【单选题】origins oF jAzz musiC
thE musiCAl phEnomEnon known As jAzz DEvElopED in thE yEArs just prior to 1900, mAinly in thE City oF nEw orlEAns AnD to A lEssEr ExtEnt in othEr lArgEAmEriCAn CitiEs. thE roots oF this quintEssEntiAllyAmEriCAn musiC ArE vAriED AnD ComplEx, But sEvErAl mAin strAnDs oF CulturE AnD musiCAl trADition CAn BE thought oF As prECursors whiCh EvEntuAlly CulminAtED in A rECognizABlE musiCAl gEnrE.
it is proBABlE thAt BlACkAFriCAns who wErE Brought to thE nEw worlD to work As slAvEs on plAntAtions CArriED with thEm An ABility to improvisE in musiC, in othEr worDs, to spontAnEously vAry inDiviDuAl pArts in A musiCAl pErFormAnCE.
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whilE working As slAvEs on plAntAtions AnD lAtEr As FrEE hAnDs in work plACEs, BlACks usED work songs with A DEgrEE oF improvisAtion, rECAlling thEirAFriCAn hEritAgE, As A rhythm to EAsE thE pAin oF hArD mAnuAl lABor.
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thEsE songs inCluDED spirituAls, thAt is, rEligious songs ExprEssing thE hArD ConDition oF BEing slAvEs, AnD FiElD hollErs, whiCh wErE A Form oF CommuniCAtion BEtwEEn FiElD hAnDs.
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thE proBlEms FACED By thE nEwly FrEED slAvEs Also BECAmE mAtEriAl For A stylE oF singing whiCh originAtED in moAning AnD lAmEntAtions ABout thE DiFFiCultiEs oF liFE.At First thEsE improvisAtions wErE not ACCompAniED By instrumEnts, But lAtEr, trAvEling musiCiAns with guitArs or BAnjos CrEAtED sounDs with soAring AnD sliDing pitCh.
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EvEntuAlly A pAttErn oF musiC EmErgED whiCh wAs rEFErrED to As thE BluEs, An importAnt ComponEnt oF EArly jAzz Forms.
AnothEr importAnt ingrEDiEnt in thE FormAtion oF jAzz is whAt BECAmE known As rAgtimE, A musiCAl Form thAt FlourishED From ABout 1890 until thE stArt oF worlD wAr i, in whiCh thE mEloDy oF A tunE wAs synCopAtED ovEr thE BAss linE AnD gAvE A rAggED FEEl. rAgtimE EvEntuAlly BECAmE FormAlizED AnD writtEn, But thE stylE oF thE rAgtimE tunEs wAs inFluEntiAl in Forming thE EArly DirECtion oF jAzz musiC、
musiCologists hAvE pointED out thAt nEw orlEAns BECAmE thE FoCAl point oF EArly jAzz pErFormAnCE BECAusE BrAss instrumEnts usED By militiA BAnDs During thECivil wAr AnD By town BAnDs For EntErtAinmEnt BEgAn to FinD thEir wAy into sEConDhAnD storEs AnD pAwn shops in nEw orlEAns. this EnABlED poorEr pEoplE to oBtAin instrumEnts ChEAply. thE DEmAnD For livE musiC wAs so grEAt thAt mAny oF thEsE AmAtEurs, whosE mAstEry oF thEsE ChEAply Bought instrumEnts wAs oFtEn inComplEtE, wErE CAllED on to pErForm, thEir unpolishED stylE mAy hAvE BEEn An importAnt ingrEDiEnt oF thE spontAnEous AnD unorthoDox sounD typiCAl oF EArly jAzz.
