【单选题】A few species of mushrooms cause death or serious illness （）.
A. having eaten
B. that they are eaten
C. are eaten
D. when eaten
A. having eaten
B. that they are eaten
C. are eaten
D. when eaten
【单选题】 The camera obscura, a lensless precursor of the photographic camera, (consists of) a (darkened) chamber, with light (pass) into it (through) a single tiny hole.
A．consists of
B．darkened
C．pass
D．through
A．consists of
B．darkened
C．pass
D．through
【单选题】 The word "biting" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
A．( simple
B．( sorrowful
C．( frequent
D．( sharp
A．( simple
B．( sorrowful
C．( frequent
D．( sharp
【单选题】
A、thrEE-Foot oCtopus CAn CrAwl through A holE______in DiAmEtEr.
A、thAn onE inCh lEss
B、lEss thAn onE inCh
C、onE lEss inCh thAn
D、tAn lEss onE inCh
A、thrEE-Foot oCtopus CAn CrAwl through A holE______in DiAmEtEr.
A、thAn onE inCh lEss
B、lEss thAn onE inCh
C、onE lEss inCh thAn
D、tAn lEss onE inCh
【单选题】 The word "bound" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
A．(covered
B．(chosen
C．(planned
D．(held
A．(covered
B．(chosen
C．(planned
D．(held
【单选题】swimming mAChinEs
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs (mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish) swim Continuously. FEEDing, Courtship, rEproDuCtion, AnD EvEn "rEst" ArE CArriED out whilE in ConstAnt motion.As A rEsult, prACtiCAlly EvEry AspECt oF thE BoDy Form AnD FunCtion oF thEsE swimming "mAChinEs" is ADAptED to EnhAnCE thEr ABility to swim.
mAny oF thE ADAptAtions oF thEsE FishEs sErvE to rEDuCE wAtEr rEsistAnCE (DrAg). intErEstingly Enough, sEvErAl oF thEsE hyDroDynAmiC ADAptAtions rEsEmBlE FEAturEs DEsignED to improvE thE AEroDynAmiCs oF high-spEED wArCrAFt. though humAn EnginEErs ArE nEw to thE gAmE, tunAs AnD thEir rElAtivEs EvolvED thEr "high-tECh" DEsigns long Ago.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE mADE strEAmlining into An Art For thEir BoDiEs ArE slEEk AnD CompACt. thE BoDy shApEs oF tunAs, in FACt, ArE nEArly iDEAl From An EnginEEring point oF viEw. most spECiEs lACk sCAlEs ovEr most oF thE BoDy, mAking it smooth AnD slippEry. thE EyEs liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not protruDE At All. thEy ArE Also CovErED with A sliCk, trAnspArEnt liD thAt rEDuCEs DrAg. thE Fins ArE stiFF, smooth, AnD nArrow, quAlitiEs thAt Also hElp Cut DrAg. whEn not in usE, thE Fins ArE tuCkED into spECiAl groovEs or DEprEssions so thAt thEy liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not BrEAkup its smooth Contours. AirplAnEs rEtrACt thEir lAnDing gEAr whilE in Flight For thE sAmE rEAson.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE EvEn morE sophistiCAtED ADAptAtions thAn thEsE to improvE thEir hyDroDynAmiCs. thE long Bill oF mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish proBABly hElps thEm slip through thE wAtEr. mAny supErsoniC AirCrAFt hAvE A similAr nEEDlE At thE nosE.
most tunAs AnD BillFishEs hAvE A sEriEs oF kEEls AnD FinlEt nEAr thE tAil.Although most oF thEir sCAlEs hAvE BEEn lost, tunAs AnD mACkErEls rEtAin A pAtCh oF CoArsE sCAlEs nEAr thE hEAD CAllED thE CorsElEt. thE kEEls, FinlEt, AnD CorsElEt hElp DirECt thE Flow oF wAtEr ovEr thE BoDy surFACE in suCh As wAy As to rEDuCE rEsistAnCE (sEE thE FigurE).AgAin, supErsoniC jEts hAvE similAr FEAturEs.
![]()
BECAusE thEy ArE AlwAys swimming, tunAs simply hAvE to opEn thEir mouths AnD wAtEr is ForCED in AnD ovEr thEir gills.
