【单选题】rAin is slight ACiDiC EvEn in unpollutED Air, BECAusE CArBon DioxiDE in thE AtmosphErE AnD othEr nAturAl ACiD-Forming gAsEs DissolvE in thEwAtEr.
【单选题】origins oF jAzz musiC
thE musiCAl phEnomEnon known As jAzz DEvElopED in thE yEArs just prior to 1900, mAinly in thE City oF nEw orlEAns AnD to A lEssEr ExtEnt in othEr lArgEAmEriCAn CitiEs. thE roots oF this quintEssEntiAllyAmEriCAn musiC ArE vAriED AnD ComplEx, But sEvErAl mAin strAnDs oF CulturE AnD musiCAl trADition CAn BE thought oF As prECursors whiCh EvEntuAlly CulminAtED in A rECognizABlE musiCAl gEnrE.
it is proBABlE thAt BlACkAFriCAns who wErE Brought to thE nEw worlD to work As slAvEs on plAntAtions CArriED with thEm An ABility to improvisE in musiC, in othEr worDs, to spontAnEously vAry inDiviDuAl pArts in A musiCAl pErFormAnCE.
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whilE working As slAvEs on plAntAtions AnD lAtEr As FrEE hAnDs in work plACEs, BlACks usED work songs with A DEgrEE oF improvisAtion, rECAlling thEirAFriCAn hEritAgE, As A rhythm to EAsE thE pAin oF hArD mAnuAl lABor.
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thEsE songs inCluDED spirituAls, thAt is, rEligious songs ExprEssing thE hArD ConDition oF BEing slAvEs, AnD FiElD hollErs, whiCh wErE A Form oF CommuniCAtion BEtwEEn FiElD hAnDs.
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thE proBlEms FACED By thE nEwly FrEED slAvEs Also BECAmE mAtEriAl For A stylE oF singing whiCh originAtED in moAning AnD lAmEntAtions ABout thE DiFFiCultiEs oF liFE.At First thEsE improvisAtions wErE not ACCompAniED By instrumEnts, But lAtEr, trAvEling musiCiAns with guitArs or BAnjos CrEAtED sounDs with soAring AnD sliDing pitCh.
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EvEntuAlly A pAttErn oF musiC EmErgED whiCh wAs rEFErrED to As thE BluEs, An importAnt ComponEnt oF EArly jAzz Forms.
AnothEr importAnt ingrEDiEnt in thE FormAtion oF jAzz is whAt BECAmE known As rAgtimE, A musiCAl Form thAt FlourishED From ABout 1890 until thE stArt oF worlD wAr i, in whiCh thE mEloDy oF A tunE wAs synCopAtED ovEr thE BAss linE AnD gAvE A rAggED FEEl. rAgtimE EvEntuAlly BECAmE FormAlizED AnD writtEn, But thE stylE oF thE rAgtimE tunEs wAs inFluEntiAl in Forming thE EArly DirECtion oF jAzz musiC、
musiCologists hAvE pointED out thAt nEw orlEAns BECAmE thE FoCAl point oF EArly jAzz pErFormAnCE BECAusE BrAss instrumEnts usED By militiA BAnDs During thECivil wAr AnD By town BAnDs For EntErtAinmEnt BEgAn to FinD thEir wAy into sEConDhAnD storEs AnD pAwn shops in nEw orlEAns. this EnABlED poorEr pEoplE to oBtAin instrumEnts ChEAply. thE DEmAnD For livE musiC wAs so grEAt thAt mAny oF thEsE AmAtEurs, whosE mAstEry oF thEsE ChEAply Bought instrumEnts wAs oFtEn inComplEtE, wErE CAllED on to pErForm, thEir unpolishED stylE mAy hAvE BEEn An importAnt ingrEDiEnt oF thE spontAnEous AnD unorthoDox sounD typiCAl oF EArly jAzz.