ACCorDing to lEn wEinstoCk, A historiAn oF jAzz, AnothEr rEAson why nEw orlEAns BECAmE A CEntEr oF this musiCAl stylE wAs thE ExistEnCE within thE City’s populAtion oF A lArgE group oF FrEnCh AnD spAnish sEttlErs who prEsErvED thEir ChArACtEristiC spEECh AnD CulturE. through intErmArriAgE withAFriCAnAmEriCAns, A suBCulturE oF DEsCEnDAnts DEvElopED, thECrEolEs. sinCE thECrEolEs in nEw orlEAns hAD not BEEn EnslAvED, mAny oF thEm BECAmE DistinguishED in thE EConomiC AnD CulturAl liFE oF thE FrEnCh sECtion oF thE City.CrEolEs hAD thEir own musiCAl rEsourCEs inFluEnCED By FrEnCh or spAnish ColoniAl trADitions, But somE wErE Also FormAlly trAinED in thEEuropEAn ClAssiCAl trADition AnD lEArnED thE prECisE tEChniquEs AnD tonAl sophistiCAtion nECEssAry to plAy in ChAmBEr EnsEmBlEs AnD EvEn At thE opErA housE. howEvEr, in 1894,CrEolEs living in nEw orlEAns wErE ForCED By A rACiAl sEgrEgAtion lAw to movE to thE ArEA oF thE City inhABitED By thE poor, lArgEly unEDuCAtED BlACk populAtion whosE musiCAl trADition wAs typiCAlly ChArACtErizED By mEmorizAtion An
thE musiCAl phEnomEnon known As jAzz DEvElopED in thE yEArs just prior to 1900, mAinly in thE City oF nEw orlEAns AnD to A lEssEr ExtEnt in othEr lArgEAmEriCAn CitiEs. thE roots oF this quintEssEntiAllyAmEriCAn musiC ArE vAriED AnD ComplEx, But sEvErAl mAin strAnDs oF CulturE AnD musiCAl trADition CAn BE thought oF As prECursors whiCh EvEntuAlly CulminAtED in A rECognizABlE musiCAl gEnrE.
it is proBABlE thAt BlACkAFriCAns who wErE Brought to thE nEw worlD to work As slAvEs on plAntAtions CArriED with thEm An ABility to improvisE in musiC, in othEr worDs, to spontAnEously vAry inDiviDuAl pArts in A musiCAl pErFormAnCE.
AnothEr importAnt ingrEDiEnt in thE FormAtion oF jAzz is whAt BECAmE known As rAgtimE, A musiCAl Form thAt FlourishED From ABout 1890 until thE stArt oF worlD wAr i, in whiCh thE mEloDy oF A tunE wAs synCopAtED ovEr thE BAss linE AnD gAvE A rAggED FEEl. rAgtimE EvEntuAlly BECAmE FormAlizED AnD writtEn, But thE stylE oF thE rAgtimE tunEs wAs inFluEntiAl in Forming thE EArly DirECtion oF jAzz musiC、
musiCologists hAvE pointED out thAt nEw orlEAns BECAmE thE FoCAl point oF EArly jAzz pErFormAnCE BECAusE BrAss instrumEnts usED By militiA BAnDs During thECivil wAr AnD By town BAnDs For EntErtAinmEnt BEgAn to FinD thEir wAy into sEConDhAnD storEs AnD pAwn shops in nEw orlEAns. this EnABlED poorEr pEoplE to oBtAin instrumEnts ChEAply. thE DEmAnD For livE musiC wAs so grEAt thAt mAny oF thEsE AmAtEurs, whosE mAstEry oF thEsE ChEAply Bought instrumEnts wAs oFtEn inComplEtE, wErE CAllED on to pErForm, thEir unpolishED stylE mAy hAvE BEEn An importAnt ingrEDiEnt oF thE spontAnEous AnD unorthoDox sounD typiCAl oF EArly jAzz.
ACCorDing to lEn wEinstoCk, A historiAn oF jAzz, AnothEr rEAson why nEw orlEAns BECAmE A CEntEr oF this musiCAl stylE wAs thE ExistEnCE within thE City’s populAtion oF A lArgE group oF FrEnCh AnD spAnish sEttlErs who prEsErvED thEir ChArACtEristiC spEECh AnD CulturE. through intErmArriAgE withAFriCAnAmEriCAns, A suBCulturE oF DEsCEnDAnts DEvElopED, thECrEolEs. sinCE thECrEolEs in nEw orlEAns hAD not BEEn EnslAvED, mAny oF thEm BECAmE DistinguishED in thE EConomiC AnD CulturAl liFE oF thE FrEnCh sECtion oF thE City.CrEolEs hAD thEir own musiCAl rEsourCEs inFluEnCED By FrEnCh or spAnish ColoniAl trADitions, But somE wErE Also FormAlly trAinED in thEEuropEAn ClAssiCAl trADition AnD lEArnED thE prECisE tEChniquEs AnD tonAl sophistiCAtion nECEssAry to plAy in ChAmBEr EnsEmBlEs AnD EvEn At thE opErA housE. howEvEr, in 1894,CrEolEs living in nEw orlEAns wErE ForCED By A rACiAl sEgrEgAtion lAw to movE to thE ArEA oF thE City inhABitED By thE poor, lArgEly unEDuCAtED BlACk populAtion whosE musiCAl trADition wAs typiCAlly ChArACtErizED By mEmorizAtion An
【单选题】gADgEts with A sportingChAnCE
ConsumEr ElECtroniCs: nEw sports EquipmEnt, From tEnnis rACkEts to running shoEs, usEs proCEssing powEr to EnhAnCE pErFormAnCE. is thAt FAir why shoulD Aspiring AthlEtEs stAnD on thE siDElinEs whEn A spot oF ElECtroniC AssistAnCE CAn put thEm in thE miDDlE oF thE gAmE thAt is thE quEstion mAny sports-EquipmEnt mAkErs ArE Asking As thEy sEnsE An opportunity to Boost thEir sAlEs with high-tECh proDuCts. you CoulD CAll it thE rEvEngE oF thE nErDs: A nEw wAvE oF miCroChip-EquippED sporting gooDs promisEs to EnhAnCE thE pErFormAnCE oF noviCEs AnD non-sporting typEs AlikE--AnD CoulD EvEn mAkE DiFFiCult sports EAsiEr.
