【单选题】gEothErmAlEnErgy
gEothErmAl EnErgy is nAturAl hEAt From thE intErior oF thEEArth thAt is ConvErtED to hEAt BuilDings AnD gEnErAtE ElECtriCity. thE iDEA oF hArnEssingEArth’s intErnAl hEAt is not nEw.As EArly As 1904, gEothErmAl powEr wAs usED in itAly. toDAy,EArth’s nAturAl intErnAl hEAt is BEing usED to gEnErAtE ElECtriCity in 21 CountriEs, inCluDing russiA, jApAn, nEw zEAlAnD, iCElAnD, mExiCo,EthiopiA, guAtEmAlA,E1 sAlvADor, thE philippinEs, AnD thE unitED stAtEs. totAl worlDwiDE proDuCtion is ApproAChing 9,000 mw (EquivAlEnt to ninE lArgE moDErn CoAl-Burning or nuClEAr powEr plAnts)--DouBlE thE Amount in 1980. somE 40 million pEoplE toDAy rECEivE thEir ElECtriCity From gEothErmAl EnErgy At A Cost CompEtitivE with thAt oF othEr EnErgy sourCEs. inE1 sAlvADor, gEothErmAl EnErgy is supplying 30% oF thE totAl ElECtriC EnErgy usED、howEvEr, At thE gloBAl lEvEl, gEothErmAl EnErgy suppliEs lEss thAn 0.15% oF thE totAl EnErgy supply.
gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy BE ConsiDErED A nonrEnEwABlE EnErgy sourCE whEn rAtEs oF ExtrACtion ArE grEAtEr thAn rAtEs oF nAturAl rEplEnishmEnt. howEvEr, gEothErrnAl EnErgy hAs its origin in thE nAturAl hEAt proDuCtion withinEArth, AnD only A smAll FrACtion oF thE vAst totAl rEsourCE BAsE is BEing utilizED toDAy. Although most gEothErmAl EnErgy proDuCtion involvEs thE tApping oF high hEAt sourCEs, pEoplE ArE Also using thE low-tEmpErAturE gEothErmAl EnErgy oF grounDwAtEr in somE AppliCAtions.
gEothErmAl systEms
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thE AvErAgE hEAt Flow From thE intErior oF thEEArth is vEry low, ABout 0.06 w/m2.
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this Amount is triviAl CompArED with thE 177 w/m2 From solAr hEAt At thE surFACE in thE unitED stAtEs. howEvEr, in somE ArEAs, hEAt Flow is suFFiCiEntly high to BE usEFul For proDuCing EnErgy. For thE most pArt, ArEAs oF high hEAt Flow ArE AssoCiAtED with plAtE tECtoniC BounDAriEs. oCEAniC riDgE systEms (DivErgEnt plAtE BounDAriEs) AnD ArEAs whErE mountAins ArE BEing upliFtED AnD volCAniC islAnD ArCs ArE Forming (ConvErgEnt plAtE BounDAriEs ArE ArEAs whErE this nAturAl hEAt Flow is AnomAlously high.
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on thE BAsis oF gEologiCAl CritEriA, sEvErAl typEs oF hot gEothErmAl systEms (with tEmpErAturEs grEAtEr thAn ABout 80℃, or 176℉) hAvE BEEn DEFinED, AnD thE rEsourCE BAsE is lArgEr thAn thAt oF Fossil FuEls AnD nuClEAr EnErgy ComBinED、A、Common systEm For EnErgy DEvElopmEnt is hyDrothErmAl ConvECtion, ChArACtErizED By thE CirCulAtion oF stEAm AnD/or hot wAtEr thAt trAnsFErs hEAt From DEpths to thE surFACE.
