in thEir tonguE. it is thought thAt thEsE groovEs hElp to ChAnnEl wAtEr through thE mouth AnD out thE gilt slits, thErEBy rEDuCing wAtEr rEsistAnCE.
thErE ArE ADAptAtions thAt inCrEAsE thE Amount oF ForwArD thrust As wEll As thosE thAt rEDuCE DrAg.AgAin, thEsE FishEs ArE thE Envy oF EnginEErs. thErE high, nArrow tAils with swEpt-BACk tips ArE Almost pErFECtly ADAptED to proviDE propulsion with thE lEAst possiBlE EFFort. pErhAps most importAnt oF All to thEsE AnD othEr FAst swimmErs is thEir ABility to sEnsE AnD mAkE usE oF swirls AnD EDDiEs (CirCulAr CurrEnts) in thE wAtEr. thEy CAn gliDE pAst EDDiEs thAt woulD slow thEm Down AnD thEn gAin ExtrA thrust By "pushing oFF" thE EDDiEs. sCiEntists AnD EnginEErs ArE BEginning to stuDy this ABility oF FishEs in thE hopE oF DEsigning morE EFFiCiEnt propulsion systEms For ships.
thE musClEs oF thEsE FishEs AnD thE mEChAnism thAt mAintAins A wArm BoDy
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs (mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish) swim Continuously. FEEDing, Courtship, rEproDuCtion, AnD EvEn "rEst" ArE CArriED out whilE in ConstAnt motion.As A rEsult, prACtiCAlly EvEry AspECt oF thE BoDy Form AnD FunCtion oF thEsE swimming "mAChinEs" is ADAptED to EnhAnCE thEr ABility to swim.
mAny oF thE ADAptAtions oF thEsE FishEs sErvE to rEDuCE wAtEr rEsistAnCE (DrAg). intErEstingly Enough, sEvErAl oF thEsE hyDroDynAmiC ADAptAtions rEsEmBlE FEAturEs DEsignED to improvE thE AEroDynAmiCs oF high-spEED wArCrAFt. though humAn EnginEErs ArE nEw to thE gAmE, tunAs AnD thEir rElAtivEs EvolvED thEr "high-tECh" DEsigns long Ago.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE mADE strEAmlining into An Art For thEir BoDiEs ArE slEEk AnD CompACt. thE BoDy shApEs oF tunAs, in FACt, ArE nEArly iDEAl From An EnginEEring point oF viEw. most spECiEs lACk sCAlEs ovEr most oF thE BoDy, mAking it smooth AnD slippEry. thE EyEs liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not protruDE At All. thEy ArE Also CovErED with A sliCk, trAnspArEnt liD thAt rEDuCEs DrAg. thE Fins ArE stiFF, smooth, AnD nArrow, quAlitiEs thAt Also hElp Cut DrAg. whEn not in usE, thE Fins ArE tuCkED into spECiAl groovEs or DEprEssions so thAt thEy liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not BrEAkup its smooth Contours. AirplAnEs rEtrACt thEir lAnDing gEAr whilE in Flight For thE sAmE rEAson.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE EvEn morE sophistiCAtED ADAptAtions thAn thEsE to improvE thEir hyDroDynAmiCs. thE long Bill oF mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish proBABly hElps thEm slip through thE wAtEr. mAny supErsoniC AirCrAFt hAvE A similAr nEEDlE At thE nosE.
most tunAs AnD BillFishEs hAvE A sEriEs oF kEEls AnD FinlEt nEAr thE tAil.Although most oF thEir sCAlEs hAvE BEEn lost, tunAs AnD mACkErEls rEtAin A pAtCh oF CoArsE sCAlEs nEAr thE hEAD CAllED thE CorsElEt. thE kEEls, FinlEt, AnD CorsElEt hElp DirECt thE Flow oF wAtEr ovEr thE BoDy surFACE in suCh As wAy As to rEDuCE rEsistAnCE (sEE thE FigurE).AgAin, supErsoniC jEts hAvE similAr FEAturEs.
onE potEntiAl proBlEm is thAt opEning thE mouth to BrEAthE DEtrACts From thE strEAmlining oF thEsE FishEs AnD tEnDs to slow thEm Down. somE spECiEs oF tunA hAvE spECiAlizED groovEs in thEir tonguE. it is thought thAt thEsE groovEs hElp to ChAnnEl wAtEr through thE mouth AnD out thE gilt slits, thErEBy rEDuCing wAtEr rEsistAnCE.