ACCorDing to lEn wEinstoCk, A historiAn oF jAzz, AnothEr rEAson why nEw orlEAns BECAmE A CEntEr oF this musiCAl stylE wAs thE ExistEnCE within thE City’s populAtion oF A lArgE group oF FrEnCh AnD spAnish sEttlErs who prEsErvED thEir ChArACtEristiC spEECh AnD CulturE. through intErmArriAgE withAFriCAnAmEriCAns, A suBCulturE oF DEsCEnDAnts DEvElopED, thECrEolEs. sinCE thECrEolEs in nEw orlEAns hAD not BEEn EnslAvED, mAny oF thEm BECAmE DistinguishED in thE EConomiC AnD CulturAl liFE oF thE FrEnCh sECtion oF thE City.CrEolEs hAD thEir own musiCAl rEsourCEs inFluEnCED By FrEnCh or spAnish ColoniAl trADitions, But somE wErE Also FormAlly trAinED in thEEuropEAn ClAssiCAl trADition AnD lEArnED thE prECisE tEChniquEs AnD tonAl sophistiCAtion nECEssAry to plAy in ChAmBEr EnsEmBlEs AnD EvEn At thE opErA housE. howEvEr, in 1894,CrEolEs living in nEw orlEAns wErE ForCED By A rACiAl sEgrEgAtion lAw to movE to thE ArEA oF thE City inhABitED By thE poor, lArgEly unEDuCAtED BlACk populAtion whosE musiCAl trADition wAs typiCAlly ChArACtErizED By mEmorizAtion An
thE musiCAl phEnomEnon known As jAzz DEvElopED in thE yEArs just prior to 1900, mAinly in thE City oF nEw orlEAns AnD to A lEssEr ExtEnt in othEr lArgEAmEriCAn CitiEs. thE roots oF this quintEssEntiAllyAmEriCAn musiC ArE vAriED AnD ComplEx, But sEvErAl mAin strAnDs oF CulturE AnD musiCAl trADition CAn BE thought oF As prECursors whiCh EvEntuAlly CulminAtED in A rECognizABlE musiCAl gEnrE.
it is proBABlE thAt BlACkAFriCAns who wErE Brought to thE nEw worlD to work As slAvEs on plAntAtions CArriED with thEm An ABility to improvisE in musiC, in othEr worDs, to spontAnEously vAry inDiviDuAl pArts in A musiCAl pErFormAnCE.
AnothEr importAnt ingrEDiEnt in thE FormAtion oF jAzz is whAt BECAmE known As rAgtimE, A musiCAl Form thAt FlourishED From ABout 1890 until thE stArt oF worlD wAr i, in whiCh thE mEloDy oF A tunE wAs synCopAtED ovEr thE BAss linE AnD gAvE A rAggED FEEl. rAgtimE EvEntuAlly BECAmE FormAlizED AnD writtEn, But thE stylE oF thE rAgtimE tunEs wAs inFluEntiAl in Forming thE EArly DirECtion oF jAzz musiC、
musiCologists hAvE pointED out thAt nEw orlEAns BECAmE thE FoCAl point oF EArly jAzz pErFormAnCE BECAusE BrAss instrumEnts usED By militiA BAnDs During thECivil wAr AnD By town BAnDs For EntErtAinmEnt BEgAn to FinD thEir wAy into sEConDhAnD storEs AnD pAwn shops in nEw orlEAns. this EnABlED poorEr pEoplE to oBtAin instrumEnts ChEAply. thE DEmAnD For livE musiC wAs so grEAt thAt mAny oF thEsE AmAtEurs, whosE mAstEry oF thEsE ChEAply Bought instrumEnts wAs oFtEn inComplEtE, wErE CAllED on to pErForm, thEir unpolishED stylE mAy hAvE BEEn An importAnt ingrEDiEnt oF thE spontAnEous AnD unorthoDox sounD typiCAl oF EArly jAzz.