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gEothErmAlEnErgy AnD thEEnvironmEnt
thE EnvironmEntAl impACt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy not BE As ExtEnsivE As thAt oF othEr sourCEs oF EnErgy, But it CAn BE ConsiDErABlE. whEn gEothErmAl EnErgy is DEvElopED At A pArtiCulAr sitE, EnvironmEntAl proBlEms inCluDE on-sitE noisE, Emissions oF gAs, AnD DisturBAnCE oF thE lAnD At Drilling sitEs, DisposAl sitEs, roADs AnD pipElinEs, AnD powEr plAnts.DEvElopmEnt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not rEquirE lArgE-sCAlE trAnsportAtion oF rAw mAtEriAls or rEFining oF ChEmiCAls, As DEvElopmEnt oF Fossil FuEls DoEs. FurthErmorE, gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not proDuCE thE AtmosphEriC pollutAnts AssoCiAtED with Burning Fossil FuEls or thE rADioACtivE wAstE AssoCiAtED with nuClEAr EnErgy. howEvEr, gEothErmAl DEvElopmEnt oFtEn DoEs proDuCE ConsiDErABlE thErmAl pollution From hot wAstE-wAtEr, whiCh mAy BE sAlinE or highly CorrosivE, proDuCing DisposAl AnD trEAtmEnt proBlEms.
gEothErmAl powEr is not vEry populAr in somE loCAtions Among somE pEoplE. For instAnCE, gEothErmAl EnErgy hAs BEEn proDuCED For yEArs on thE islAnD oF hAwAii, whErE ACtivE volCAniC
gEothErmAl EnErgy is nAturAl hEAt From thE intErior oF thEEArth thAt is ConvErtED to hEAt BuilDings AnD gEnErAtE ElECtriCity. thE iDEA oF hArnEssingEArth’s intErnAl hEAt is not nEw.As EArly As 1904, gEothErmAl powEr wAs usED in itAly. toDAy,EArth’s nAturAl intErnAl hEAt is BEing usED to gEnErAtE ElECtriCity in 21 CountriEs, inCluDing russiA, jApAn, nEw zEAlAnD, iCElAnD, mExiCo,EthiopiA, guAtEmAlA,E1 sAlvADor, thE philippinEs, AnD thE unitED stAtEs. totAl worlDwiDE proDuCtion is ApproAChing 9,000 mw (EquivAlEnt to ninE lArgE moDErn CoAl-Burning or nuClEAr powEr plAnts)--DouBlE thE Amount in 1980. somE 40 million pEoplE toDAy rECEivE thEir ElECtriCity From gEothErmAl EnErgy At A Cost CompEtitivE with thAt oF othEr EnErgy sourCEs. inE1 sAlvADor, gEothErmAl EnErgy is supplying 30% oF thE totAl ElECtriC EnErgy usED、howEvEr, At thE gloBAl lEvEl, gEothErmAl EnErgy suppliEs lEss thAn 0.15% oF thE totAl EnErgy supply.
gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy BE ConsiDErED A nonrEnEwABlE EnErgy sourCE whEn rAtEs oF ExtrACtion ArE grEAtEr thAn rAtEs oF nAturAl rEplEnishmEnt. howEvEr, gEothErrnAl EnErgy hAs its origin in thE nAturAl hEAt proDuCtion withinEArth, AnD only A smAll FrACtion oF thE vAst totAl rEsourCE BAsE is BEing utilizED toDAy. Although most gEothErmAl EnErgy proDuCtion involvEs thE tApping oF high hEAt sourCEs, pEoplE ArE Also using thE low-tEmpErAturE gEothErmAl EnErgy oF grounDwAtEr in somE AppliCAtions.
gEothErmAl systEms
on thE BAsis oF gEologiCAl CritEriA, sEvErAl typEs oF hot gEothErmAl systEms (with tEmpErAturEs grEAtEr thAn ABout 80℃, or 176℉) hAvE BEEn DEFinED, AnD thE rEsourCE BAsE is lArgEr thAn thAt oF Fossil FuEls AnD nuClEAr EnErgy ComBinED、A、Common systEm For EnErgy DEvElopmEnt is hyDrothErmAl ConvECtion, ChArACtErizED By thE CirCulAtion oF stEAm AnD/or hot wAtEr thAt trAnsFErs hEAt From DEpths to thE surFACE.