![]()
ACCorDingly, thEy hAvE lost most oF thE musClEs thAt othEr FishEs usE to suCk in wAtEr AnD push it pAst thE gills.
![]()
in FACt, tunAs must swim to BrEAthE.
![]()
thEy must Also kEEp swimming to kEEp From sinking, sinCE most hAvE lArgEly or ComplEtEly lost thE swim BlADDEr, thE gAs FillED sAC thAt hElps most othEr Fish rEmAin BuoyAnt.
onE potEntiAl proBlEm is thAt opEning thE mouth to BrEAthE DEtrACts From thE strEAmlining oF thEsE FishEs AnD tEnDs to slow thEm Down. somE spECiEs oF tunA hAvE spECiAlizED groovEs in thEir tonguE. it is thought thAt thEsE groovEs hElp to ChAnnEl wAtEr through thE mouth AnD out thE gilt slits, thErEBy rEDuCing wAtEr rEsistAnCE.
thErE ArE ADAptAtions thAt inCrEAsE thE Amount oF ForwArD thrust As wEll As thosE thAt rEDuCE DrAg.AgAin, thEsE FishEs ArE thE Envy oF EnginEErs. thErE high, nArrow tAils with swEpt-BACk tips ArE Almost pErFECtly ADAptED to proviDE propulsion with thE lEAst possiBlE EFFort. pErhAps most importAnt oF All to thEsE AnD othEr FAst swimmErs is thEir ABility to sEnsE AnD mAkE usE oF swirls AnD EDDiEs (CirCulAr CurrEnts) in thE wAtEr. thEy CAn gliDE pAst EDDiEs thAt woulD slow thEm Down AnD thEn gAin ExtrA thrust By "pushing oFF" thE EDDiEs. sCiEntists AnD EnginEErs ArE BEginning to stuDy this ABility oF FishEs in thE hopE oF DEsigning morE EFFiCiEnt propulsion systEms For ships.
thE musClEs oF thEsE FishEs AnD thE mEChAnism thAt mAintAins A wArm BoDy
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs (mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish) swim Continuously. FEEDing, Courtship, rEproDuCtion, AnD EvEn "rEst" ArE CArriED out whilE in ConstAnt motion.As A rEsult, prACtiCAlly EvEry AspECt oF thE BoDy Form AnD FunCtion oF thEsE swimming "mAChinEs" is ADAptED to EnhAnCE thEr ABility to swim.
mAny oF thE ADAptAtions oF thEsE FishEs sErvE to rEDuCE wAtEr rEsistAnCE (DrAg). intErEstingly Enough, sEvErAl oF thEsE hyDroDynAmiC ADAptAtions rEsEmBlE FEAturEs DEsignED to improvE thE AEroDynAmiCs oF high-spEED wArCrAFt. though humAn EnginEErs ArE nEw to thE gAmE, tunAs AnD thEir rElAtivEs EvolvED thEr "high-tECh" DEsigns long Ago.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE mADE strEAmlining into An Art For thEir BoDiEs ArE slEEk AnD CompACt. thE BoDy shApEs oF tunAs, in FACt, ArE nEArly iDEAl From An EnginEEring point oF viEw. most spECiEs lACk sCAlEs ovEr most oF thE BoDy, mAking it smooth AnD slippEry. thE EyEs liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not protruDE At All. thEy ArE Also CovErED with A sliCk, trAnspArEnt liD thAt rEDuCEs DrAg. thE Fins ArE stiFF, smooth, AnD nArrow, quAlitiEs thAt Also hElp Cut DrAg. whEn not in usE, thE Fins ArE tuCkED into spECiAl groovEs or DEprEssions so thAt thEy liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not BrEAkup its smooth Contours. AirplAnEs rEtrACt thEir lAnDing gEAr whilE in Flight For thE sAmE rEAson.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE EvEn morE sophistiCAtED ADAptAtions thAn thEsE to improvE thEir hyDroDynAmiCs. thE long Bill oF mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish proBABly hElps thEm slip through thE wAtEr. mAny supErsoniC AirCrAFt hAvE A similAr nEEDlE At thE nosE.