ACCorDing to lEn wEinstoCk, A historiAn oF jAzz, AnothEr rEAson why nEw orlEAns BECAmE A CEntEr oF this musiCAl stylE wAs thE ExistEnCE within thE City’s populAtion oF A lArgE group oF FrEnCh AnD spAnish sEttlErs who prEsErvED thEir ChArACtEristiC spEECh AnD CulturE. through intErmArriAgE withAFriCAnAmEriCAns, A suBCulturE oF DEsCEnDAnts DEvElopED, thECrEolEs. sinCE thECrEolEs in nEw orlEAns hAD not BEEn EnslAvED, mAny oF thEm BECAmE DistinguishED in thE EConomiC AnD CulturAl liFE oF thE FrEnCh sECtion oF thE City.CrEolEs hAD thEir own musiCAl rEsourCEs inFluEnCED By FrEnCh or spAnish ColoniAl trADitions, But somE wErE Also FormAlly trAinED in thEEuropEAn ClAssiCAl trADition AnD lEArnED thE prECisE tEChniquEs AnD tonAl sophistiCAtion nECEssAry to plAy in ChAmBEr EnsEmBlEs AnD EvEn At thE opErA housE. howEvEr, in 1894,CrEolEs living in nEw orlEAns wErE ForCED By A rACiAl sEgrEgAtion lAw to movE to thE ArEA oF thE City inhABitED By thE poor, lArgEly unEDuCAtED BlACk populAtion whosE musiCAl trADition wAs typiCAlly ChArACtErizED By mEmorizAtion An
【单选题】 The word "rudimentary" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
A．( superior
B．( original
C．( basic
D．( technical
A．( superior
B．( original
C．( basic
D．( technical
【单选题】 The major (economic) activities of Cheyenne, Wyoming, (include) transportation, (chemicals), tourism,(but) governmental activities.
A．economic
B．include
C．chemicals
D．but
A．economic
B．include
C．chemicals
D．but
【单选题】 What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earth's history
A．( They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms
B．( They have been able to adapt to ecological changes
C．( They have caused rapid change in the environment
D．( They are no longer in existence
A．( They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms
B．( They have been able to adapt to ecological changes
C．( They have caused rapid change in the environment
D．( They are no longer in existence
【单选题】 All (living) things are (made up of) one or more cells, and each of these cells (were) produced by an (already existing) cell.
A．living
B．made up of
C．were
D．already existing
A．living
B．made up of
C．were
D．already existing
【单选题】 The word "display" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
A．( communicate
B．( imitate
C．( initiate
D．( exhibit
A．( communicate
B．( imitate
C．( initiate
D．( exhibit
【单选题】 The author mentions twenty percent itl line 23 to indicate that
A．( eagles are twenty percent bigger than most birds
B．( twenty percent of all nests include foundation branches
C．( the nests of eagles are twenty percent of larger than those of other birds
D．( birds Can carry twenty percent of their own weight
A．( eagles are twenty percent bigger than most birds
B．( twenty percent of all nests include foundation branches
C．( the nests of eagles are twenty percent of larger than those of other birds
D．( birds Can carry twenty percent of their own weight
【单选题】
{$mEDiAurl} whAt is thE tAlk mAinly ABout
AmEriCAn FArm liFE in thE EArly twEntiEth CEntury
B．thE history oF A suCCEssFul BusinEss innovAtion
C．DiFFErEnCEs BEtwEEn thE rurAl AnD urBAn wAy oF liFE
D、thE EFFECts oF mAil-orDEr CAtAlogs on rurAlAmEriCA
{$mEDiAurl} whAt is thE tAlk mAinly ABout
AmEriCAn FArm liFE in thE EArly twEntiEth CEntury
B．thE history oF A suCCEssFul BusinEss innovAtion
C．DiFFErEnCEs BEtwEEn thE rurAl AnD urBAn wAy oF liFE
D、thE EFFECts oF mAil-orDEr CAtAlogs on rurAlAmEriCA
【单选题】sAn FrAnCisCo: itsContEmporAry issuEs
FAmous For its BEAutiFul sEtting, sAn FrAnCisCo is Built on A sEriEs oF stEEp hills loCAtED on thE northErn tip oF A pEninsulA At thE EntrAnCE to sAn FrAnCisCoBAy. thE BAy AnD its ExtEnsions, whiCh inCluDE sAn pABloBAy AnD suisunBAy, ConstitutE onE oF thE grEAt nAturAl hArBors oF thE worlD, EmBrACing nEArly 1,200 sq km (morE thAn 450 sq mi) oF wAtEr.BECAusE oF this, sAn FrAnCisCo wAs onCE thE mAjor pACiFiCCoAst sEAport oF thE unitED stAtEs. toDAy thE City is An importAnt CEntEr For FinAnCE, tEChnology, tourism, AnD CulturE. thE City wAs nAmED AFtEr sAn FrAnCisCoBAy, whiCh in turn wAs nAmED For sAint FrAnCis oFAssisi By EArly spAnish ExplorErs.
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thE pEoplE oF sAn FrAnCisCo CAn tAkE priDE in thEir City’s ACComplishmEnts.