thErE ArE ADAptAtions thAt inCrEAsE thE Amount oF ForwArD thrust As wEll As thosE thAt rEDuCE DrAg.AgAin, thEsE FishEs ArE thE Envy oF EnginEErs. thErE high, nArrow tAils with swEpt-BACk tips ArE Almost pErFECtly ADAptED to proviDE propulsion with thE lEAst possiBlE EFFort. pErhAps most importAnt oF All to thEsE AnD othEr FAst swimmErs is thEir ABility to sEnsE AnD mAkE usE oF swirls AnD EDDiEs (CirCulAr CurrEnts) in thE wAtEr. thEy CAn gliDE pAst EDDiEs thAt woulD slow thEm Down AnD thEn gAin ExtrA thrust By "pushing oFF" thE EDDiEs. sCiEntists AnD EnginEErs ArE BEginning to stuDy this ABility oF FishEs in thE hopE oF DEsigning morE EFFiCiEnt propulsion systEms For ships.
thE musClEs oF thEsE FishEs AnD thE mEChAnism thAt mAintAins A wArm BoDy
【单选题】 The pulse (that may) be felt (wherever) an artery (passes over) a solid structure, such as (a bone )or cartilage.
A．that may
B．wherever
C．passes over
D．a bone
A．that may
B．wherever
C．passes over
D．a bone
【单选题】rEADing 2 "pAlEolithiCArt"
→ thE sEvErAl millEnniA Following 30,000B、
C、sAw A powErFul outBurst oF ArtistiC CrEAtivity. thE Artworks proDuCED rAngE From simplE shEll nECklACEs to humAn AnD AnimAl Forms in ivory, ClAy, AnD stonE to monumEntAl pAintings, EngrAvings, AnD rEliEF sCulpturEs CovEring thE hugE wAll surFACEs oF CAvEs. From thE momEnt in 1879 thAt CAvE pAintings wErE DisCovErED AtAltAmirA, sCholArs hAvE wonDErED why thE huntEr-Artists oF thE olD stonEAgE DECiDED to CovEr thE wAlls oF DArk CAvErns with AnimAl imAgEs. vArious AnswErs hAvE BEEn givEn, inCluDing thAt thEy wErE mErE DECorAtion, But this thEory CAnnot ExplAin thE nArrow rAngE oF suBjECts or thE inACCEssiBility oF mAny oF thE pAintings. in FACt, thE rEmotEnEss AnD DiFFiCulty oF ACCEss oF mAny oF thE CAvE pAintings AnD thE FACt thEy AppEAr to hAvE BEEn usED For CEnturiEs ArE prECisEly whAt hAvE lED mAny sCholArs to suggEst thAt thE prEhistoriC huntErs AttriButED mAgiCAl propErtiEs to thE imAgEs thEy pAintE
D、ACCorDing to this ArgumEnt, By ConFining AnimAls to thE surFACEs oF thEir CAvE wAlls, thE Artists BEliEvED thEy wErE Bringing thE BEAsts unDEr thEir Control. somE hAvE EvEn hypothEsizED thAt rituAls or DAnCEs wErE pErFormED in Front oF thE imAgEs AnD thAt thEsE ritEs sErvED to improvE thE huntErs’ luCk. still othErs hAvE stAtED thAt thE pAintED AnimAls mAy hAvE sErvED As tEAChing tools to instruCt nEw huntErs ABout thE ChArACtEr oF thE vArious spECiEs thEy woulD EnCountEr or EvEn to sErvE As tArgEts For spEArs!
By ContrAst, somE sCholArs hAvE ArguED thAt thE mAgiCAl purposE oF thE pAintings wAs not to FACilitAtE thE DEstruCtion oF Bison AnD othEr spECiEs. instEAD, thEy BEliEvE prEhistoriC pAintErs CrEAtED AnimAl imAgEs to AssurE thE survivAl oF thE hErDs. pAlEolithiC pEoplEs DEpEnDED on For thEir FooD supply AnD For thEir Clothing.
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A、CEntrAl proBlEm For Both thE hunting-mAgiC AnD FooDCrEAtion thEoriEs is thAt thE AnimAls thAt sEEm to hAvE BEEn DiEt stAplEs oF olD stonEAgE pEoplEs ArE not thosE most FrEquEntly portrAyE
D、
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othEr sCholArs hAvE sought to rEConstruCt An ElABorAtE mythology BAsED on thE CAvE pAintings, suggEsting thAt pAlEolithiC humAns BEliEvED thEy hAD AnimAl AnCEstors. still othErs hAvE EquAtED CErtAin spECiEs with mEn AnD othErs with womEn AnD Also FounD sExuAl symBolism in thE ABstrACt signs thAt somEtimEs ACCompAny thE imAgEs.
