【单选题】 thErE wAs At lEAst 2,000 yEArs Ago thAt inhABitAnts oF thE northwEst CoAst oF north AmEriCA FirstEstABlishED trADE mutEs For oBsiDiAn.
【多选题】 This guideline is intended to -------- information about our databases and to provide a clear definition of how these database get 0updated and who has responsibilities
A．clarification
B．classified
C．cleared
D．clarify
A．clarification
B．classified
C．cleared
D．clarify
【多选题】rEADing 5 "spEECh AnD writing"
it is A wiDEly hElD misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh. to mAny pEoplE, writing somEhow sEEms morE CorrECt AnD morE stABlE, whErEAs spEECh CAn BE CArElEss, CorruptED, AnD susCEptiBlE to ChAngE. somE pEoplE EvEn go so FAr As to iDEntiFy lAnguAgE with writing AnD to rEgArD spEECh As A sEConDAry Form oF lAnguAgE usED impErFECtly to ApproximAtE thE iDEAls oF thE writtEn lAnguAgE.
→ onE oF thE BAsiC Assumptions oF moDErn linguistiCs, howEvEr, is thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry. thE most immEDiAtE mAniFEstAtion oF lAnguAgE is spEECh AnD not writing. writing is simply thE rEprEsEntAtion oF spEECh in AnothEr physiCAl mEDium. spokEn lAnguAgE EnCoDEs thought into A physiCAlly trAnsmittABlE Form, whilE writing, in turn, EnCoDEs spokEn lAnguAgE into A physiCAlly prEsErvABlE Form. writing is A two-stAgE proCEss.All units oF writing, whEthEr lEttErs or ChArACtErs, ArE BAsED on units oF spEECh, i.E., worDs, sounDs, or syllABlEs. whEn linguists stuDy lAnguAgE, thEy tAkE thE spokEn lAnguAgE As thEir BEst sourCE oF DAtA AnD thEir oBjECt oF DEsCription (ExCEpt in instAnCEs oF lAnguAgEs likE lAtin For whiCh thErE ArE no longEr Any spEAkErs).
thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons For mAintAining thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry.
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First, writing is A lAtEr historiCAl DEvElopmEnt thAn spokEn lAnguAgE.
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CurrEnt ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE inDiCAtEs thAt writing wAs First utilizED in sumEr, thAt is, moDErn-DAy irAq, ABout 6,000 yEArs Ago.
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As FAr As physiCAl AnD CulturAl Anthropologists CAn tEll, spokEn lAnguAgE hAs proBABly BEEn usED By humAns For hunDrEDs oF thousAnDs oF yEArs.
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→ sEConD, writing DoEs not Exist EvErywhErE thAt spokEn lAnguAgE Exists. this sEEms hArD to imAginE in our highly litErAtE soCiEty, But thE FACt is thAt thErE ArE still mAny CommunitiEs in thE worlD whErE A writtEn Form oF lAnguAgE is not usED, AnD EvEn in thosE CulturEs using A writing systEm, thErE ArE inDiviDuAls who FAil to lEArn thE writtEn Form oF thEir lAnguAgE. in FACt, thE mAjority oF thEEArth’s inhABitAnts ArE illitErAtE, though quitE CApABlE oF spokEn CommuniCAtion. howEvEr, no soCiEty usEs only A writtEn lAnguAgE with no spokEn Form.
thirD, writing must BE tAught, whErEAs spokEn lAnguAgE is ACquirED AutomAtiCAlly.All ChilDrEn, ExCEpt ChilDrEn with sErious lEArning DisABilitiEs, nAturAlly lEArn to spEAk thE lAnguAgE oF thE Community in whiCh thEy ArE Brought up. thEy ACquirE thE BAsiCs oF thEir nAtivE lAnguAgE BEForE thEy EntEr sChool, AnD EvEn iF thEy nEvEr AttEnD sChool, thEy BEComE Fully CompEtEnt spEAkErs. writing systEms vAry in ComplExity, But rEgArDlEss oF thEir lEvEl oF sophistiCAtion, thEy must All BE tAught.