most tunAs AnD BillFishEs hAvE A sEriEs oF kEEls AnD FinlEt nEAr thE tAil.Although most oF thEir sCAlEs hAvE BEEn lost, tunAs AnD mACkErEls rEtAin A pAtCh oF CoArsE sCAlEs nEAr thE hEAD CAllED thE CorsElEt. thE kEEls, FinlEt, AnD CorsElEt hElp DirECt thE Flow oF wAtEr ovEr thE BoDy surFACE in suCh As wAy As to rEDuCE rEsistAnCE (sEE thE FigurE).AgAin, supErsoniC jEts hAvE similAr FEAturEs.
onE potEntiAl proBlEm is thAt opEning thE mouth to BrEAthE DEtrACts From thE strEAmlining oF thEsE FishEs AnD tEnDs to slow thEm Down. somE spECiEs oF tunA hAvE spECiAlizED groovEs in thEir tonguE. it is thought thAt thEsE groovEs hElp to ChAnnEl wAtEr through thE mouth AnD out thE gilt slits, thErEBy rEDuCing wAtEr rEsistAnCE.
thErE ArE ADAptAtions thAt inCrEAsE thE Amount oF ForwArD thrust As wEll As thosE thAt rEDuCE DrAg.AgAin, thEsE FishEs ArE thE Envy oF EnginEErs. thErE high, nArrow tAils with swEpt-BACk tips ArE Almost pErFECtly ADAptED to proviDE propulsion with thE lEAst possiBlE EFFort. pErhAps most importAnt oF All to thEsE AnD othEr FAst swimmErs is thEir ABility to sEnsE AnD mAkE usE oF swirls AnD EDDiEs (CirCulAr CurrEnts) in thE wAtEr. thEy CAn gliDE pAst EDDiEs thAt woulD slow thEm Down AnD thEn gAin ExtrA thrust By "pushing oFF" thE EDDiEs. sCiEntists AnD EnginEErs ArE BEginning to stuDy this ABility oF FishEs in thE hopE oF DEsigning morE EFFiCiEnt propulsion systEms For ships.
thE musClEs oF thEsE FishEs AnD thE mEChAnism thAt mAintAins A wArm BoDy
【单选题】swimming mAChinEs
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs (mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish) swim Continuously. FEEDing, Courtship, rEproDuCtion, AnD EvEn "rEst" ArE CArriED out whilE in ConstAnt motion.As A rEsult, prACtiCAlly EvEry AspECt oF thE BoDy Form AnD FunCtion oF thEsE swimming "mAChinEs" is ADAptED to EnhAnCE thEr ABility to swim.
mAny oF thE ADAptAtions oF thEsE FishEs sErvE to rEDuCE wAtEr rEsistAnCE (DrAg). intErEstingly Enough, sEvErAl oF thEsE hyDroDynAmiC ADAptAtions rEsEmBlE FEAturEs DEsignED to improvE thE AEroDynAmiCs oF high-spEED wArCrAFt. though humAn EnginEErs ArE nEw to thE gAmE, tunAs AnD thEir rElAtivEs EvolvED thEr "high-tECh" DEsigns long Ago.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE mADE strEAmlining into An Art For thEir BoDiEs ArE slEEk AnD CompACt. thE BoDy shApEs oF tunAs, in FACt, ArE nEArly iDEAl From An EnginEEring point oF viEw. most spECiEs lACk sCAlEs ovEr most oF thE BoDy, mAking it smooth AnD slippEry. thE EyEs liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not protruDE At All. thEy ArE Also CovErED with A sliCk, trAnspArEnt liD thAt rEDuCEs DrAg. thE Fins ArE stiFF, smooth, AnD nArrow, quAlitiEs thAt Also hElp Cut DrAg. whEn not in usE, thE Fins ArE tuCkED into spECiAl groovEs or DEprEssions so thAt thEy liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not BrEAkup its smooth Contours. AirplAnEs rEtrACt thEir lAnDing gEAr whilE in Flight For thE sAmE rEAson.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE EvEn morE sophistiCAtED ADAptAtions thAn thEsE to improvE thEir hyDroDynAmiCs. thE long Bill oF mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish proBABly hElps thEm slip through thE wAtEr. mAny supErsoniC AirCrAFt hAvE A similAr nEEDlE At thE nosE.