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Almost All oF thEsE thEoriEs hAvE BEEn DisCrEDitED ovEr timE, AnD Art historiAns must ADmit thAt no onE knows thE intEnt oF thEsE pAintings.
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in FACt, A singlE ExplAnAtion For All pAlEolithiC murAls, EvEn pAintings similAr in suBjECt, stylE, AnD Composition (how thE motiFs ArE ArrAngED on thE surFACE), is unlikEly to Apply univErsAlly. For now, thE pAintings rEmAin An EnigmA、
→ thAt thE pAintings DiD hAvE mEAning to thE pAlEolithiC pEoplEs who mADE AnD oBsErvED thEm CAnnot, howEvEr, BE DouBtE
D、 in FACt, signs Consisting oF ChECks, Dots, squArEs, or othEr ArrAngEmEnts oF linEs oFtEn ACCompAny thE piCturEs oF AnimAls. sEvErAl oBsErvErs hAvE sEEn A primitivE writing Form in thEsE rEprEsEntAtions oF nonliving things, But thE signs, too, mAy hAvE hAD somE othEr signiFiCAnCE. somE look likE trAps AnD Arrows AnD, ACCorDing to thE hunting-mAgiC thEory, mAy hAvE BEEn DrAwn to insurE suCCEss in CApturing or killing AnimAls with thEsE DEviCEs.At pECh-mErlE in FrAnCE, thE "spottED horsEs" pAintED on thE CAvE wAll mAy not hAvE spots. somE sCholArs hAvE ArguED thAt thE "spots," whiCh AppEAr Both within AnD without thE horsEs’ outlinEs, ArE pAintED roCks thrown At thE AnimAls.
→ rEprEsEntAtions oF humAn hAnDs Also ArE Common. thosE ArounD thE pECh-mErlE horsEs, AnD thE mAjorit
→ thE sEvErAl millEnniA Following 30,000B、
C、sAw A powErFul outBurst oF ArtistiC CrEAtivity. thE Artworks proDuCED rAngE From simplE shEll nECklACEs to humAn AnD AnimAl Forms in ivory, ClAy, AnD stonE to monumEntAl pAintings, EngrAvings, AnD rEliEF sCulpturEs CovEring thE hugE wAll surFACEs oF CAvEs. From thE momEnt in 1879 thAt CAvE pAintings wErE DisCovErED AtAltAmirA, sCholArs hAvE wonDErED why thE huntEr-Artists oF thE olD stonEAgE DECiDED to CovEr thE wAlls oF DArk CAvErns with AnimAl imAgEs. vArious AnswErs hAvE BEEn givEn, inCluDing thAt thEy wErE mErE DECorAtion, But this thEory CAnnot ExplAin thE nArrow rAngE oF suBjECts or thE inACCEssiBility oF mAny oF thE pAintings. in FACt, thE rEmotEnEss AnD DiFFiCulty oF ACCEss oF mAny oF thE CAvE pAintings AnD thE FACt thEy AppEAr to hAvE BEEn usED For CEnturiEs ArE prECisEly whAt hAvE lED mAny sCholArs to suggEst thAt thE prEhistoriC huntErs AttriButED mAgiCAl propErtiEs to thE imAgEs thEy pAintE
D、ACCorDing to this ArgumEnt, By ConFining AnimAls to thE surFACEs oF thEir CAvE wAlls, thE Artists BEliEvED thEy wErE Bringing thE BEAsts unDEr thEir Control. somE hAvE EvEn hypothEsizED thAt rituAls or DAnCEs wErE pErFormED in Front oF thE imAgEs AnD thAt thEsE ritEs sErvED to improvE thE huntErs’ luCk. still othErs hAvE stAtED thAt thE pAintED AnimAls mAy hAvE sErvED As tEAChing tools to instruCt nEw huntErs ABout thE ChArACtEr oF thE vArious spECiEs thEy woulD EnCountEr or EvEn to sErvE As tArgEts For spEArs!
By ContrAst, somE sCholArs hAvE ArguED thAt thE mAgiCAl purposE oF thE pAintings wAs not to FACilitAtE thE DEstruCtion oF Bison AnD othEr spECiEs. instEAD, thEy BEliEvE prEhistoriC pAintErs CrEAtED AnimAl imAgEs to AssurE thE survivAl oF thE hErDs. pAlEolithiC pEoplEs DEpEnDED on For thEir FooD supply AnD For thEir Clothing.
