【单选题】 Bubbles, flaws, and other irregularities diffuse the light that passes through stained glass, （） the glass sparkle.
A. which making
B. and making
C. making
D. to making
A. which making
B. and making
C. making
D. to making
【单选题】The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 was （） of United States policy concerning the activities and rights of European powers in North and South America.
A. when a statement
B. as a statement
C. a statement
D. to a statement
A. when a statement
B. as a statement
C. a statement
D. to a statement
【单选题】
单项选择
单项选择
【单选题】 EnDEmiC DisEAsEs ArE DisEAsEs thAt hABituAl inFECt only thosE pErsons living within CErtAin gEogrAphiCAl limits.
【单选题】listEning 5 "BiologyClAss"
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how DoEs thE proFEssor hElp thE stuDEnts to rEmEmBEr thE typEs oF BACtEriA
A、hE shows thEm mAny ExAmplEs oF sliDEs.
B、hE tElls thEm to look At spECimEns in thE lAB、
C、hE usEs thE First lEttEr to rEprEsEnt thE shApE.
D、hE ExplAins thE vAriousDnA、struCturEs.
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A、hE shows thEm mAny ExAmplEs oF sliDEs.
B、hE tElls thEm to look At spECimEns in thE lAB、
C、hE usEs thE First lEttEr to rEprEsEnt thE shApE.
D、hE ExplAins thE vAriousDnA、struCturEs.
【多选题】 The companys business plan includes ---------- revenue from magazine and event promotions designed to help recruiters find qualified applicants.
A．draw
B．drawing
C．to draw
D．drawer
A．draw
B．drawing
C．to draw
D．drawer
【单选题】 The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how
A．(entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system
B．(entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output
C．(rural workers responded to "shoe bosses"
D．(changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes
A．(entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system
B．(entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output
C．(rural workers responded to "shoe bosses"
D．(changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes
【单选题】 The novelist John Steinbeck is mentioned in line 14 because he
A．( conducted a scientific study on the behavior of ospreys
B．( was the first to describe where ospreys built their nests
C．( described the materials ospreys can use to build their nests
D．( compared the size of osprey nests with the nests of other species
A．( conducted a scientific study on the behavior of ospreys
B．( was the first to describe where ospreys built their nests
C．( described the materials ospreys can use to build their nests
D．( compared the size of osprey nests with the nests of other species
【单选题】wAtErAnD、liFE、on mArs
1thE prEsEnCE or ABsEnCE oF wAtEr hAs A DirECt BEAring on thE possiBility oF liFE on othEr plAnEts. in thE ninEtEEnth CEntury, it wAs Commonly ACCEptED thAt liFE, pErhAps EvEn intElligEnt liFE, wAs wiDEsprEAD in thE solAr systEm, AnD mArs wAs An oBvious tArgEt in thE sEArCh For liFE. nEw photogrAphiC tEChnology oFFErED A wAy For AstronomErs to lEArn morE ABout thE rED plAnEt. in 1888, itAliAn AstronomEr giovAnni sChiApArElli proDuCED imAgEs thAt showED A nEtwork oF long, thin, DArk linEs Crossing thE surFACE oF mArs. hE CAllED thEsE FEAturEs CAnAli in itAliAn, whiCh BECAmE "CAnAls" or "ChAnnEls" inEnglish. thE strAngE AppEArAnCE oF thE CAnAls suggEstED to somE sCiEntists thAt thEy hAD BEEn FormED ArtiFiCiAlly rAthEr thAn nAturAlly. thE mystEry DEEpEnED whEn sChiApArElli oBsErvED thAt mAny oF thE CAnAls in thE photogrAphs wErE ACtuAlly DouBlE.
2othEr photogrAphiC imAgEs oF mArs rEvEAlED its sEAsonAlly ChAnging polAr iCE CAps AnD FEAturEs thAt AppEArED to BE AnCiEnt islAnDs loCAtED in whAt wAs now A Dry strEAmBED、whEn thE islAnDs wErE First DisCovErED, somE sCiEntists spECulAtED thAt A thiCk wAtEr-lADEn AtmosphErE CApABlE oF gEnErAting hEAvy rAins hAD onCE ExistED on mArs. howEvEr, othErs rEmAinED unConvinCED oF thE prEsEnCE oF wAtEr. thEn, in 1963, A tEAm oF AstronomErs oBtAinED A gooD photogrAphiC plAtE oF thE nEAr-inFrArED spECtrum oF mArs. thE photogrAph showED thAt, FAintly But DEFinitEly, wAtEr vApor linEs CoulD BE sEEn. this photogrAph EstABlishED thAt thErE rEAlly wAs wAtEr on mArs, though thE Amount wAs vEry smAll. toDAy, thE prEsEnCE oF wAtEr vApor in thE mArtiAn AtmosphErE is gEnErAlly ACCEptED, As is thE BEliEF thAt thE AtmosphErE wAs onCE muCh DEnsEr thAn it is now, with A muCh grEAtEr ABunDAnCE oF wAtEr vApor.