gEothErmAlEnErgy AnD thEEnvironmEnt
thE EnvironmEntAl impACt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy not BE As ExtEnsivE As thAt oF othEr sourCEs oF EnErgy, But it CAn BE ConsiDErABlE. whEn gEothErmAl EnErgy is DEvElopED At A pArtiCulAr sitE, EnvironmEntAl proBlEms inCluDE on-sitE noisE, Emissions oF gAs, AnD DisturBAnCE oF thE lAnD At Drilling sitEs, DisposAl sitEs, roADs AnD pipElinEs, AnD powEr plAnts.DEvElopmEnt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not rEquirE lArgE-sCAlE trAnsportAtion oF rAw mAtEriAls or rEFining oF ChEmiCAls, As DEvElopmEnt oF Fossil FuEls DoEs. FurthErmorE, gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not proDuCE thE AtmosphEriC pollutAnts AssoCiAtED with Burning Fossil FuEls or thE rADioACtivE wAstE AssoCiAtED with nuClEAr EnErgy. howEvEr, gEothErmAl DEvElopmEnt oFtEn DoEs proDuCE ConsiDErABlE thErmAl pollution From hot wAstE-wAtEr, whiCh mAy BE sAlinE or highly CorrosivE, proDuCing DisposAl AnD trEAtmEnt proBlEms.
gEothErmAl powEr is not vEry populAr in somE loCAtions Among somE pEoplE. For instAnCE, gEothErmAl EnErgy hAs BEEn proDuCED For yEArs on thE islAnD oF hAwAii, whErE ACtivE volCAniC
【单选题】 ABunDAnt rAinFAll or irrigAtion is nECEssAry During thE EArly growpErioD oF CoFFEE, But Dry ConDitions During ripEning proDuCE BEAns with thE BEst FlAvor.
【分析解答题】truE CEDArs ArE (mEmBErs) oF thE pinE FAmily AnD ArE 120 to 150 (FEEt tAll), with (ErECt )ConEs AnD (BunChEs short), nEEDlElikE lEAvEs.
【单选题】 For an advertisement to be effective, its production and placement must to be based on a knowledge of human nature and a skilled use of the media.
【单选题】rEADing 3 "groupDECision mAking"
ADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→CommittEEs, tAsk ForCEs, AnD AD hoC groups ArE FrEquEntly AssignED to iDEntiFy AnD rECommEnD DECision AltErnAtivEs or, in somE CAsEs, to ACtuAlly mAkE importAnt DECisions. in EssEnCE, A group is A tool thAt CAn FoCus thE ExpEriEnCE AnD ExpErtisE oF sEvErAl pEoplE on A pArtiCulAr proBlEm or situAtion. thus, A group oFFErs thE ADvAntAgE oF grEAtEr totAl knowlEDgE. groups ACCumulAtE morE inFormAtion, knowlEDgE, AnD FACts thAn inDiviDuAls AnD oFtEn ConsiDEr morE AltErnAtivEs.EACh pErson in thE group is ABlE to DrAw on his or hEr uniquE EDuCAtion, ExpEriEnCE, insights, AnD othEr rEsourCEs AnD ContriButE thosE to thE group. thE vAriED BACkgrounDs, trAining lEvEls, AnD ExpErtisE oF group mEmBErs Also hElp ovErComE tunnEl vision By EnABling thE group to viEw thE proBlEm in morE thAn onE wAy.
→ pArtiCipAtion in group DECision mAking usuAlly lEADs to highEr mEmBEr sAtisFACtion. pEoplE tEnD to ACCEpt A DECision morE rEADily AnD to BE BEttEr sAtisFiED with it whEn thEy hAvE pArtiCipAtED in mAking thAt DECision. in ADDition, pEoplE will BEttEr unDErstAnD AnD BE morE CommittED to A DECision in whiCh thEy hAvE hAD A sAy thAn to A DECision mADE For thEm.As A rEsult, suCh A DECision is morE likEly to BE implEmEntED suCCEssFully.
DisADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→ whilE groups hAvE mAny potEntiAl BEnEFits, wE All know thAt thEy CAn Also BE FrustrAting.
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onE oBvious DisADvAntAgE oF group DECision mAking is thE timErEquirED to mAkE A DECision.
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thE timE nEEDED For group DisCussion AnD thE AssoCiAtED Compromising AnD sElECting oF A DECision AltErnAtivE CAn BE ConsiDErABlE.
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timE Costs monEy, so A wAstE oF timE BEComEs A DisADvAntAgE iF A DECision mADE By A group CoulD hAvE BEEn mADE just As EFFECtivEly By An inDiviDuAl working AlonE.
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ConsEquEntly, group DECisions shoulD BE AvoiDED whEn spEED AnD EFFiCiEnCy ArE thE primAry ConsiDErAtions.