D、
othEr sCholArs hAvE sought to rEConstruCt An ElABorAtE mythology BAsED on thE CAvE pAintings, suggEsting thAt pAlEolithiC humAns BEliEvED thEy hAD AnimAl AnCEstors. still othErs hAvE EquAtED CErtAin spECiEs with mEn AnD othErs with womEn AnD Also FounD sExuAl symBolism in thE ABstrACt signs thAt somEtimEs ACCompAny thE imAgEs.
→ thAt thE pAintings DiD hAvE mEAning to thE pAlEolithiC pEoplEs who mADE AnD oBsErvED thEm CAnnot, howEvEr, BE DouBtE
D、 in FACt, signs Consisting oF ChECks, Dots, squArEs, or othEr ArrAngEmEnts oF linEs oFtEn ACCompAny thE piCturEs oF AnimAls. sEvErAl oBsErvErs hAvE sEEn A primitivE writing Form in thEsE rEprEsEntAtions oF nonliving things, But thE signs, too, mAy hAvE hAD somE othEr signiFiCAnCE. somE look likE trAps AnD Arrows AnD, ACCorDing to thE hunting-mAgiC thEory, mAy hAvE BEEn DrAwn to insurE suCCEss in CApturing or killing AnimAls with thEsE DEviCEs.At pECh-mErlE in FrAnCE, thE "spottED horsEs" pAintED on thE CAvE wAll mAy not hAvE spots. somE sCholArs hAvE ArguED thAt thE "spots," whiCh AppEAr Both within AnD without thE horsEs’ outlinEs, ArE pAintED roCks thrown At thE AnimAls.
→ rEprEsEntAtions oF humAn hAnDs Also ArE Common. thosE ArounD thE pECh-mErlE horsEs, AnD thE mAjorit
【单选题】 Medical research at the cellular level, __________research on the immune system,has been made possible through twentieth-century advances in techniques of genetic research.
A．( which
B．( whereas
C．( such as
D．( is also
A．( which
B．( whereas
C．( such as
D．( is also
【单选题】 Tarantulas (inject) a (paralyzing venom) into prey (or with) their (large fangs)
A．inject
B．paralyzing venom
C．or with
D．large fangs
A．inject
B．paralyzing venom
C．or with
D．large fangs
【单选题】ovErComing thE lAnguAgEBArriEr
thE DisCovEry thAt lAnguAgE CAn BE A BArriEr to CommuniCAtion is quiCkly mADE By All who trAvEl, stuDy, govErn or sEll. whEthEr thE ACtivity is tourism, rEsEArCh, govErnmEnt, poliCing, BusinEss, or DAtA DissEminAtion, thE lACk oF A Common lAnguAgE CAn sEvErEly impEDE progrEss or CAn hAlt it AltogEthEr. "Common lAnguAgE" hErE usuAlly mEAns A ForEign lAnguAgE, But thE sAmE point AppliEs in prinCiplE to Any EnCountEr with unFAmiliAr DiAlECts or stylEs within A singlE lAnguAgE. "thEy Don’t tAlk thE sAmE lAnguAgE" hAs A mAjor mEtAphoriCAl mEAning AlongsiDE its litErAl onE.
Although CommuniCAtion proBlEms oF this kinD must hAppEn thousAnDs oF timEs EACh DAy, vEry FEw BEComE puBliC knowlEDgE. puBliCity ComEs only whEn A FAilurE to CommuniCAtE hAs mAjor ConsEquEnCEs, suCh As strikE, lost orDErs, lEgAl proBlEms, or FAtAl ACCiDEnts--EvEn, At timEs, wAr. onE rEportED instAnCE oF CommuniCAtion FAilurE took plACE in 1970, whEn sEvErAlAmEriCAns AtE A spECiEs oF poisonous mushroom. no rEmEDy wAs known, AnD two oF thE pEoplE DiED within DAys.A、rADio rEport oF thE CAsE wAs hEArD By A ChEmist who knEw oF A trEAtmEnt thAt hAD BEEn suCCEssFully usED in 1959 AnD puBlishED in 1963. why hAD thEAmEriCAn DoCtors not hEArD oF it sEvEn yEArs lAtEr prEsumABly BECAusE thE rEport oF thE trEAtmEnt hAD BEEn puBlishED only in journAls writtEn inEuropEAn lAnguAgEs othEr thAnEnglish.
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But isolAtED ExAmplEs Do not givE An imprEssion oF thE sizE oF thE proBlEm--somEthing thAt CAn ComE only From stuDiEs oF thE usE or AvoiDAnCE oF ForEign-lAnguAgE mAtEriAls AnD ContACts in DiFFErEnt CommuniCAtivE situAtions.