tAkE Cross-Country skiing. viCtor pEtrEnko, An EnginEEr AtDArtmouthCollEgE’s iCE rEsEArCh lAB in nEw hAmpshirE, hAs invEntED somE smArt ski-BrAkEs thAt, hE BEliEvEs, will inCrEAsE thE populArity oF Cross-Country skiing By mAking thE sport lEss ChAllEnging For BEginnErs. thE BrAkEs, CurrEntly BEing tEstED By A ski mAnuFACturEr in thEAlps, oFFEr thE nECEssAry FriCtion For A BiggEr "kiCk-oFF ForCE" AnD mAkE thE skis lEss likEly to sliDE BACkwArDs in thEir trACks. to mAkE this hAppEn, An ElECtriC CurrEnt From thE Bottom oF thE skis pulsEs through thE iCE, mElting A thin lAyEr oF snow thAt instAntly rEFrEEzEs AnD ACts As A sort oF gluE.
this is not thE only Form oF smArt ski to hit thE slopEs.AtomiC, A lEADing ski-mAkEr BAsED inAustriA, plAns to introDuCE A systEm lAtEr this yEAr thAt runs A DiAgnostiC sAFEty ChECk to EnsurE thAt thE ski BinDing is propErly ClosED, with thE rEsult BEing shown on A tiny Built-in liquiD-CrystAl DisplAy. mEAnwhilE, tEnnis EquipmEnt mAnuFACturErs ArE hoping thAt innovAtion will Bring nEw zip to thEir BusinEss As wEll. thEy CErtAinly nEED to Do somEthing: ACCorDing to sportsCAnlnFo, A mArkEt-rEsEArCh Firm BAsED in FloriDA, sAlEs oF tEnnis rACkEts inAmEriCA FEll 12.5% During thE First hAlF oF 2004 CompArED with thE First hAlF oF 2003.
with thE BAll ClEArly in thEir Court, rEsEArChErs At hEAD, A mAkEr oF sporting EquipmEnt, hAvE DEvisED A proDuCt thAt shoulD AppEAl to plAyErs suFFEring From tEnnis ElBow.A、Chip insiDE thE rACkEt Controls piEzo-ElECtriC FiBrEs, whiCh ConvErt mEChAniCAl EnErgy From thE BAll’s impACt into ElECtriCAl potEntiAl EnErgy. this EnErgy is thEn usED to gEnErAtE A CountEr-ForCE in thE piEzo-ElECtriC FiBrEs thAt CAusEs A DAmpEning EFFECt.All oF this, thE Firm sAys, trAnslAtEs into lEss strEss on thE ElBow. hEAD ClAims thAt rEsiDuAl viBrAtions in thE rACkEt ArE DAmpEnED twiCE As FAst As in ConvEntionAl rACkEts, rEDuCing thE shoCk ExpEriEnCED By thE plAyEr’s Arm By morE thAn 50%.
no DouBt purists will oBjECt thAt this is simply not CriCkEt. rulE-mAkErs in mAny sports ArE now BEing ForCED to ConsiDEr thE impliCAtions oF EquipmEnt thAt promisEs to AugmEnt AthlEtEs’ pErFormAnCE with ElECtroniC musClE. thE intErnAtionAl tEnnis FEDErAtion, thAt BoDy is rEsponsiBlE For sEtting thE rulEs oF thE gAmE, hAs spECiFiED in its most rECEnt guiDElinEs thAt "no EnErgy sourCE thAt in Any wAy ChAngEs or AFFECts thE plAying ChArACtEristiCs oF A rACkEt mAy BE Built into or AttAChED to A rACkEt".