A、sEConD DisADvAntAgE is thAt thE group DisCussion mAy BE DominAtED By An inDiviDuAl or suBgroup.EFFECtivEnEss CAn BE rEDuCED iF onE inDiviDuAl, suCh As thE group lEADEr, DominAtEs thE DisCussion By tAlking too muCh or BEing ClosED to othEr points oF viEw. somE group lEADErs try to Control thE group AnD proviDE thE mAjor input. suCh DominAnCE CAn stiFlE othEr group mEmBErs’ willingnEss to pArtiCipAtE AnD CoulD CAusE DECision AltErnAtivEs to BE ignorED or ovErlookED、All group mEmBErs nEED to BE EnCourAgED AnD pErmittED to ContriButE.
→AnothEr DisADvAntAgE oF group DECision mAking is thAt mEmBErs mAy BE lEss ConCErnED with thE group’s goAls thAn with thEir own pErsonAl goAls. thEy mAy BEComE so siDEtrACkED in trying to win An ArgumEnt thAt thEy ForgEt ABout group pErFormAnCE. on thE othEr hAnD, A group mAy try too hArD to CompromisE AnD ConsEquEntly mAy not mAkE optimAl DECisions. somEtimEs this stEms From thE DEsirE to mAintAin FriEnDships AnD AvoiD DisAgrEEmEnts. oFtEn groups ExErt trEmEnDous soCiAl prEssurE on inDiviDuAls to ConForm to EstABlishED or ExpECtED pAttErns ot BEhAvior.EspECiAlly whEn thEy ArE DEAling with importAnt AnD ControvErsiAl issuEs, intErACting groups mAy BE pronE to A phEnomEnon CAllED groupthink.
→ groupthink is An AgrEEmEnt-At-Any-Cost mEntAlity thAt rEsults in inEFFECtivE group DECision mAking. it oCCurs whEn groups ArE highly CohEsivE, hAvE highly DirECtivE lEADErs, ArE insulAtED so thEy hAvE no ClEAr wAys to gEt oBjECtivE inFormAtion, AnD—BECAusE thEy lACk outsiDE inFormAtion—hAvE littlE hopE thAt A BEttEr solution might BE FounD thAn thE onE proposED By thE lEADEr or othEr inFluEntiAl group mEmBErs. thEsE ConDitions Fo
ADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→CommittEEs, tAsk ForCEs, AnD AD hoC groups ArE FrEquEntly AssignED to iDEntiFy AnD rECommEnD DECision AltErnAtivEs or, in somE CAsEs, to ACtuAlly mAkE importAnt DECisions. in EssEnCE, A group is A tool thAt CAn FoCus thE ExpEriEnCE AnD ExpErtisE oF sEvErAl pEoplE on A pArtiCulAr proBlEm or situAtion. thus, A group oFFErs thE ADvAntAgE oF grEAtEr totAl knowlEDgE. groups ACCumulAtE morE inFormAtion, knowlEDgE, AnD FACts thAn inDiviDuAls AnD oFtEn ConsiDEr morE AltErnAtivEs.EACh pErson in thE group is ABlE to DrAw on his or hEr uniquE EDuCAtion, ExpEriEnCE, insights, AnD othEr rEsourCEs AnD ContriButE thosE to thE group. thE vAriED BACkgrounDs, trAining lEvEls, AnD ExpErtisE oF group mEmBErs Also hElp ovErComE tunnEl vision By EnABling thE group to viEw thE proBlEm in morE thAn onE wAy.
→ pArtiCipAtion in group DECision mAking usuAlly lEADs to highEr mEmBEr sAtisFACtion. pEoplE tEnD to ACCEpt A DECision morE rEADily AnD to BE BEttEr sAtisFiED with it whEn thEy hAvE pArtiCipAtED in mAking thAt DECision. in ADDition, pEoplE will BEttEr unDErstAnD AnD BE morE CommittED to A DECision in whiCh thEy hAvE hAD A sAy thAn to A DECision mADE For thEm.As A rEsult, suCh A DECision is morE likEly to BE implEmEntED suCCEssFully.
DisADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→ whilE groups hAvE mAny potEntiAl BEnEFits, wE All know thAt thEy CAn Also BE FrustrAting.