FinAlly, nEurolinguistiC EviDEnCE (stuDiEs oF thE BrAin in ACtion During lAnguAgE usE) DEmonstrAtEs thAt thE proCEssing AnD proDuCtion oF writtEn lAnguAgE is ovErlAiD on thE spokEn lAnguAgE CEntErs in thE BrAin. spokEn lAnguAgE involvEs sEvErAl DistinCt ArEAs oF thE BrAin; writing usEs thEsE ArEAs AnD othErs As wEll.
→ so whAt givEs risE to thE misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons. For onE thing, thE proDuCt oF writing is usuAlly morE Aptly worDED AnD BEttEr orgAnizED, ContAining FEwEr Errors, hEsitAtions, AnD inComplEtE sEntEnCEs thAn ArE FounD in spEECh. this pErFECtion oF writing CAn BE ExplAinED By thE FACt thAt writing is thE rEsult oF DEliBErAtion, CorrECtion, AnD rEvision, whilE spEECh is thE spontAnEous AnD simultAnEous FormulAtion oF iDEAs; writing is thErEForE lEss suBjECt to thE ConstrAint oF timE thAn spEECh is. in ADDition, writing is ultimAtEly AssoCiAtED with EDuCAtion AnD EDu
it is A wiDEly hElD misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh. to mAny pEoplE, writing somEhow sEEms morE CorrECt AnD morE stABlE, whErEAs spEECh CAn BE CArElEss, CorruptED, AnD susCEptiBlE to ChAngE. somE pEoplE EvEn go so FAr As to iDEntiFy lAnguAgE with writing AnD to rEgArD spEECh As A sEConDAry Form oF lAnguAgE usED impErFECtly to ApproximAtE thE iDEAls oF thE writtEn lAnguAgE.
→ onE oF thE BAsiC Assumptions oF moDErn linguistiCs, howEvEr, is thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry. thE most immEDiAtE mAniFEstAtion oF lAnguAgE is spEECh AnD not writing. writing is simply thE rEprEsEntAtion oF spEECh in AnothEr physiCAl mEDium. spokEn lAnguAgE EnCoDEs thought into A physiCAlly trAnsmittABlE Form, whilE writing, in turn, EnCoDEs spokEn lAnguAgE into A physiCAlly prEsErvABlE Form. writing is A two-stAgE proCEss.All units oF writing, whEthEr lEttErs or ChArACtErs, ArE BAsED on units oF spEECh, i.E., worDs, sounDs, or syllABlEs. whEn linguists stuDy lAnguAgE, thEy tAkE thE spokEn lAnguAgE As thEir BEst sourCE oF DAtA AnD thEir oBjECt oF DEsCription (ExCEpt in instAnCEs oF lAnguAgEs likE lAtin For whiCh thErE ArE no longEr Any spEAkErs).
thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons For mAintAining thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry.
→ sEConD, writing DoEs not Exist EvErywhErE thAt spokEn lAnguAgE Exists. this sEEms hArD to imAginE in our highly litErAtE soCiEty, But thE FACt is thAt thErE ArE still mAny CommunitiEs in thE worlD whErE A writtEn Form oF lAnguAgE is not usED, AnD EvEn in thosE CulturEs using A writing systEm, thErE ArE inDiviDuAls who FAil to lEArn thE writtEn Form oF thEir lAnguAgE. in FACt, thE mAjority oF thEEArth’s inhABitAnts ArE illitErAtE, though quitE CApABlE oF spokEn CommuniCAtion. howEvEr, no soCiEty usEs only A writtEn lAnguAgE with no spokEn Form.
thirD, writing must BE tAught, whErEAs spokEn lAnguAgE is ACquirED AutomAtiCAlly.All ChilDrEn, ExCEpt ChilDrEn with sErious lEArning DisABilitiEs, nAturAlly lEArn to spEAk thE lAnguAgE oF thE Community in whiCh thEy ArE Brought up. thEy ACquirE thE BAsiCs oF thEir nAtivE lAnguAgE BEForE thEy EntEr sChool, AnD EvEn iF thEy nEvEr AttEnD sChool, thEy BEComE Fully CompEtEnt spEAkErs. writing systEms vAry in ComplExity, But rEgArDlEss oF thEir lEvEl oF sophistiCAtion, thEy must All BE tAught.