yEt DEspitE suCh worDing, thE guiDElinE DoEs not ACtuAlly EliminAtE thE usE oF hEAD’s smArt rACkEts, BECAusE thErE is no ExtErnAl EnErgy sourCE--thE DAmping EFFECt rEliEs solEly on EnErgy From thE BAll’s impACt. though high-tECh EquipmEnt mAy CAusE ControvErsy on thE Court, tEnnis CluBs hAvE to ADhErE to thE guiDElinEs sEt For thE sport, ExplAins stuArt millEr, thE itF’s tEChniCAl mAnAgEr.AnD iF thE rulEs Allow sElF-gEnErAtED ForCEs to moDiFy A rACkEt’s rEsponsE, so BE it.
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DiFFErEnt sports hAvE EnCountErED DiFFErEnt tEChnologiEs, though thE FuturE will unDouBtEDly Bring morE ovErlAp.
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in golF, gADgEts thAt pinpoint thE loCAtion oF thE g
ConsumEr ElECtroniCs: nEw sports EquipmEnt, From tEnnis rACkEts to running shoEs, usEs proCEssing powEr to EnhAnCE pErFormAnCE. is thAt FAir why shoulD Aspiring AthlEtEs stAnD on thE siDElinEs whEn A spot oF ElECtroniC AssistAnCE CAn put thEm in thE miDDlE oF thE gAmE thAt is thE quEstion mAny sports-EquipmEnt mAkErs ArE Asking As thEy sEnsE An opportunity to Boost thEir sAlEs with high-tECh proDuCts. you CoulD CAll it thE rEvEngE oF thE nErDs: A nEw wAvE oF miCroChip-EquippED sporting gooDs promisEs to EnhAnCE thE pErFormAnCE oF noviCEs AnD non-sporting typEs AlikE--AnD CoulD EvEn mAkE DiFFiCult sports EAsiEr.
tAkE Cross-Country skiing. viCtor pEtrEnko, An EnginEEr AtDArtmouthCollEgE’s iCE rEsEArCh lAB in nEw hAmpshirE, hAs invEntED somE smArt ski-BrAkEs thAt, hE BEliEvEs, will inCrEAsE thE populArity oF Cross-Country skiing By mAking thE sport lEss ChAllEnging For BEginnErs. thE BrAkEs, CurrEntly BEing tEstED By A ski mAnuFACturEr in thEAlps, oFFEr thE nECEssAry FriCtion For A BiggEr "kiCk-oFF ForCE" AnD mAkE thE skis lEss likEly to sliDE BACkwArDs in thEir trACks. to mAkE this hAppEn, An ElECtriC CurrEnt From thE Bottom oF thE skis pulsEs through thE iCE, mElting A thin lAyEr oF snow thAt instAntly rEFrEEzEs AnD ACts As A sort oF gluE.
this is not thE only Form oF smArt ski to hit thE slopEs.AtomiC, A lEADing ski-mAkEr BAsED inAustriA, plAns to introDuCE A systEm lAtEr this yEAr thAt runs A DiAgnostiC sAFEty ChECk to EnsurE thAt thE ski BinDing is propErly ClosED, with thE rEsult BEing shown on A tiny Built-in liquiD-CrystAl DisplAy. mEAnwhilE, tEnnis EquipmEnt mAnuFACturErs ArE hoping thAt innovAtion will Bring nEw zip to thEir BusinEss As wEll. thEy CErtAinly nEED to Do somEthing: ACCorDing to sportsCAnlnFo, A mArkEt-rEsEArCh Firm BAsED in FloriDA, sAlEs oF tEnnis rACkEts inAmEriCA FEll 12.5% During thE First hAlF oF 2004 CompArED with thE First hAlF oF 2003.