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in thEEnglish-sCiEntiFiC worlD, For ExAmplE, survEys oF Books AnD DoCumEnts ConsultED in liBrAriEs AnD othEr inFormAtion AgEnCiEs hAvE shown thAt vEry littlE ForEign-lAnguAgE mAtEriAl is EvEr ConsultED、
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liBrAry rEquEsts in thE FiElD oF sCiEnCE AnD tEChnology showED thAt only 13 pEr CEnt wErE For ForEign lAnguAgE pErioDiCAls.
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stuDiEs oF thE sourCEs CitED in puBliCAtions lEAD to A similAr ConClusion: thE usE oF ForEign-lAnguAgE sourCEs is oFtEn FounD to BE As low As 10 pEr CEnt.
thE lAnguAgE BArriEr prEsEnts itsElF in stArk Form to Firms who wish to mArkEt thEir proDuCts in othEr CountriEs.British inDustry, in pArtiCulAr, hAs in rECEnt DECADEs oFtEn BEEn CritiCizED For its linguistiC insulArity--For its Assumption thAt ForEign BuyErs will BE hAppy to CommuniCAtE inEnglish, AnD thAt AwArEnEss oF othEr lAnguAgEs is not thErEForE A priority. in thE 1960s, ovEr two-thirDs oFBritish Firms DEAling with non-English-spEAking CustomErs wErE usingEnglish For outgoing CorrEsponDEnCE; mAny hAD thEir sAlEs litErAturE only inEnglish; AnD As mAny As 70 pEr CEnt oF EmployEEs CAnnot CommuniCAtE in thE CustomErs’ lAnguAgEs.A、similAr proBlEm wAs iDEntiFiED in othErEnglish-spEAking CountriEs, notABly thE usA,AustrAliA AnD nEw zEAlAnD、AnD non-English-spEAking CountriEs wErE By no mEAns ExEmpt-- Although thE wiDEsprEAD usE oFEnglish As An AltErnAtivE lAnguAgE mADE thEm lEss opEn to thE ChArgE oF insulArity.
thE CritiCism AnD puBliCity givEn to this proBlEm sinCE thE 1960s sEEms to hAvE grEAtly improvED thE situAtion. inDustriAl trAining sChEmEs hAvE promotED An inCrEAsE in linguistiC AnD CulturAl AwArEnEss. mAny Firms now hAvE thEir own trAnslAtion sErviCEs; to tAkE just onE ExAmplE inBritAin, rowntrEE mACkintosh now puBlish thEir DoCumEnts in six lAnguAgEsEnglish, FrEnCh, gErmAn,DutCh, itAliAn AnD xhosA). somE Firms run pArt-timE lAnguAgE CoursEs in thE lAnguAgEs oF thE CountriEs with whiCh thEy ArE most involvED; somE proDuCE thEir own tEChniCAl glossAriEs, to EnsurE ConsistEnCy
thE DisCovEry thAt lAnguAgE CAn BE A BArriEr to CommuniCAtion is quiCkly mADE By All who trAvEl, stuDy, govErn or sEll. whEthEr thE ACtivity is tourism, rEsEArCh, govErnmEnt, poliCing, BusinEss, or DAtA DissEminAtion, thE lACk oF A Common lAnguAgE CAn sEvErEly impEDE progrEss or CAn hAlt it AltogEthEr. "Common lAnguAgE" hErE usuAlly mEAns A ForEign lAnguAgE, But thE sAmE point AppliEs in prinCiplE to Any EnCountEr with unFAmiliAr DiAlECts or stylEs within A singlE lAnguAgE. "thEy Don’t tAlk thE sAmE lAnguAgE" hAs A mAjor mEtAphoriCAl mEAning AlongsiDE its litErAl onE.
Although CommuniCAtion proBlEms oF this kinD must hAppEn thousAnDs oF timEs EACh DAy, vEry FEw BEComE puBliC knowlEDgE. puBliCity ComEs only whEn A FAilurE to CommuniCAtE hAs mAjor ConsEquEnCEs, suCh As strikE, lost orDErs, lEgAl proBlEms, or FAtAl ACCiDEnts--EvEn, At timEs, wAr. onE rEportED instAnCE oF CommuniCAtion FAilurE took plACE in 1970, whEn sEvErAlAmEriCAns AtE A spECiEs oF poisonous mushroom. no rEmEDy wAs known, AnD two oF thE pEoplE DiED within DAys.A、rADio rEport oF thE CAsE wAs hEArD By A ChEmist who knEw oF A trEAtmEnt thAt hAD BEEn suCCEssFully usED in 1959 AnD puBlishED in 1963. why hAD thEAmEriCAn DoCtors not hEArD oF it sEvEn yEArs lAtEr prEsumABly BECAusE thE rEport oF thE trEAtmEnt hAD BEEn puBlishED only in journAls writtEn inEuropEAn lAnguAgEs othEr thAnEnglish.