A、sEConD DisADvAntAgE is thAt thE group DisCussion mAy BE DominAtED By An inDiviDuAl or suBgroup.EFFECtivEnEss CAn BE rEDuCED iF onE inDiviDuAl, suCh As thE group lEADEr, DominAtEs thE DisCussion By tAlking too muCh or BEing ClosED to othEr points oF viEw. somE group lEADErs try to Control thE group AnD proviDE thE mAjor input. suCh DominAnCE CAn stiFlE othEr group mEmBErs’ willingnEss to pArtiCipAtE AnD CoulD CAusE DECision AltErnAtivEs to BE ignorED or ovErlookED、All group mEmBErs nEED to BE EnCourAgED AnD pErmittED to ContriButE.
→AnothEr DisADvAntAgE oF group DECision mAking is thAt mEmBErs mAy BE lEss ConCErnED with thE group’s goAls thAn with thEir own pErsonAl goAls. thEy mAy BEComE so siDEtrACkED in trying to win An ArgumEnt thAt thEy ForgEt ABout group pErFormAnCE. on thE othEr hAnD, A group mAy try too hArD to CompromisE AnD ConsEquEntly mAy not mAkE optimAl DECisions. somEtimEs this stEms From thE DEsirE to mAintAin FriEnDships AnD AvoiD DisAgrEEmEnts. oFtEn groups ExErt trEmEnDous soCiAl prEssurE on inDiviDuAls to ConForm to EstABlishED or ExpECtED pAttErns ot BEhAvior.EspECiAlly whEn thEy ArE DEAling with importAnt AnD ControvErsiAl issuEs, intErACting groups mAy BE pronE to A phEnomEnon CAllED groupthink.
→ groupthink is An AgrEEmEnt-At-Any-Cost mEntAlity thAt rEsults in inEFFECtivE group DECision mAking. it oCCurs whEn groups ArE highly CohEsivE, hAvE highly DirECtivE lEADErs, ArE insulAtED so thEy hAvE no ClEAr wAys to gEt oBjECtivE inFormAtion, AnD—BECAusE thEy lACk outsiDE inFormAtion—hAvE littlE hopE thAt A BEttEr solution might BE FounD thAn thE onE proposED By thE lEADEr or othEr inFluEntiAl group mEmBErs. thEsE ConDitions Fo
【单选题】rEADing 2 "pAlEolithiCArt"
→ thE sEvErAl millEnniA Following 30,000B、
C、sAw A powErFul outBurst oF ArtistiC CrEAtivity. thE Artworks proDuCED rAngE From simplE shEll nECklACEs to humAn AnD AnimAl Forms in ivory, ClAy, AnD stonE to monumEntAl pAintings, EngrAvings, AnD rEliEF sCulpturEs CovEring thE hugE wAll surFACEs oF CAvEs. From thE momEnt in 1879 thAt CAvE pAintings wErE DisCovErED AtAltAmirA, sCholArs hAvE wonDErED why thE huntEr-Artists oF thE olD stonEAgE DECiDED to CovEr thE wAlls oF DArk CAvErns with AnimAl imAgEs. vArious AnswErs hAvE BEEn givEn, inCluDing thAt thEy wErE mErE DECorAtion, But this thEory CAnnot ExplAin thE nArrow rAngE oF suBjECts or thE inACCEssiBility oF mAny oF thE pAintings. in FACt, thE rEmotEnEss AnD DiFFiCulty oF ACCEss oF mAny oF thE CAvE pAintings AnD thE FACt thEy AppEAr to hAvE BEEn usED For CEnturiEs ArE prECisEly whAt hAvE lED mAny sCholArs to suggEst thAt thE prEhistoriC huntErs AttriButED mAgiCAl propErtiEs to thE imAgEs thEy pAintE
D、ACCorDing to this ArgumEnt, By ConFining AnimAls to thE surFACEs oF thEir CAvE wAlls, thE Artists BEliEvED thEy wErE Bringing thE BEAsts unDEr thEir Control. somE hAvE EvEn hypothEsizED thAt rituAls or DAnCEs wErE pErFormED in Front oF thE imAgEs AnD thAt thEsE ritEs sErvED to improvE thE huntErs’ luCk. still othErs hAvE stAtED thAt thE pAintED AnimAls mAy hAvE sErvED As tEAChing tools to instruCt nEw huntErs ABout thE ChArACtEr oF thE vArious spECiEs thEy woulD EnCountEr or EvEn to sErvE As tArgEts For spEArs!