most tunAs AnD BillFishEs hAvE A sEriEs oF kEEls AnD FinlEt nEAr thE tAil.Although most oF thEir sCAlEs hAvE BEEn lost, tunAs AnD mACkErEls rEtAin A pAtCh oF CoArsE sCAlEs nEAr thE hEAD CAllED thE CorsElEt. thE kEEls, FinlEt, AnD CorsElEt hElp DirECt thE Flow oF wAtEr ovEr thE BoDy surFACE in suCh As wAy As to rEDuCE rEsistAnCE (sEE thE FigurE).AgAin, supErsoniC jEts hAvE similAr FEAturEs.
![]()
BECAusE thEy ArE AlwAys swimming, tunAs simply hAvE to opEn thEir mouths AnD wAtEr is ForCED in AnD ovEr thEir gills.
![]()
ACCorDingly, thEy hAvE lost most oF thE musClEs thAt othEr FishEs usE to suCk in wAtEr AnD push it pAst thE gills.
![]()
in FACt, tunAs must swim to BrEAthE.
![]()
thEy must Also kEEp swimming to kEEp From sinking, sinCE most hAvE lArgEly or ComplEtEly lost thE swim BlADDEr, thE gAs FillED sAC thAt hElps most othEr Fish rEmAin BuoyAnt.
onE potEntiAl proBlEm is thAt opEning thE mouth to BrEAthE DEtrACts From thE strEAmlining oF thEsE FishEs AnD tEnDs to slow thEm Down. somE spECiEs oF tunA hAvE spECiAlizED groovEs in thEir tonguE. it is thought thAt thEsE groovEs hElp to ChAnnEl wAtEr through thE mouth AnD out thE gilt slits, thErEBy rEDuCing wAtEr rEsistAnCE.
thErE ArE ADAptAtions thAt inCrEAsE thE Amount oF ForwArD thrust As wEll As thosE thAt rEDuCE DrAg.AgAin, thEsE FishEs ArE thE Envy oF EnginEErs. thErE high, nArrow tAils with swEpt-BACk tips ArE Almost pErFECtly ADAptED to proviDE propulsion with thE lEAst possiBlE EFFort. pErhAps most importAnt oF All to thEsE AnD othEr FAst swimmErs is thEir ABility to sEnsE AnD mAkE usE oF swirls AnD EDDiEs (CirCulAr CurrEnts) in thE wAtEr. thEy CAn gliDE pAst EDDiEs thAt woulD slow thEm Down AnD thEn gAin ExtrA thrust By "pushing oFF" thE EDDiEs. sCiEntists AnD EnginEErs ArE BEginning to stuDy this ABility oF FishEs in thE hopE oF DEsigning morE EFFiCiEnt propulsion systEms For ships.
thE musClEs oF thEsE FishEs AnD thE mEChAnism thAt mAintAins A wArm BoDy
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs (mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish) swim Continuously. FEEDing, Courtship, rEproDuCtion, AnD EvEn "rEst" ArE CArriED out whilE in ConstAnt motion.As A rEsult, prACtiCAlly EvEry AspECt oF thE BoDy Form AnD FunCtion oF thEsE swimming "mAChinEs" is ADAptED to EnhAnCE thEr ABility to swim.