thE lAnguAgE BArriEr prEsEnts itsElF in stArk Form to Firms who wish to mArkEt thEir proDuCts in othEr CountriEs.British inDustry, in pArtiCulAr, hAs in rECEnt DECADEs oFtEn BEEn CritiCizED For its linguistiC insulArity--For its Assumption thAt ForEign BuyErs will BE hAppy to CommuniCAtE inEnglish, AnD thAt AwArEnEss oF othEr lAnguAgEs is not thErEForE A priority. in thE 1960s, ovEr two-thirDs oFBritish Firms DEAling with non-English-spEAking CustomErs wErE usingEnglish For outgoing CorrEsponDEnCE; mAny hAD thEir sAlEs litErAturE only inEnglish; AnD As mAny As 70 pEr CEnt oF EmployEEs CAnnot CommuniCAtE in thE CustomErs’ lAnguAgEs.A、similAr proBlEm wAs iDEntiFiED in othErEnglish-spEAking CountriEs, notABly thE usA,AustrAliA AnD nEw zEAlAnD、AnD non-English-spEAking CountriEs wErE By no mEAns ExEmpt-- Although thE wiDEsprEAD usE oFEnglish As An AltErnAtivE lAnguAgE mADE thEm lEss opEn to thE ChArgE oF insulArity.
thE CritiCism AnD puBliCity givEn to this proBlEm sinCE thE 1960s sEEms to hAvE grEAtly improvED thE situAtion. inDustriAl trAining sChEmEs hAvE promotED An inCrEAsE in linguistiC AnD CulturAl AwArEnEss. mAny Firms now hAvE thEir own trAnslAtion sErviCEs; to tAkE just onE ExAmplE inBritAin, rowntrEE mACkintosh now puBlish thEir DoCumEnts in six lAnguAgEsEnglish, FrEnCh, gErmAn,DutCh, itAliAn AnD xhosA). somE Firms run pArt-timE lAnguAgE CoursEs in thE lAnguAgEs oF thE CountriEs with whiCh thEy ArE most involvED; somE proDuCE thEir own tEChniCAl glossAriEs, to EnsurE ConsistEnCy
【单选题】Why does the professor mention the immigrants
A、They have played an important role in the history and even now.
B．They helped to form the country back in the history.
C．They did great things to improve the economy of the country.
D．Americans are all children of immigrants who came for their dreams.
A、They have played an important role in the history and even now.
B．They helped to form the country back in the history.
C．They did great things to improve the economy of the country.
D．Americans are all children of immigrants who came for their dreams.
【单选题】tourism inChilE
thE BiggEst proBlEm FACingChilE, As it promotEs itsElF As A tourist DEstinAtion to BE rECkonED with, is thAt it is At thE EnD oF thE EArth. it is too FAr south to BE A ConvEniEnt stop on thE wAy to AnywhErE ElsE AnD it is ConsiDErABly FArthEr thAn A rElAtivEly ChEAp hAlF-DAy’s Flight AwAy From othEr mAjor tourist mArkEts, suCh As mExiCo.
ChilE, thErEForE, is hAving to Fight hArD to AttrACt tourists, to ConvinCE trAvElErs thAt it is worth Coming hAlFwAy rounD thE worlD to visit.But it is suCCEEDing, not only in Existing mArkEts likE thE usA、AnD wEstErnEuropE But in nEw tErritoriEs, in pArtiCulAr thE FArEAst. mArkEts ClosEr to homE, howEvEr, ArE not BEing ForgottEn. morE thAn 50% oF visitors toChilE still ComE From its nEArEst nEighBor,ArgEntinA, whErE thE Cost oF living is muCh highEr.
similAr to All thE othEr southAmEriCAn CountriEs,ChilE sEEs tourism As A vAluABlE EArnEr oF ForEign CurrEnCy, Although it hAs BEEn FAr morE sErious thAn most in promoting its imAgE ABroAD、rElAtivEly stABlE politiCAlly within thE rEgion, it hAs BEnEFitED From thE proBlEms suFFErED in othEr ArEAs. in pEru, guErrillA wArFArE in rECEnt yEArs hAs DEAlt A hEAvy Blow to thE tourist inDustry AnD FEAr oF strEEt CrimE inBrAzil hAs rEDuCED thE AttrACtion oF rio DE jAnEiro As A DrEAm DEstinAtion For ForEignErs.
morE thAn 150000 pEoplE ArE DirECtly involvED inChilE’s tourist sECtor, An inDustry whiCh EArns thE Country morE thAn u.s. $ 950 million EACh yEAr. thE stAtE-run nAtionAl tourism sErviCE, in pArtnErship with A numBEr oF privAtE CompAniEs, is CurrEntly running A worlD-wiDE CAmpAign, tAking pArt in trADE FAirs AnD intErnAtionAl EvEnts to AttrACt visitors toChilE.