FinAlly, nEurolinguistiC EviDEnCE (stuDiEs oF thE BrAin in ACtion During lAnguAgE usE) DEmonstrAtEs thAt thE proCEssing AnD proDuCtion oF writtEn lAnguAgE is ovErlAiD on thE spokEn lAnguAgE CEntErs in thE BrAin. spokEn lAnguAgE involvEs sEvErAl DistinCt ArEAs oF thE BrAin; writing usEs thEsE ArEAs AnD othErs As wEll.
→ so whAt givEs risE to thE misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons. For onE thing, thE proDuCt oF writing is usuAlly morE Aptly worDED AnD BEttEr orgAnizED, ContAining FEwEr Errors, hEsitAtions, AnD inComplEtE sEntEnCEs thAn ArE FounD in spEECh. this pErFECtion oF writing CAn BE ExplAinED By thE FACt thAt writing is thE rEsult oF DEliBErAtion, CorrECtion, AnD rEvision, whilE spEECh is thE spontAnEous AnD simultAnEous FormulAtion oF iDEAs; writing is thErEForE lEss suBjECt to thE ConstrAint oF timE thAn spEECh is. in ADDition, writing is ultimAtEly AssoCiAtED with EDuCAtion AnD EDu
【单选题】 ________ is not clear to researchers.
A．Why dinosaurs having become extinct
B．Why dinosaurs became extinct
C．Did dinosaurs become extinct
D．Dinosaurs became extinct
A．Why dinosaurs having become extinct
B．Why dinosaurs became extinct
C．Did dinosaurs become extinct
D．Dinosaurs became extinct
【单选题】 Documentary evidence supports claims that ______ the New World about AD 1000.
A．(reached the Vikings
B．(the Vikings reached
C．(reaching the Vikings
D．(the Vikings that reached
A．(reached the Vikings
B．(the Vikings reached
C．(reaching the Vikings
D．(the Vikings that reached
【单选题】 What does the passage mainly discuss
A．( The mass migration of ants
B．( How ants mark and follow a chemical trail
C．( Different species of ants around the world
D．( The information contained in pheromones
A．( The mass migration of ants
B．( How ants mark and follow a chemical trail
C．( Different species of ants around the world
D．( The information contained in pheromones
【单选题】Listening 4 "Professor’s Office"
{$mediaurl} What does the professor offer to do
A、Read a draft of the report before she submits it
B、Help her find some better references
C、Show her how to complete the experiment
D、Give her a job in the laboratory
{$mediaurl} What does the professor offer to do
A、Read a draft of the report before she submits it
B、Help her find some better references
C、Show her how to complete the experiment
D、Give her a job in the laboratory
【单选题】By) the late (twelve) century, stained glass (had emerged) inEurope (as an) integral part of Gothic architecture.
A、By
B．twelve
C．had emerged
D．as an
A、By
B．twelve
C．had emerged
D．as an
【单选题】tourism inChilE
thE BiggEst proBlEm FACingChilE, As it promotEs itsElF As A tourist DEstinAtion to BE rECkonED with, is thAt it is At thE EnD oF thE EArth. it is too FAr south to BE A ConvEniEnt stop on thE wAy to AnywhErE ElsE AnD it is ConsiDErABly FArthEr thAn A rElAtivEly ChEAp hAlF-DAy’s Flight AwAy From othEr mAjor tourist mArkEts, suCh As mExiCo.
ChilE, thErEForE, is hAving to Fight hArD to AttrACt tourists, to ConvinCE trAvElErs thAt it is worth Coming hAlFwAy rounD thE worlD to visit.But it is suCCEEDing, not only in Existing mArkEts likE thE usA、AnD wEstErnEuropE But in nEw tErritoriEs, in pArtiCulAr thE FArEAst. mArkEts ClosEr to homE, howEvEr, ArE not BEing ForgottEn. morE thAn 50% oF visitors toChilE still ComE From its nEArEst nEighBor,ArgEntinA, whErE thE Cost oF living is muCh highEr.