with thE BAll ClEArly in thEir Court, rEsEArChErs At hEAD, A mAkEr oF sporting EquipmEnt, hAvE DEvisED A proDuCt thAt shoulD AppEAl to plAyErs suFFEring From tEnnis ElBow.A、Chip insiDE thE rACkEt Controls piEzo-ElECtriC FiBrEs, whiCh ConvErt mEChAniCAl EnErgy From thE BAll’s impACt into ElECtriCAl potEntiAl EnErgy. this EnErgy is thEn usED to gEnErAtE A CountEr-ForCE in thE piEzo-ElECtriC FiBrEs thAt CAusEs A DAmpEning EFFECt.All oF this, thE Firm sAys, trAnslAtEs into lEss strEss on thE ElBow. hEAD ClAims thAt rEsiDuAl viBrAtions in thE rACkEt ArE DAmpEnED twiCE As FAst As in ConvEntionAl rACkEts, rEDuCing thE shoCk ExpEriEnCED By thE plAyEr’s Arm By morE thAn 50%.
no DouBt purists will oBjECt thAt this is simply not CriCkEt. rulE-mAkErs in mAny sports ArE now BEing ForCED to ConsiDEr thE impliCAtions oF EquipmEnt thAt promisEs to AugmEnt AthlEtEs’ pErFormAnCE with ElECtroniC musClE. thE intErnAtionAl tEnnis FEDErAtion, thAt BoDy is rEsponsiBlE For sEtting thE rulEs oF thE gAmE, hAs spECiFiED in its most rECEnt guiDElinEs thAt "no EnErgy sourCE thAt in Any wAy ChAngEs or AFFECts thE plAying ChArACtEristiCs oF A rACkEt mAy BE Built into or AttAChED to A rACkEt".
yEt DEspitE suCh worDing, thE guiDElinE DoEs not ACtuAlly EliminAtE thE usE oF hEAD’s smArt rACkEts, BECAusE thErE is no ExtErnAl EnErgy sourCE--thE DAmping EFFECt rEliEs solEly on EnErgy From thE BAll’s impACt. though high-tECh EquipmEnt mAy CAusE ControvErsy on thE Court, tEnnis CluBs hAvE to ADhErE to thE guiDElinEs sEt For thE sport, ExplAins stuArt millEr, thE itF’s tEChniCAl mAnAgEr.AnD iF thE rulEs Allow sElF-gEnErAtED ForCEs to moDiFy A rACkEt’s rEsponsE, so BE it.
【单选题】thE (systEm) oF ChEmiCAl symBols, First DEvisED ABout 1800. givEs A ConCisE AnD (instAntly) rECognizABlE DEsCription oF
A、ElEmEnt (or) CompounD、
A、systEm
B、instAntly
C、A
D、or
A、ElEmEnt (or) CompounD、
A、systEm
B、instAntly
C、A
D、or
【单选题】 What is the author's main point in paragraph 3
A．Weathering makes it impossible to identify many fossil
B．Many fossils have been buried forever under the soi
C．Fossils provide a limited sample of ancient organism
D．It is easier to find the remains of plants than animal
A．Weathering makes it impossible to identify many fossil
B．Many fossils have been buried forever under the soi
C．Fossils provide a limited sample of ancient organism
D．It is easier to find the remains of plants than animal
【多选题】 The heart, a rhythmically contracting muscle, is------- of the cardiovascular system.
A．the major organ
B．the organ is major
C．the organ that is major
D． how the major organ
A．the major organ
B．the organ is major
C．the organ that is major
D． how the major organ
【单选题】 Which of the following call be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin
A．( More cotton came from sea island cotton plants than befor
B．( More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than befor
C．( Most cotton produced was sold domesticall
D．( Most cotton produced was exported to Englan
A．( More cotton came from sea island cotton plants than befor
B．( More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than befor
C．( Most cotton produced was sold domesticall
D．( Most cotton produced was exported to Englan
【单选题】 According to the passage, which of the following contributes to a dull sound being produced by a violin
A．( A long fingerboard
B．( A small body
C．( High string tension
D．( Thick strings
A．( A long fingerboard
B．( A small body
C．( High string tension
D．( Thick strings
【单选题】 Nous avions ____________ ,en entrant en classe ,de jeter nos casquettes par terre.
A．l'habitude
B．la coutume
C．l'usage
D．le couteau
A．l'habitude
B．la coutume
C．l'usage
D．le couteau
【单选题】 Le matin, elle prend un jus de fruits tout de suite après _________ .
A．s'être démise
B．s'être rendu compte
C．s'être laissée
D． s'être levée
A．s'être démise
B．s'être rendu compte
C．s'être laissée
D． s'être levée
【单选题】 The word "serve" in line I is closest in meaning to
A．( improve
B．( function
C．( begin
D．( rely
A．( improve
B．( function
C．( begin
D．( rely
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