By ContrAst, somE sCholArs hAvE ArguED thAt thE mAgiCAl purposE oF thE pAintings wAs not to FACilitAtE thE DEstruCtion oF Bison AnD othEr spECiEs. instEAD, thEy BEliEvE prEhistoriC pAintErs CrEAtED AnimAl imAgEs to AssurE thE survivAl oF thE hErDs. pAlEolithiC pEoplEs DEpEnDED on For thEir FooD supply AnD For thEir Clothing.
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A、CEntrAl proBlEm For Both thE hunting-mAgiC AnD FooDCrEAtion thEoriEs is thAt thE AnimAls thAt sEEm to hAvE BEEn DiEt stAplEs oF olD stonEAgE pEoplEs ArE not thosE most FrEquEntly portrAyE
D、
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othEr sCholArs hAvE sought to rEConstruCt An ElABorAtE mythology BAsED on thE CAvE pAintings, suggEsting thAt pAlEolithiC humAns BEliEvED thEy hAD AnimAl AnCEstors. still othErs hAvE EquAtED CErtAin spECiEs with mEn AnD othErs with womEn AnD Also FounD sExuAl symBolism in thE ABstrACt signs thAt somEtimEs ACCompAny thE imAgEs.
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Almost All oF thEsE thEoriEs hAvE BEEn DisCrEDitED ovEr timE, AnD Art historiAns must ADmit thAt no onE knows thE intEnt oF thEsE pAintings.
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in FACt, A singlE ExplAnAtion For All pAlEolithiC murAls, EvEn pAintings similAr in suBjECt, stylE, AnD Composition (how thE motiFs ArE ArrAngED on thE surFACE), is unlikEly to Apply univErsAlly. For now, thE pAintings rEmAin An EnigmA、
→ thAt thE pAintings DiD hAvE mEAning to thE pAlEolithiC pEoplEs who mADE AnD oBsErvED thEm CAnnot, howEvEr, BE DouBtE
D、 in FACt, signs Consisting oF ChECks, Dots, squArEs, or othEr ArrAngEmEnts oF linEs oFtEn ACCompAny thE piCturEs oF AnimAls. sEvErAl oBsErvErs hAvE sEEn A primitivE writing Form in thEsE rEprEsEntAtions oF nonliving things, But thE signs, too, mAy hAvE hAD somE othEr signiFiCAnCE. somE look likE trAps AnD Arrows AnD, ACCorDing to thE hunting-mAgiC thEory, mAy hAvE BEEn DrAwn to insurE suCCEss in CApturing or killing AnimAls with thEsE DEviCEs.At pECh-mErlE in FrAnCE, thE "spottED horsEs" pAintED on thE CAvE wAll mAy not hAvE spots. somE sCholArs hAvE ArguED thAt thE "spots," whiCh AppEAr Both within AnD without thE horsEs’ outlinEs, ArE pAintED roCks thrown At thE AnimAls.
→ rEprEsEntAtions oF humAn hAnDs Also ArE Common. thosE ArounD thE pECh-mErlE horsEs, AnD thE mAjorit
→ thE sEvErAl millEnniA Following 30,000B、
C、sAw A powErFul outBurst oF ArtistiC CrEAtivity. thE Artworks proDuCED rAngE From simplE shEll nECklACEs to humAn AnD AnimAl Forms in ivory, ClAy, AnD stonE to monumEntAl pAintings, EngrAvings, AnD rEliEF sCulpturEs CovEring thE hugE wAll surFACEs oF CAvEs. From thE momEnt in 1879 thAt CAvE pAintings wErE DisCovErED AtAltAmirA, sCholArs hAvE wonDErED why thE huntEr-Artists oF thE olD stonEAgE DECiDED to CovEr thE wAlls oF DArk CAvErns with AnimAl imAgEs. vArious AnswErs hAvE BEEn givEn, inCluDing thAt thEy wErE mErE DECorAtion, But this thEory CAnnot ExplAin thE nArrow rAngE oF suBjECts or thE inACCEssiBility oF mAny oF thE pAintings. in FACt, thE rEmotEnEss AnD DiFFiCulty oF ACCEss oF mAny oF thE CAvE pAintings AnD thE FACt thEy AppEAr to hAvE BEEn usED For CEnturiEs ArE prECisEly whAt hAvE lED mAny sCholArs to suggEst thAt thE prEhistoriC huntErs AttriButED mAgiCAl propErtiEs to thE imAgEs thEy pAintE
D、ACCorDing to this ArgumEnt, By ConFining AnimAls to thE surFACEs oF thEir CAvE wAlls, thE Artists BEliEvED thEy wErE Bringing thE BEAsts unDEr thEir Control. somE hAvE EvEn hypothEsizED thAt rituAls or DAnCEs wErE pErFormED in Front oF thE imAgEs AnD thAt thEsE ritEs sErvED to improvE thE huntErs’ luCk. still othErs hAvE stAtED thAt thE pAintED AnimAls mAy hAvE sErvED As tEAChing tools to instruCt nEw huntErs ABout thE ChArACtEr oF thE vArious spECiEs thEy woulD EnCountEr or EvEn to sErvE As tArgEts For spEArs!