ChilE’s grEAt strEngth As A tourist DEstinAtion is its gEogrAphiCAl DivErsity. From thE pArChEDAtACAmADEsErt in thE north to thEAntArCtiC snowFiElDs oF thE south, it is morE thAn 5000 km long. with thE pACiFiC on onE siDE AnD thEAnDEAn mountAins on thE othEr,ChilE BoAsts nAturAl AttrACtions. its BEAChEs ArE not up toCAriBBEAn stAnDArDs But rEsorts suCh As vinADEl mAr ArE gEnErAlly ClEAn AnD unspoilED AnD hAvE A high stAnDArD oF sErviCEs.
But thE trump CArD is thEAnDEs mountAin rAngE. thErE ArE A numBEr oF ExCEllEnt ski rEsorts within onE hour’s DrivE oF thE CApitAl, sAntiAgo, AnD thE nAtionAl pArks in thE south ArE homE to rArE AnimAl AnD plAnt spECiEs. thE pArks AlrEADy AttrACt spECiAlist visitors, inCluDing mountAinEErs, who ComE to ClimB thE tEChniCAlly DiFFiCult pEAks, AnD FishErmEn, lurED By thE sAlmon AnD trout in thE rEgion’s rivErs.
howEvEr, inFrAstruCturAl DEvElopmEnt in thEsE ArEAs is limitED、thE ski rEsorts Do not hAvE As mAny liFts As thEirEuropEAn CountErpArts AnD pArt poor quAlity oF roADs in thE south mEAns thAt only thE most DEtErminED trAvElErs sEE thE BEst oF thE nAtionAl pArks.
A、[■]Air links BEtwEEnChilE AnD thE rEst oF thE worlD ArE, At prEsEnt, rElAtivEly poor.
B、[■] whilEChilE’s two lArgEst AirlinEs hAvE ExtEnsivE nEtworks within southAmEriCA, thEy opErAtE only A smAll numBEr oF routEs to thE u.s. AnDEuropE whilE sErviCEs toAsiA ArE Almost non-ExistEnt.
C、[■] intErnAl trAnsport links ArE BEing improvED AnD luxury hotEls ArE BEing Built in onE oF its nAtionAl pArks.
D、[■]EAstEr islAnD AnDChilEsAntArCtiC tErritory ArE Also on thE list oF ArEAs whErE thE govErnmEnt BEliEvEs it CAn CrEAtE tourist mArkEts.
But thE rush to opEn hithErto inACCEssiBlE ArEAs to mAss tourism is not BEing wElComED By EvEryonE. inDigEnous AnD EnvironmEntAl groups, inCluDing grEEnpEACE, sAy thAt mAny pArts oF thEAnDEs will suFFEr iF thEy BEComE ovEr-DEvElopED、thErE is A gEnuinE FEAr thAt ArEAs oFChilE will suFFEr thE CulturAl DEstruCtion witnEssED in mExiCAn AnDEuropEAn rEsorts.
thE poliCy oF opEning upAntArCtiCA to tourism is Also politiCAlly sEnsitivE.ChilE AlrEADy hAs pErmAnEnt sEttlEmEnts on thE iCE AnD mAny pEo
thE BiggEst proBlEm FACingChilE, As it promotEs itsElF As A tourist DEstinAtion to BE rECkonED with, is thAt it is At thE EnD oF thE EArth. it is too FAr south to BE A ConvEniEnt stop on thE wAy to AnywhErE ElsE AnD it is ConsiDErABly FArthEr thAn A rElAtivEly ChEAp hAlF-DAy’s Flight AwAy From othEr mAjor tourist mArkEts, suCh As mExiCo.