3thE surFACE oF mArs is Dry toDAy, But it DoEs ContAin signiFiCAnt Amounts oF iCE AnD signs thAt liquiD wAtEr onCE FlowED ovEr thE plAnEt.All oF thE loCAtions whErE EviDEnCE oF wAtEr hAs BEEn FounD ArE AnCiEnt, proBABly FormED vEry EArly in mArtiAn history.DAtA trAnsmittED From spACECrAFt on mArs in 2004 hAvE rEvEAlED thAt wAtEr wAs onCE Common ACross A vAst rEgion oF thE plAnEt, possiBly As shAllow lAkEs or sEAs thAt DriED out AnD thEn FillED up AgAin. thErE ArE signs thAt thE winD BlEw DEBris ArounD During Dry stAgEs. thEsE sEAs AnD lAkEs ExtEnDED ACross hunDrEDs oF thousAnDs oF squArE milEs, CrEAting hABitABlE ConDitions During long strEtChEs oF timE Billions oF yEArs Ago.
4 EviDEnCE oF wAtEr inCluDEs thE prEsEnCE oF vArious minErAls known As EvAporAtEs, DEposits lEFt BEhinD whEn liquiD wAtEr turns to vApor. smAll ArEAs oF minErAl DEposits hAvE BEEn FounD in vAllEs mArinEris, A hugE holE on mArs thAt is lArgEr thAn thE grAnDCAnyon onEArth. thE minErAls thErE ContAin wAtEr, so thEy hAD to BE FormED in thE prEsEnCE oF wAtEr. gEologiC rEsEArCh hAs Also turnED up ClAy AnD gypsum DEposits thAt wErE FormED By wAtEr in thE soil. roCks thAt ClEArly FormED in wAtEr ExtEnD throughout 300 mEtErs oF lAyErED mAtEriAls in sEvErAl loCAtions ACross thE mArtiAn plAins. thE lAyErs wErE Built up ovEr timE, whiCh mEAns wAtEr wAs prEsEnt, At lEAst tEmporArily, For ExtEnDED pErioDs on AnCiEnt mArs.
5 BEsiDEs thE iCE pACks At mArs’s polEs, AstronomErs hAvE DisCovErED A FrozEn sEA nEAr its EquAtor. this FrozEn sEA is thE sizE oF thE north sEA onEArth AnD AppEArs similAr to thE iCE pACks onAntArCtiCA、sCiEntists hAvE Also DEtECtED EviDEnCE oF lAvA Flows 20 million yEArs Ago As wEll As signs thAt somE volCAnoEs mAy still BE ACtivE. sEvErAl rECEntly FormED volCAniC ConEs nEAr mArs’s north polE inDiCAtE thAt thE plAnEt’s CorE mAy intErACt with thE surFACE, mEAning thErE wAs Both wArmth AnD moisturE in thE rECEnt pAs-CirCumstAnCEs thAt might hAvE supportED liFE.
6liquiD wAtEr is thE kEy ingrEDiEnt For liFE As wE know it. oF All thE othEr plAnEts in thE solAr systEm, mArs is most likEEArth. thE FACt th
1thE prEsEnCE or ABsEnCE oF wAtEr hAs A DirECt BEAring on thE possiBility oF liFE on othEr plAnEts. in thE ninEtEEnth CEntury, it wAs Commonly ACCEptED thAt liFE, pErhAps EvEn intElligEnt liFE, wAs wiDEsprEAD in thE solAr systEm, AnD mArs wAs An oBvious tArgEt in thE sEArCh For liFE. nEw photogrAphiC tEChnology oFFErED A wAy For AstronomErs to lEArn morE ABout thE rED plAnEt. in 1888, itAliAn AstronomEr giovAnni sChiApArElli proDuCED imAgEs thAt showED A nEtwork oF long, thin, DArk linEs Crossing thE surFACE oF mArs. hE CAllED thEsE FEAturEs CAnAli in itAliAn, whiCh BECAmE "CAnAls" or "ChAnnEls" inEnglish. thE strAngE AppEArAnCE oF thE CAnAls suggEstED to somE sCiEntists thAt thEy hAD BEEn FormED ArtiFiCiAlly rAthEr thAn nAturAlly. thE mystEry DEEpEnED whEn sChiApArElli oBsErvED thAt mAny oF thE CAnAls in thE photogrAphs wErE ACtuAlly DouBlE.
2othEr photogrAphiC imAgEs oF mArs rEvEAlED its sEAsonAlly ChAnging polAr iCE CAps AnD FEAturEs thAt AppEArED to BE AnCiEnt islAnDs loCAtED in whAt wAs now A Dry strEAmBED、whEn thE islAnDs wErE First DisCovErED, somE sCiEntists spECulAtED thAt A thiCk wAtEr-lADEn AtmosphErE CApABlE oF gEnErAting hEAvy rAins hAD onCE ExistED on mArs. howEvEr, othErs rEmAinED unConvinCED oF thE prEsEnCE oF wAtEr. thEn, in 1963, A tEAm oF AstronomErs oBtAinED A gooD photogrAphiC plAtE oF thE nEAr-inFrArED spECtrum oF mArs. thE photogrAph showED thAt, FAintly But DEFinitEly, wAtEr vApor linEs CoulD BE sEEn. this photogrAph EstABlishED thAt thErE rEAlly wAs wAtEr on mArs, though thE Amount wAs vEry smAll. toDAy, thE prEsEnCE oF wAtEr vApor in thE mArtiAn AtmosphErE is gEnErAlly ACCEptED, As is thE BEliEF thAt thE AtmosphErE wAs onCE muCh DEnsEr thAn it is now, with A muCh grEAtEr ABunDAnCE oF wAtEr vApor.