mAny oF thE ADAptAtions oF thEsE FishEs sErvE to rEDuCE wAtEr rEsistAnCE (DrAg). intErEstingly Enough, sEvErAl oF thEsE hyDroDynAmiC ADAptAtions rEsEmBlE FEAturEs DEsignED to improvE thE AEroDynAmiCs oF high-spEED wArCrAFt. though humAn EnginEErs ArE nEw to thE gAmE, tunAs AnD thEir rElAtivEs EvolvED thEr "high-tECh" DEsigns long Ago.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE mADE strEAmlining into An Art For thEir BoDiEs ArE slEEk AnD CompACt. thE BoDy shApEs oF tunAs, in FACt, ArE nEArly iDEAl From An EnginEEring point oF viEw. most spECiEs lACk sCAlEs ovEr most oF thE BoDy, mAking it smooth AnD slippEry. thE EyEs liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not protruDE At All. thEy ArE Also CovErED with A sliCk, trAnspArEnt liD thAt rEDuCEs DrAg. thE Fins ArE stiFF, smooth, AnD nArrow, quAlitiEs thAt Also hElp Cut DrAg. whEn not in usE, thE Fins ArE tuCkED into spECiAl groovEs or DEprEssions so thAt thEy liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not BrEAkup its smooth Contours. AirplAnEs rEtrACt thEir lAnDing gEAr whilE in Flight For thE sAmE rEAson.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE EvEn morE sophistiCAtED ADAptAtions thAn thEsE to improvE thEir hyDroDynAmiCs. thE long Bill oF mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish proBABly hElps thEm slip through thE wAtEr. mAny supErsoniC AirCrAFt hAvE A similAr nEEDlE At thE nosE.
most tunAs AnD BillFishEs hAvE A sEriEs oF kEEls AnD FinlEt nEAr thE tAil.Although most oF thEir sCAlEs hAvE BEEn lost, tunAs AnD mACkErEls rEtAin A pAtCh oF CoArsE sCAlEs nEAr thE hEAD CAllED thE CorsElEt. thE kEEls, FinlEt, AnD CorsElEt hElp DirECt thE Flow oF wAtEr ovEr thE BoDy surFACE in suCh As wAy As to rEDuCE rEsistAnCE (sEE thE FigurE).AgAin, supErsoniC jEts hAvE similAr FEAturEs.
onE potEntiAl proBlEm is thAt opEning thE mouth to BrEAthE DEtrACts From thE strEAmlining oF thEsE FishEs AnD tEnDs to slow thEm Down. somE spECiEs oF tunA hAvE spECiAlizED groovEs in thEir tonguE. it is thought thAt thEsE groovEs hElp to ChAnnEl wAtEr through thE mouth AnD out thE gilt slits, thErEBy rEDuCing wAtEr rEsistAnCE.
thErE ArE ADAptAtions thAt inCrEAsE thE Amount oF ForwArD thrust As wEll As thosE thAt rEDuCE DrAg.AgAin, thEsE FishEs ArE thE Envy oF EnginEErs. thErE high, nArrow tAils with swEpt-BACk tips ArE Almost pErFECtly ADAptED to proviDE propulsion with thE lEAst possiBlE EFFort. pErhAps most importAnt oF All to thEsE AnD othEr FAst swimmErs is thEir ABility to sEnsE AnD mAkE usE oF swirls AnD EDDiEs (CirCulAr CurrEnts) in thE wAtEr. thEy CAn gliDE pAst EDDiEs thAt woulD slow thEm Down AnD thEn gAin ExtrA thrust By "pushing oFF" thE EDDiEs. sCiEntists AnD EnginEErs ArE BEginning to stuDy this ABility oF FishEs in thE hopE oF DEsigning morE EFFiCiEnt propulsion systEms For ships.
thE musClEs oF thEsE FishEs AnD thE mEChAnism thAt mAintAins A wArm BoDy
【单选题】looking At thEAtrE history
onE oF thE primAry wAys oF ApproAChing thE grEEk thEAtrE is through ArChEology, thE systEmAtiC stuDy oF mAtEriAl rEmAins suCh As ArChitECturE, insCriptions, sCulpturE, vAsE pAinting, AnD othEr Forms oF DECorAtivE Art.
![]()
sErious on-sitE ExCAvAtions BEgAn in grEECE ArounD 1870, But w.D6rpFElD DiD not BEgin thE First ExtEnsivE stuDy oF thE thEAtrE oFDionysus until 1886.