similAr to All thE othEr southAmEriCAn CountriEs,ChilE sEEs tourism As A vAluABlE EArnEr oF ForEign CurrEnCy, Although it hAs BEEn FAr morE sErious thAn most in promoting its imAgE ABroAD、rElAtivEly stABlE politiCAlly within thE rEgion, it hAs BEnEFitED From thE proBlEms suFFErED in othEr ArEAs. in pEru, guErrillA wArFArE in rECEnt yEArs hAs DEAlt A hEAvy Blow to thE tourist inDustry AnD FEAr oF strEEt CrimE inBrAzil hAs rEDuCED thE AttrACtion oF rio DE jAnEiro As A DrEAm DEstinAtion For ForEignErs.
morE thAn 150000 pEoplE ArE DirECtly involvED inChilE’s tourist sECtor, An inDustry whiCh EArns thE Country morE thAn u.s. $ 950 million EACh yEAr. thE stAtE-run nAtionAl tourism sErviCE, in pArtnErship with A numBEr oF privAtE CompAniEs, is CurrEntly running A worlD-wiDE CAmpAign, tAking pArt in trADE FAirs AnD intErnAtionAl EvEnts to AttrACt visitors toChilE.
ChilE’s grEAt strEngth As A tourist DEstinAtion is its gEogrAphiCAl DivErsity. From thE pArChEDAtACAmADEsErt in thE north to thEAntArCtiC snowFiElDs oF thE south, it is morE thAn 5000 km long. with thE pACiFiC on onE siDE AnD thEAnDEAn mountAins on thE othEr,ChilE BoAsts nAturAl AttrACtions. its BEAChEs ArE not up toCAriBBEAn stAnDArDs But rEsorts suCh As vinADEl mAr ArE gEnErAlly ClEAn AnD unspoilED AnD hAvE A high stAnDArD oF sErviCEs.
But thE trump CArD is thEAnDEs mountAin rAngE. thErE ArE A numBEr oF ExCEllEnt ski rEsorts within onE hour’s DrivE oF thE CApitAl, sAntiAgo, AnD thE nAtionAl pArks in thE south ArE homE to rArE AnimAl AnD plAnt spECiEs. thE pArks AlrEADy AttrACt spECiAlist visitors, inCluDing mountAinEErs, who ComE to ClimB thE tEChniCAlly DiFFiCult pEAks, AnD FishErmEn, lurED By thE sAlmon AnD trout in thE rEgion’s rivErs.
howEvEr, inFrAstruCturAl DEvElopmEnt in thEsE ArEAs is limitED、thE ski rEsorts Do not hAvE As mAny liFts As thEirEuropEAn CountErpArts AnD pArt poor quAlity oF roADs in thE south mEAns thAt only thE most DEtErminED trAvElErs sEE thE BEst oF thE nAtionAl pArks.
A、[■]Air links BEtwEEnChilE AnD thE rEst oF thE worlD ArE, At prEsEnt, rElAtivEly poor.
B、[■] whilEChilE’s two lArgEst AirlinEs hAvE ExtEnsivE nEtworks within southAmEriCA, thEy opErAtE only A smAll numBEr oF routEs to thE u.s. AnDEuropE whilE sErviCEs toAsiA ArE Almost non-ExistEnt.
C、[■] intErnAl trAnsport links ArE BEing improvED AnD luxury hotEls ArE BEing Built in onE oF its nAtionAl pArks.
D、[■]EAstEr islAnD AnDChilEsAntArCtiC tErritory ArE Also on thE list oF ArEAs whErE thE govErnmEnt BEliEvEs it CAn CrEAtE tourist mArkEts.
But thE rush to opEn hithErto inACCEssiBlE ArEAs to mAss tourism is not BEing wElComED By EvEryonE. inDigEnous AnD EnvironmEntAl groups, inCluDing grEEnpEACE, sAy thAt mAny pArts oF thEAnDEs will suFFEr iF thEy BEComE ovEr-DEvElopED、thErE is A gEnuinE FEAr thAt ArEAs oFChilE will suFFEr thE CulturAl DEstruCtion witnEssED in mExiCAn AnDEuropEAn rEsorts.
thE poliCy oF opEning upAntArCtiCA to tourism is Also politiCAlly sEnsitivE.ChilE AlrEADy hAs pErmAnEnt sEttlEmEnts on thE iCE AnD mAny pEo
thE BiggEst proBlEm FACingChilE, As it promotEs itsElF As A tourist DEstinAtion to BE rECkonED with, is thAt it is At thE EnD oF thE EArth. it is too FAr south to BE A ConvEniEnt stop on thE wAy to AnywhErE ElsE AnD it is ConsiDErABly FArthEr thAn A rElAtivEly ChEAp hAlF-DAy’s Flight AwAy From othEr mAjor tourist mArkEts, suCh As mExiCo.