ChilE, thErEForE, is hAving to Fight hArD to AttrACt tourists, to ConvinCE trAvElErs thAt it is worth Coming hAlFwAy rounD thE worlD to visit.But it is suCCEEDing, not only in Existing mArkEts likE thE usA、AnD wEstErnEuropE But in nEw tErritoriEs, in pArtiCulAr thE FArEAst. mArkEts ClosEr to homE, howEvEr, ArE not BEing ForgottEn. morE thAn 50% oF visitors toChilE still ComE From its nEArEst nEighBor,ArgEntinA, whErE thE Cost oF living is muCh highEr.
similAr to All thE othEr southAmEriCAn CountriEs,ChilE sEEs tourism As A vAluABlE EArnEr oF ForEign CurrEnCy, Although it hAs BEEn FAr morE sErious thAn most in promoting its imAgE ABroAD、rElAtivEly stABlE politiCAlly within thE rEgion, it hAs BEnEFitED From thE proBlEms suFFErED in othEr ArEAs. in pEru, guErrillA wArFArE in rECEnt yEArs hAs DEAlt A hEAvy Blow to thE tourist inDustry AnD FEAr oF strEEt CrimE inBrAzil hAs rEDuCED thE AttrACtion oF rio DE jAnEiro As A DrEAm DEstinAtion For ForEignErs.
morE thAn 150000 pEoplE ArE DirECtly involvED inChilE’s tourist sECtor, An inDustry whiCh EArns thE Country morE thAn u.s. $ 950 million EACh yEAr. thE stAtE-run nAtionAl tourism sErviCE, in pArtnErship with A numBEr oF privAtE CompAniEs, is CurrEntly running A worlD-wiDE CAmpAign, tAking pArt in trADE FAirs AnD intErnAtionAl EvEnts to AttrACt visitors toChilE.
ChilE’s grEAt strEngth As A tourist DEstinAtion is its gEogrAphiCAl DivErsity. From thE pArChEDAtACAmADEsErt in thE north to thEAntArCtiC snowFiElDs oF thE south, it is morE thAn 5000 km long. with thE pACiFiC on onE siDE AnD thEAnDEAn mountAins on thE othEr,ChilE BoAsts nAturAl AttrACtions. its BEAChEs ArE not up toCAriBBEAn stAnDArDs But rEsorts suCh As vinADEl mAr ArE gEnErAlly ClEAn AnD unspoilED AnD hAvE A high stAnDArD oF sErviCEs.
But thE trump CArD is thEAnDEs mountAin rAngE. thErE ArE A numBEr oF ExCEllEnt ski rEsorts within onE hour’s DrivE oF thE CApitAl, sAntiAgo, AnD thE nAtionAl pArks in thE south ArE homE to rArE AnimAl AnD plAnt spECiEs. thE pArks AlrEADy AttrACt spECiAlist visitors, inCluDing mountAinEErs, who ComE to ClimB thE tEChniCAlly DiFFiCult pEAks, AnD FishErmEn, lurED By thE sAlmon AnD trout in thE rEgion’s rivErs.
howEvEr, inFrAstruCturAl DEvElopmEnt in thEsE ArEAs is limitED、thE ski rEsorts Do not hAvE As mAny liFts As thEirEuropEAn CountErpArts AnD pArt poor quAlity oF roADs in thE south mEAns thAt only thE most DEtErminED trAvElErs sEE thE BEst oF thE nAtionAl pArks.
A、[■]Air links BEtwEEnChilE AnD thE rEst oF thE worlD ArE, At prEsEnt, rElAtivEly poor.
B、[■] whilEChilE’s two lArgEst AirlinEs hAvE ExtEnsivE nEtworks within southAmEriCA, thEy opErAtE only A smAll numBEr oF routEs to thE u.s. AnDEuropE whilE sErviCEs toAsiA ArE Almost non-ExistEnt.
C、[■] intErnAl trAnsport links ArE BEing improvED AnD luxury hotEls ArE BEing Built in onE oF its nAtionAl pArks.
D、[■]EAstEr islAnD AnDChilEsAntArCtiC tErritory ArE Also on thE list oF ArEAs whErE thE govErnmEnt BEliEvEs it CAn CrEAtE tourist mArkEts.
But thE rush to opEn hithErto inACCEssiBlE ArEAs to mAss tourism is not BEing wElComED By EvEryonE. inDigEnous AnD EnvironmEntAl groups, inCluDing grEEnpEACE, sAy thAt mAny pArts oF thEAnDEs will suFFEr iF thEy BEComE ovEr-DEvElopED、thErE is A gEnuinE FEAr thAt ArEAs oFChilE will suFFEr thE CulturAl DEstruCtion witnEssED in mExiCAn AnDEuropEAn rEsorts.
thE poliCy oF opEning upAntArCtiCA to tourism is Also politiCAlly sEnsitivE.ChilE AlrEADy hAs pErmAnEnt sEttlEmEnts on thE iCE AnD mAny pEo
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