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sAn FrAnCisCAns, AnD in somE CAsEs thEir CountErpArts in thEBAyArEA, hAvE suCCEssFully unDErtAkEn mAmmoth ConstruCtion projECts suCh As thE sAn FrAnCisCo-oAklAnDBAyBriDgE, thE golDEn gAtEBriDgE, AnD thEBAyArEA rApiD trAnsit systEm.
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sinCE At lEAst thE 1950s, sAn FrAnCisCAns hAvE Also EArnED A rEputAtion For tolErAnCE oF AnD rEspECt For DivErsity.
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During thE lAtE 1990s thE grEAtEst proBlEm in sAn FrAnCisCo’s inFrAstruCturE wAs thE muniCipAl rAilwAy. proportionAtEly morE sAn FrAnCisCAns rEly on puBliC trAnsportAtion thAn Do thE pEoplE in Any othErCAliForniA City, But riDErs ComplAinED oF sErious DElAys AnD ovErCrowDing. somE improvEmEnts wErE unDErwAy By 1999, AnD in thAt yEAr City votErs Also ApprovED mAjor ChAngEs in thE orgAnizAtionAl struCturE oF thE City’s trAnsportAtion DEpArtmEnts.
thE most sErious soCiAl proBlEms FACing thE City ArE not uniquE to sAn FrAnCisCo, But somE hAvE tAkEn on grEAtEr DimEnsions in thE City thAn thEy hAvE ElsEwhErE. onE suCh proBlEm is homElEssnEss.During thE ADministrAtion oF mAyorArtAgnos From 1988 to 1992, thE plAzA in Front oF City hAll BECAmE An EnCAmpmEnt For homElEss pEoplE, rEnDEring othEr usE impossiBlE AnD rAising puBliC hEAlth ConCErns.Agnos’s politiCAl opponEnts DuBBED it "CAmpAgnos" AnD thE situAtion ContriButED toAgnos’s DEFEAt in 1991. thE proBlEm oF homElEssnEss pErsists DEspitE thE EFForts oF City AgEnCiEs AnD privAtE ChAritiEs to proviDE shEltEr, hEAlth CArE, AnD Drug, AlCohol, AnD mEntAl hEAlth trEAtmEnt. in thE miD AnD lAtE 1990s mAyors FrAnk jorDAn AnD williEBrown Both sought to DisCourAgE homElEss pEoplE From living in puBliC spACE in thE Downtown ArEA AnD, inBrown’s CAsE, in golDEn gAtE pArk. howEvEr, rEsiDEnts oF othEr ArEAs ComplAinED thAt BECAusE oF thEsE projECts, thE DisplACED homElEss hAD movED into thEir nEighBorhooDs.
in othEr ArEAs thE City hAs mADE somE progrEss towArD ADDrEssing soCiAl proBlEms.As wAs truE ACross muCh oF thE nAtion, thE CrimE rAtE in sAn FrAnCisCo DroppED in thE 1990s, As DiD thE rAtE oF Drug-rElAtED violEnCE. in ADDition, somE puBliC homing projECts in sAn FrAnCisCo thAt wErE EspECiAlly pronE to violEnCE AnD Drug-rElAtED ACtivity wErE rAzED AnD rEBuilt with DEsigns ConsiDErED lEss likEly to EnCourAgE thosE ACtivitiEs. othEr puBliC homing projECts rECEivED stEppED up sECurity pAtrols.
somE soCiAl CritiCs hAvE pointED to An inCrEAsing EConomiC AnD soCiAl polArizAtion oF sAn FrAnCisCo’s populAtion. thosE who work in FinAnCE or high-tECh FiElDs ArE inCrEAsingly AFFluEnt, pushing rEnts AnD homE priCEs to Among thE highEst lEvEls in thE nAtion.At thE sAmE timE, pEoplE who lABor in thE sErviCE sECtor oFtEn work For thE minimum wAgE, CAnnot shArE thE AFFluEnt liFEstylEs ArounD thEm, AnD ArE hArD-prEssED to AFForD rising rEnts. thE DisAppEArAnCE oF mAny unionizED joBs in mAnuFACturing AnD
FAmous For its BEAutiFul sEtting, sAn FrAnCisCo is Built on A sEriEs oF stEEp hills loCAtED on thE northErn tip oF A pEninsulA At thE EntrAnCE to sAn FrAnCisCoBAy. thE BAy AnD its ExtEnsions, whiCh inCluDE sAn pABloBAy AnD suisunBAy, ConstitutE onE oF thE grEAt nAturAl hArBors oF thE worlD, EmBrACing nEArly 1,200 sq km (morE thAn 450 sq mi) oF wAtEr.BECAusE oF this, sAn FrAnCisCo wAs onCE thE mAjor pACiFiCCoAst sEAport oF thE unitED stAtEs. toDAy thE City is An importAnt CEntEr For FinAnCE, tEChnology, tourism, AnD CulturE. thE City wAs nAmED AFtEr sAn FrAnCisCoBAy, whiCh in turn wAs nAmED For sAint FrAnCis oFAssisi By EArly spAnish ExplorErs.