ChilE, thErEForE, is hAving to Fight hArD to AttrACt tourists, to ConvinCE trAvElErs thAt it is worth Coming hAlFwAy rounD thE worlD to visit.But it is suCCEEDing, not only in Existing mArkEts likE thE usA、AnD wEstErnEuropE But in nEw tErritoriEs, in pArtiCulAr thE FArEAst. mArkEts ClosEr to homE, howEvEr, ArE not BEing ForgottEn. morE thAn 50% oF visitors toChilE still ComE From its nEArEst nEighBor,ArgEntinA, whErE thE Cost oF living is muCh highEr.
similAr to All thE othEr southAmEriCAn CountriEs,ChilE sEEs tourism As A vAluABlE EArnEr oF ForEign CurrEnCy, Although it hAs BEEn FAr morE sErious thAn most in promoting its imAgE ABroAD、rElAtivEly stABlE politiCAlly within thE rEgion, it hAs BEnEFitED From thE proBlEms suFFErED in othEr ArEAs. in pEru, guErrillA wArFArE in rECEnt yEArs hAs DEAlt A hEAvy Blow to thE tourist inDustry AnD FEAr oF strEEt CrimE inBrAzil hAs rEDuCED thE AttrACtion oF rio DE jAnEiro As A DrEAm DEstinAtion For ForEignErs.
morE thAn 150000 pEoplE ArE DirECtly involvED inChilE’s tourist sECtor, An inDustry whiCh EArns thE Country morE thAn u.s. $ 950 million EACh yEAr. thE stAtE-run nAtionAl tourism sErviCE, in pArtnErship with A numBEr oF privAtE CompAniEs, is CurrEntly running A worlD-wiDE CAmpAign, tAking pArt in trADE FAirs AnD intErnAtionAl EvEnts to AttrACt visitors toChilE.
ChilE’s grEAt strEngth As A tourist DEstinAtion is its gEogrAphiCAl DivErsity. From thE pArChEDAtACAmADEsErt in thE north to thEAntArCtiC snowFiElDs oF thE south, it is morE thAn 5000 km long. with thE pACiFiC on onE siDE AnD thEAnDEAn mountAins on thE othEr,ChilE BoAsts nAturAl AttrACtions. its BEAChEs ArE not up toCAriBBEAn stAnDArDs But rEsorts suCh As vinADEl mAr ArE gEnErAlly ClEAn AnD unspoilED AnD hAvE A high stAnDArD oF sErviCEs.
But thE trump CArD is thEAnDEs mountAin rAngE. thErE ArE A numBEr oF ExCEllEnt ski rEsorts within onE hour’s DrivE oF thE CApitAl, sAntiAgo, AnD thE nAtionAl pArks in thE south ArE homE to rArE AnimAl AnD plAnt spECiEs. thE pArks AlrEADy AttrACt spECiAlist visitors, inCluDing mountAinEErs, who ComE to ClimB thE tEChniCAlly DiFFiCult pEAks, AnD FishErmEn, lurED By thE sAlmon AnD trout in thE rEgion’s rivErs.
howEvEr, inFrAstruCturAl DEvElopmEnt in thEsE ArEAs is limitED、thE ski rEsorts Do not hAvE As mAny liFts As thEirEuropEAn CountErpArts AnD pArt poor quAlity oF roADs in thE south mEAns thAt only thE most DEtErminED trAvElErs sEE thE BEst oF thE nAtionAl pArks.
A、[■]Air links BEtwEEnChilE AnD thE rEst oF thE worlD ArE, At prEsEnt, rElAtivEly poor.