![]()
sinCE thAt timE, morE thAn 167 othEr grEEk thEAtrEs hAvE BEEn iDEntiFiED AnD mAny oF thEm hAvE BEEn ExCAvAtED、
![]()
nEvErthElEss, thEy still Do not pErmit us to DEsCriBE thE prECisE AppEArAnCE oF thE skEnE (illustrAtions printED in Books ArE ConjECturAl rEConstruCtions), sinCE mAny piECEs ArE irrEvoCABly lost BECAusE thE BuilDings in lAtEr pErioDs BECAmE sourCEs oF stonE For othEr projECts AnD whAt rEmAins is usuAlly BrokEn AnD sCAttErED、
![]()
thAt most oF thE BuilDings wErE rEmoDElED mAny timEs hAs CrEAtED grEAt proBlEms For thosE sEEking to DAtE Both thE pArts AnD thE suCCEssivE vErsions.DEspitE thEsE DrAwBACks, ArChEology proviDEs thE most ConCrEtE EviDEnCE wE hAvE ABout thE thEAtrE struCturEs oF AnCiEnt grEECE.But, iF thEy hAvE tolD us muCh, ArChEologists hAvE not ComplEtED thEir work, AnD mAny sitEs hAvE sCArCEly BEEn touChED、
pErhAps thE most ControvErsiAl usE oF ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE in thEAtrE history is vAsE pAintings, thousAnDs oF whiCh hAvE survivED From AnCiEnt grEECE. (most oF thosE usED By thEAtrE sCholArs ArE rEproDuCED in mArgArEtEBiEBEr’s "thE history oF thE grEEk AnD romAn thEAtrE". )DEpiCting sCEnEs From mythology AnD DAily liFE, thE vAsEs ArE thE most grAphiC piCtoriAl EviDEnCE wE hAvE, But thEy ArE Also EAsy to misintErprEt. somE sCholArs hAvE ConsiDErED Any vAsE thAt DEpiCts A suBjECt trEAtED in A surviving DrAmA or Any sCEnE showing mAsks, FlutE plAyErs, or CErEmoniAls to BE vAliD EviDEnCE oF thEAtriCAl prACtiCE. this is A highly quEstionABlE Assumption, sinCE thE grEEks mADE wiDEsprEAD usE oF mAsks, DAnCEs, AnD musiC outsiDE thE thEAtrE AnD sinCE thE myths on whiCh DrAmAtists DrEw wErE known to EvEryonE, inCluDing vAsE pAintErs, who might wEll DEpiCt thE sAmE suBjECts As DrAmAtists without BEing inDEBtED to thEm. thosE vAsEs showing sCEnEs unquEstionABly thEAtriCAl ArE FEw in numBEr.
writtEn EviDEnCE ABout AnCiEnt grEEk thEAtrE is oFtEn trEAtED As lEss rEliABlE thAn ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE BECAusE most writtEn ACCounts ArE sEpArAtED so FAr in timE From thE EvEnts thEy DEsCriBE AnD BECAusE thEy proviDE no inFormAtion ABout thEir own sourCEs. oF thE writtEn EviDEnCE, thE surviving plAys ArE usuAlly trEAtED As thE most rEliABlE.But thE olDEst surviving mAnusCripts oF grEEk plAys DAtE From ArounD thE tEnth CEntury,C、E、, somE 1500 yEArs AFtEr thEy wErE First pErFormED、sinCE printing DiD not Exist During this timE spAn, CopiEs oF plAys hAD to BE mADE By hAnD, AnD thErEForE thE possiBility oF tExtuAl Errors CrEEping in wAs mAgniFiED、nEvErthElEss, thE sCripts oFFEr us our rEADiEst ACCEss to thE CulturAl AnD thEAtriCAl ConDitions out oF whiCh thEy CAmE.But thEsE sCripts, likE othEr kinDs oF EviDEnCE, ArE suBjECt to vArying intErprEtAtions.CErtAinly pErFormAnCEs EmBoDiED A mAlE pErspECtivE, For ExAmplE, sinCE thE plAys wErE writtEn, sElECtED, stAgED, AnD ACtED By mEn. yEt thE Existing plAys FEAturE numErous ChorusEs oF womEn AnD mAny FEAturE strong FEmAlE ChArACtErs.BECAusE thEsE ChArACtErs oFtEn sEEm viCtims oF thEir own powErlEssnEss AnD AppEAr to BE govErnED, EspECiAlly in thE ComEDiEs, By sExuAl DEsirE, somE CritiCs hAvE sEEn thEsE plAys As rAtionAlizAtions By thE mAlE-DominAtED CulturE For kEEping womEn sEgrEgAtED AnD CloistErED、othEr CritiCs, ho
onE oF thE primAry wAys oF ApproAChing thE grEEk thEAtrE is through ArChEology, thE systEmAtiC stuDy oF mAtEriAl rEmAins suCh As ArChitECturE, insCriptions, sCulpturE, vAsE pAinting, AnD othEr Forms oF DECorAtivE Art.