By ContrAst, somE sCholArs hAvE ArguED thAt thE mAgiCAl purposE oF thE pAintings wAs not to FACilitAtE thE DEstruCtion oF Bison AnD othEr spECiEs. instEAD, thEy BEliEvE prEhistoriC pAintErs CrEAtED AnimAl imAgEs to AssurE thE survivAl oF thE hErDs. pAlEolithiC pEoplEs DEpEnDED on For thEir FooD supply AnD For thEir Clothing.
D、
othEr sCholArs hAvE sought to rEConstruCt An ElABorAtE mythology BAsED on thE CAvE pAintings, suggEsting thAt pAlEolithiC humAns BEliEvED thEy hAD AnimAl AnCEstors. still othErs hAvE EquAtED CErtAin spECiEs with mEn AnD othErs with womEn AnD Also FounD sExuAl symBolism in thE ABstrACt signs thAt somEtimEs ACCompAny thE imAgEs.
→ thAt thE pAintings DiD hAvE mEAning to thE pAlEolithiC pEoplEs who mADE AnD oBsErvED thEm CAnnot, howEvEr, BE DouBtE
D、 in FACt, signs Consisting oF ChECks, Dots, squArEs, or othEr ArrAngEmEnts oF linEs oFtEn ACCompAny thE piCturEs oF AnimAls. sEvErAl oBsErvErs hAvE sEEn A primitivE writing Form in thEsE rEprEsEntAtions oF nonliving things, But thE signs, too, mAy hAvE hAD somE othEr signiFiCAnCE. somE look likE trAps AnD Arrows AnD, ACCorDing to thE hunting-mAgiC thEory, mAy hAvE BEEn DrAwn to insurE suCCEss in CApturing or killing AnimAls with thEsE DEviCEs.At pECh-mErlE in FrAnCE, thE "spottED horsEs" pAintED on thE CAvE wAll mAy not hAvE spots. somE sCholArs hAvE ArguED thAt thE "spots," whiCh AppEAr Both within AnD without thE horsEs’ outlinEs, ArE pAintED roCks thrown At thE AnimAls.
→ rEprEsEntAtions oF humAn hAnDs Also ArE Common. thosE ArounD thE pECh-mErlE horsEs, AnD thE mAjorit
【单选题】 All of the following terms art defined in the passage EXCEPT
A．(eusocial (line 3)
B．(series-parallel sequence (line 13)
C．(caste (line 19)
D．(predators (line 23)
A．(eusocial (line 3)
B．(series-parallel sequence (line 13)
C．(caste (line 19)
D．(predators (line 23)
【单选题】 The word "laborious" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
A．( unfamiliar
B．( primitive
C．( skilled
D．( difficult
A．( unfamiliar
B．( primitive
C．( skilled
D．( difficult
【单选题】 "The King's 24 Violins" is mentioned in line 15 to illustrate
A．( how the violin became a renowned instrument
B．( the competition in the 1600's between French and Italian orchestras
C．( the superiority of French violins
D．( why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played by royalty
A．( how the violin became a renowned instrument
B．( the competition in the 1600's between French and Italian orchestras
C．( the superiority of French violins
D．( why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played by royalty
【单选题】 Also (known) as a movie (or) a film, the motion picture is one of the most popular (form) of art and entertainment (throughout) the world.
A．known
B．or
C．form
D．throughout
A．known
B．or
C．form
D．throughout
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