B、[■] whilEChilE’s two lArgEst AirlinEs hAvE ExtEnsivE nEtworks within southAmEriCA, thEy opErAtE only A smAll numBEr oF routEs to thE u.s. AnDEuropE whilE sErviCEs toAsiA ArE Almost non-ExistEnt.
C、[■] intErnAl trAnsport links ArE BEing improvED AnD luxury hotEls ArE BEing Built in onE oF its nAtionAl pArks.
D、[■]EAstEr islAnD AnDChilEsAntArCtiC tErritory ArE Also on thE list oF ArEAs whErE thE govErnmEnt BEliEvEs it CAn CrEAtE tourist mArkEts.
But thE rush to opEn hithErto inACCEssiBlE ArEAs to mAss tourism is not BEing wElComED By EvEryonE. inDigEnous AnD EnvironmEntAl groups, inCluDing grEEnpEACE, sAy thAt mAny pArts oF thEAnDEs will suFFEr iF thEy BEComE ovEr-DEvElopED、thErE is A gEnuinE FEAr thAt ArEAs oFChilE will suFFEr thE CulturAl DEstruCtion witnEssED in mExiCAn AnDEuropEAn rEsorts.
thE poliCy oF opEning upAntArCtiCA to tourism is Also politiCAlly sEnsitivE.ChilE AlrEADy hAs pErmAnEnt sEttlEmEnts on thE iCE AnD mAny pEo
【单选题】ConsumErDEmAnD AnDDEvElopmEnt oF grEEnCArs
thE DAy AutomAkErs put thE EArth At thE top oF thEir AgEnDA will go Down in history. rEADing this Book, onE gEts thE sEnsE thAt DAy is Coming, mAjor AutomAkErs—still no pArAgons oF EnvironmEntAlism—hAvE gottEn thE mEssAgE thAt rEplACing thE Dirty intErnAl-ComBustion EnginE is An urgEnt priority. with lEss thAn 5 pErCEnt oF thE worlD’s populAtion,AmEriCAns proDuCE 14 pErCEnt oF All gloBAl wArming CArBon-DioxiDE gAs.AnD CAr tAilpipEs pump out morE thAn 30 pErCEnt oF u. s. Air pollution.
in his nEw Book, ForwArDDrivE: thE rACE toBuilD "ClEAn"CArs For thE FuturE, EnvironmEntAlist jim motAvAlli ConCluDEs thAt CApitAlist CompEtition is lEADing thE wAy ovEr govErnmEnt mAnDAtEs to ClEAn up thAt ExhAust. motAvAlli ChroniClEs thE movEmEnt For ClEAnEr CArs: thE FEw visionAriEs AnD zEAlots BuilDing AnD Driving homE-Built BAttEry-powErED CArs; thE DiviDED giAnt AutomAkErs working tirElEssly to DEvElop ClEAn CArs whilE Fighting rEgulAtory EFForts to rEquirE thEm; univErsity rEsEArChErs ConCluDing stuDiEs; AnD thE rEgulAtors trying to spEED thEir ADoption.
ForwArDDrivE CovErs thE tEChnologiCAl ADvAnCEs oF thE hyBriD AnD FuEl-CEll vEhiClEs poisED to tAkE ovEr From thE intErnAl-ComBustion EnginE. in somE wAys, motAvAlli is An unlikEly nArrAtor.A、sElF-vowED CAr nut who stumBlED into A joB EDitingE, thEEnviromEntAl mAgAzinE, hE sEEms BiAsED on Both siDEs oF thE issuE.But ultimAtEly, thAt’s whAt mAkEs him BEst suitED to tEll this story.
motoAvAlli’s ConCErn For thE EnvironmEnt is sinCErE, AnD his knowlEDgE oF CArs is rEFrEshingly ACCurAtE. thE most intErEsting pAssAgEs Follow his trAnsFormAttion From intErnAl-ComBustion DEvotEE to EnvironmEntAl Auto CyniC AnD BAttEry-CAr zEAlot to hopEFul FuturE-CAr rEAlist. "it wAs DisConCErting, to sAy thE lEAst, to lEArn thAt my hoBBy oF CollECting ClAssiC CArs AnD my growing ConCErn For thE EnvironmEnt DiDn’t nECEssArily mEsh," motAvAlli writEs. "thE CAr hAs CErtAinly BEEn gooD to mE, But i’m BEComin DisEnChAntED."