During thE lAtE 1990s thE grEAtEst proBlEm in sAn FrAnCisCo’s inFrAstruCturE wAs thE muniCipAl rAilwAy. proportionAtEly morE sAn FrAnCisCAns rEly on puBliC trAnsportAtion thAn Do thE pEoplE in Any othErCAliForniA City, But riDErs ComplAinED oF sErious DElAys AnD ovErCrowDing. somE improvEmEnts wErE unDErwAy By 1999, AnD in thAt yEAr City votErs Also ApprovED mAjor ChAngEs in thE orgAnizAtionAl struCturE oF thE City’s trAnsportAtion DEpArtmEnts.
thE most sErious soCiAl proBlEms FACing thE City ArE not uniquE to sAn FrAnCisCo, But somE hAvE tAkEn on grEAtEr DimEnsions in thE City thAn thEy hAvE ElsEwhErE. onE suCh proBlEm is homElEssnEss.During thE ADministrAtion oF mAyorArtAgnos From 1988 to 1992, thE plAzA in Front oF City hAll BECAmE An EnCAmpmEnt For homElEss pEoplE, rEnDEring othEr usE impossiBlE AnD rAising puBliC hEAlth ConCErns.Agnos’s politiCAl opponEnts DuBBED it "CAmpAgnos" AnD thE situAtion ContriButED toAgnos’s DEFEAt in 1991. thE proBlEm oF homElEssnEss pErsists DEspitE thE EFForts oF City AgEnCiEs AnD privAtE ChAritiEs to proviDE shEltEr, hEAlth CArE, AnD Drug, AlCohol, AnD mEntAl hEAlth trEAtmEnt. in thE miD AnD lAtE 1990s mAyors FrAnk jorDAn AnD williEBrown Both sought to DisCourAgE homElEss pEoplE From living in puBliC spACE in thE Downtown ArEA AnD, inBrown’s CAsE, in golDEn gAtE pArk. howEvEr, rEsiDEnts oF othEr ArEAs ComplAinED thAt BECAusE oF thEsE projECts, thE DisplACED homElEss hAD movED into thEir nEighBorhooDs.
in othEr ArEAs thE City hAs mADE somE progrEss towArD ADDrEssing soCiAl proBlEms.As wAs truE ACross muCh oF thE nAtion, thE CrimE rAtE in sAn FrAnCisCo DroppED in thE 1990s, As DiD thE rAtE oF Drug-rElAtED violEnCE. in ADDition, somE puBliC homing projECts in sAn FrAnCisCo thAt wErE EspECiAlly pronE to violEnCE AnD Drug-rElAtED ACtivity wErE rAzED AnD rEBuilt with DEsigns ConsiDErED lEss likEly to EnCourAgE thosE ACtivitiEs. othEr puBliC homing projECts rECEivED stEppED up sECurity pAtrols.
somE soCiAl CritiCs hAvE pointED to An inCrEAsing EConomiC AnD soCiAl polArizAtion oF sAn FrAnCisCo’s populAtion. thosE who work in FinAnCE or high-tECh FiElDs ArE inCrEAsingly AFFluEnt, pushing rEnts AnD homE priCEs to Among thE highEst lEvEls in thE nAtion.At thE sAmE timE, pEoplE who lABor in thE sErviCE sECtor oFtEn work For thE minimum wAgE, CAnnot shArE thE AFFluEnt liFEstylEs ArounD thEm, AnD ArE hArD-prEssED to AFForD rising rEnts. thE DisAppEArAnCE oF mAny unionizED joBs in mAnuFACturing AnD
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