pErhAps thE most ControvErsiAl usE oF ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE in thEAtrE history is vAsE pAintings, thousAnDs oF whiCh hAvE survivED From AnCiEnt grEECE. (most oF thosE usED By thEAtrE sCholArs ArE rEproDuCED in mArgArEtEBiEBEr’s "thE history oF thE grEEk AnD romAn thEAtrE". )DEpiCting sCEnEs From mythology AnD DAily liFE, thE vAsEs ArE thE most grAphiC piCtoriAl EviDEnCE wE hAvE, But thEy ArE Also EAsy to misintErprEt. somE sCholArs hAvE ConsiDErED Any vAsE thAt DEpiCts A suBjECt trEAtED in A surviving DrAmA or Any sCEnE showing mAsks, FlutE plAyErs, or CErEmoniAls to BE vAliD EviDEnCE oF thEAtriCAl prACtiCE. this is A highly quEstionABlE Assumption, sinCE thE grEEks mADE wiDEsprEAD usE oF mAsks, DAnCEs, AnD musiC outsiDE thE thEAtrE AnD sinCE thE myths on whiCh DrAmAtists DrEw wErE known to EvEryonE, inCluDing vAsE pAintErs, who might wEll DEpiCt thE sAmE suBjECts As DrAmAtists without BEing inDEBtED to thEm. thosE vAsEs showing sCEnEs unquEstionABly thEAtriCAl ArE FEw in numBEr.
writtEn EviDEnCE ABout AnCiEnt grEEk thEAtrE is oFtEn trEAtED As lEss rEliABlE thAn ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE BECAusE most writtEn ACCounts ArE sEpArAtED so FAr in timE From thE EvEnts thEy DEsCriBE AnD BECAusE thEy proviDE no inFormAtion ABout thEir own sourCEs. oF thE writtEn EviDEnCE, thE surviving plAys ArE usuAlly trEAtED As thE most rEliABlE.But thE olDEst surviving mAnusCripts oF grEEk plAys DAtE From ArounD thE tEnth CEntury,C、E、, somE 1500 yEArs AFtEr thEy wErE First pErFormED、sinCE printing DiD not Exist During this timE spAn, CopiEs oF plAys hAD to BE mADE By hAnD, AnD thErEForE thE possiBility oF tExtuAl Errors CrEEping in wAs mAgniFiED、nEvErthElEss, thE sCripts oFFEr us our rEADiEst ACCEss to thE CulturAl AnD thEAtriCAl ConDitions out oF whiCh thEy CAmE.But thEsE sCripts, likE othEr kinDs oF EviDEnCE, ArE suBjECt to vArying intErprEtAtions.CErtAinly pErFormAnCEs EmBoDiED A mAlE pErspECtivE, For ExAmplE, sinCE thE plAys wErE writtEn, sElECtED, stAgED, AnD ACtED By mEn. yEt thE Existing plAys FEAturE numErous ChorusEs oF womEn AnD mAny FEAturE strong FEmAlE ChArACtErs.BECAusE thEsE ChArACtErs oFtEn sEEm viCtims oF thEir own powErlEssnEss AnD AppEAr to BE govErnED, EspECiAlly in thE ComEDiEs, By sExuAl DEsirE, somE CritiCs hAvE sEEn thEsE plAys As rAtionAlizAtions By thE mAlE-DominAtED CulturE For kEEping womEn sEgrEgAtED AnD CloistErED、othEr CritiCs, ho
【单选题】 Après la formation, il a obtenu ______ de conduire.
A．le permis
B．la licence
C． la tyrannie
D．la tolérance
A．le permis
B．la licence
C． la tyrannie
D．la tolérance
【单选题】 Quelqu'un nous invite à dner pour samedi prochain .
-Ah oui !_
A． c'est a
B．où a
C．qui a
D． à part a
A． c'est a
B．où a
C．qui a
D． à part a
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