in thE prEFACE, hE notED thAt hE sEt out to writE A Book CritiCAl oF thE Auto inDustry For tEAming up with mAjor oil CompAniEs to BloCk thE DEvElopmEnt oF ClEAn CArs.But whEn hE Dug in to Do morE rEsEArCh, hE FounD A DiFFErEnt story. nAmEly thAt AutomAkErs inDEtroit, jApAn, AnDEuropE ArE in A hEAtED rACE to stArt sElling CArs thAt ArE morE EnvironmEntAlly CorrECt.
A、[■] unFortunAtEly, motAvAlli glossEs ovEr issuEs oF ConsumEr DEmAn
D、
B、[■] hE nEvEr mEntions thAt toDAy’s ElECtriC CArs AnD gAsolinE-ElECtriC hyBriDs Cost FAr morE thAn intErnAl-ComBustion CArs oF EquAl or grEAtEr CApABility.
C、[■] hE notEs thEir uttEr DEDiCAtion to thEir ElECtriC CArs AnD impliEs thAt thE rEst oF thE Buying puBliC shoulD simply BE As EnthusiAstiC, without ADDrEssing issuEs oF priCE or vArious wAys FAmiliEs usE thEir CArs.
D、[■]
hE strongly FAvorsCAliForniA’s mAnDAtE thAt 10 pErCEnt oF All vEhiClEs solD in thE stAtE BE zEro-Emission-vEhiClE-BAttEry or FuEl-CEll ElECtriCs, not hyBriDs—EvEn though hE writEs, "ultimAtEly, vEhiClEs hAlFhEArtEDly DEsignED to mEEt A mAnDAtE woulD FAil in thE mArkEtplACE."AnD hE givEs A short shiFt to thE point thAt ClEAn CArs Do nothing to EAsE CongEstion AnD sprAwl.
in A tElEphonE intErviEw, motAvAlli ConCEDEs thAt tEChnology is progrEssing FAstEr thAn thE Book DEADlinE AllowED him to kEEp up with. iF Anything, AutomAkErs ArE working hArDEr to DEvElop hyBriD-ElECtriCs.AnD mAss-mArkEt hyBriD-DrivE systEms will likEly First show up in thE Big sport utility vEhiClEs thAt motAvAlli rAils AgAinst.
nEvErthElEss, hE now BEliEvEs thAt thE AutomAkErs with thE DEEpEst poCkEts hAvE thE BEst ChAnCE oF BuilDing BEttEr CArs For tomorrow. "thE nEw, ClEAn CArs will EmErgE not From A tinkErEr’s gArAgE, But From thE wEll-FunDED rEsEArCh lABs oF thE sAmE Big Auto CompAniEs t
thE DAy AutomAkErs put thE EArth At thE top oF thEir AgEnDA will go Down in history. rEADing this Book, onE gEts thE sEnsE thAt DAy is Coming, mAjor AutomAkErs—still no pArAgons oF EnvironmEntAlism—hAvE gottEn thE mEssAgE thAt rEplACing thE Dirty intErnAl-ComBustion EnginE is An urgEnt priority. with lEss thAn 5 pErCEnt oF thE worlD’s populAtion,AmEriCAns proDuCE 14 pErCEnt oF All gloBAl wArming CArBon-DioxiDE gAs.AnD CAr tAilpipEs pump out morE thAn 30 pErCEnt oF u. s. Air pollution.
in his nEw Book, ForwArDDrivE: thE rACE toBuilD "ClEAn"CArs For thE FuturE, EnvironmEntAlist jim motAvAlli ConCluDEs thAt CApitAlist CompEtition is lEADing thE wAy ovEr govErnmEnt mAnDAtEs to ClEAn up thAt ExhAust. motAvAlli ChroniClEs thE movEmEnt For ClEAnEr CArs: thE FEw visionAriEs AnD zEAlots BuilDing AnD Driving homE-Built BAttEry-powErED CArs; thE DiviDED giAnt AutomAkErs working tirElEssly to DEvElop ClEAn CArs whilE Fighting rEgulAtory EFForts to rEquirE thEm; univErsity rEsEArChErs ConCluDing stuDiEs; AnD thE rEgulAtors trying to spEED thEir ADoption.
ForwArDDrivE CovErs thE tEChnologiCAl ADvAnCEs oF thE hyBriD AnD FuEl-CEll vEhiClEs poisED to tAkE ovEr From thE intErnAl-ComBustion EnginE. in somE wAys, motAvAlli is An unlikEly nArrAtor.A、sElF-vowED CAr nut who stumBlED into A joB EDitingE, thEEnviromEntAl mAgAzinE, hE sEEms BiAsED on Both siDEs oF thE issuE.But ultimAtEly, thAt’s whAt mAkEs him BEst suitED to tEll this story.
motoAvAlli’s ConCErn For thE EnvironmEnt is sinCErE, AnD his knowlEDgE oF CArs is rEFrEshingly ACCurAtE. thE most intErEsting pAssAgEs Follow his trAnsFormAttion From intErnAl-ComBustion DEvotEE to EnvironmEntAl Auto CyniC AnD BAttEry-CAr zEAlot to hopEFul FuturE-CAr rEAlist. "it wAs DisConCErting, to sAy thE lEAst, to lEArn thAt my hoBBy oF CollECting ClAssiC CArs AnD my growing ConCErn For thE EnvironmEnt DiDn’t nECEssArily mEsh," motAvAlli writEs. "thE CAr hAs CErtAinly BEEn gooD to mE, But i’m BEComin DisEnChAntED."
in thE prEFACE, hE notED thAt hE sEt out to writE A Book CritiCAl oF thE Auto inDustry For tEAming up with mAjor oil CompAniEs to BloCk thE DEvElopmEnt oF ClEAn CArs.But whEn hE Dug in to Do morE rEsEArCh, hE FounD A DiFFErEnt story. nAmEly thAt AutomAkErs inDEtroit, jApAn, AnDEuropE ArE in A hEAtED rACE to stArt sElling CArs thAt ArE morE EnvironmEntAlly CorrECt.
A、[■] unFortunAtEly, motAvAlli glossEs ovEr issuEs oF ConsumEr DEmAn
D、
B、[■] hE nEvEr mEntions thAt toDAy’s ElECtriC CArs AnD gAsolinE-ElECtriC hyBriDs Cost FAr morE thAn intErnAl-ComBustion CArs oF EquAl or grEAtEr CApABility.
C、[■] hE notEs thEir uttEr DEDiCAtion to thEir ElECtriC CArs AnD impliEs thAt thE rEst oF thE Buying puBliC shoulD simply BE As EnthusiAstiC, without ADDrEssing issuEs oF priCE or vArious wAys FAmiliEs usE thEir CArs.
D、[■]
hE strongly FAvorsCAliForniA’s mAnDAtE thAt 10 pErCEnt oF All vEhiClEs solD in thE stAtE BE zEro-Emission-vEhiClE-BAttEry or FuEl-CEll ElECtriCs, not hyBriDs—EvEn though hE writEs, "ultimAtEly, vEhiClEs hAlFhEArtEDly DEsignED to mEEt A mAnDAtE woulD FAil in thE mArkEtplACE."AnD hE givEs A short shiFt to thE point thAt ClEAn CArs Do nothing to EAsE CongEstion AnD sprAwl.
in A tElEphonE intErviEw, motAvAlli ConCEDEs thAt tEChnology is progrEssing FAstEr thAn thE Book DEADlinE AllowED him to kEEp up with. iF Anything, AutomAkErs ArE working hArDEr to DEvElop hyBriD-ElECtriCs.AnD mAss-mArkEt hyBriD-DrivE systEms will likEly First show up in thE Big sport utility vEhiClEs thAt motAvAlli rAils AgAinst.
nEvErthElEss, hE now BEliEvEs thAt thE AutomAkErs with thE DEEpEst poCkEts hAvE thE BEst ChAnCE oF BuilDing BEttEr CArs For tomorrow. "thE nEw, ClEAn CArs will EmErgE not From A tinkErEr’s gArAgE, But From thE wEll-FunDED rEsEArCh lABs oF thE sAmE Big Auto CompAniEs t
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