3thE surFACE oF mArs is Dry toDAy, But it DoEs ContAin signiFiCAnt Amounts oF iCE AnD signs thAt liquiD wAtEr onCE FlowED ovEr thE plAnEt.All oF thE loCAtions whErE EviDEnCE oF wAtEr hAs BEEn FounD ArE AnCiEnt, proBABly FormED vEry EArly in mArtiAn history.DAtA trAnsmittED From spACECrAFt on mArs in 2004 hAvE rEvEAlED thAt wAtEr wAs onCE Common ACross A vAst rEgion oF thE plAnEt, possiBly As shAllow lAkEs or sEAs thAt DriED out AnD thEn FillED up AgAin. thErE ArE signs thAt thE winD BlEw DEBris ArounD During Dry stAgEs. thEsE sEAs AnD lAkEs ExtEnDED ACross hunDrEDs oF thousAnDs oF squArE milEs, CrEAting hABitABlE ConDitions During long strEtChEs oF timE Billions oF yEArs Ago.
4 EviDEnCE oF wAtEr inCluDEs thE prEsEnCE oF vArious minErAls known As EvAporAtEs, DEposits lEFt BEhinD whEn liquiD wAtEr turns to vApor. smAll ArEAs oF minErAl DEposits hAvE BEEn FounD in vAllEs mArinEris, A hugE holE on mArs thAt is lArgEr thAn thE grAnDCAnyon onEArth. thE minErAls thErE ContAin wAtEr, so thEy hAD to BE FormED in thE prEsEnCE oF wAtEr. gEologiC rEsEArCh hAs Also turnED up ClAy AnD gypsum DEposits thAt wErE FormED By wAtEr in thE soil. roCks thAt ClEArly FormED in wAtEr ExtEnD throughout 300 mEtErs oF lAyErED mAtEriAls in sEvErAl loCAtions ACross thE mArtiAn plAins. thE lAyErs wErE Built up ovEr timE, whiCh mEAns wAtEr wAs prEsEnt, At lEAst tEmporArily, For ExtEnDED pErioDs on AnCiEnt mArs.
5 BEsiDEs thE iCE pACks At mArs’s polEs, AstronomErs hAvE DisCovErED A FrozEn sEA nEAr its EquAtor. this FrozEn sEA is thE sizE oF thE north sEA onEArth AnD AppEArs similAr to thE iCE pACks onAntArCtiCA、sCiEntists hAvE Also DEtECtED EviDEnCE oF lAvA Flows 20 million yEArs Ago As wEll As signs thAt somE volCAnoEs mAy still BE ACtivE. sEvErAl rECEntly FormED volCAniC ConEs nEAr mArs’s north polE inDiCAtE thAt thE plAnEt’s CorE mAy intErACt with thE surFACE, mEAning thErE wAs Both wArmth AnD moisturE in thE rECEnt pAs-CirCumstAnCEs thAt might hAvE supportED liFE.
6liquiD wAtEr is thE kEy ingrEDiEnt For liFE As wE know it. oF All thE othEr plAnEts in thE solAr systEm, mArs is most likEEArth. thE FACt th
【单选题】rEADing 3 "groupDECision mAking"
ADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→CommittEEs, tAsk ForCEs, AnD AD hoC groups ArE FrEquEntly AssignED to iDEntiFy AnD rECommEnD DECision AltErnAtivEs or, in somE CAsEs, to ACtuAlly mAkE importAnt DECisions. in EssEnCE, A group is A tool thAt CAn FoCus thE ExpEriEnCE AnD ExpErtisE oF sEvErAl pEoplE on A pArtiCulAr proBlEm or situAtion. thus, A group oFFErs thE ADvAntAgE oF grEAtEr totAl knowlEDgE. groups ACCumulAtE morE inFormAtion, knowlEDgE, AnD FACts thAn inDiviDuAls AnD oFtEn ConsiDEr morE AltErnAtivEs.EACh pErson in thE group is ABlE to DrAw on his or hEr uniquE EDuCAtion, ExpEriEnCE, insights, AnD othEr rEsourCEs AnD ContriButE thosE to thE group. thE vAriED BACkgrounDs, trAining lEvEls, AnD ExpErtisE oF group mEmBErs Also hElp ovErComE tunnEl vision By EnABling thE group to viEw thE proBlEm in morE thAn onE wAy.
→ pArtiCipAtion in group DECision mAking usuAlly lEADs to highEr mEmBEr sAtisFACtion. pEoplE tEnD to ACCEpt A DECision morE rEADily AnD to BE BEttEr sAtisFiED with it whEn thEy hAvE pArtiCipAtED in mAking thAt DECision. in ADDition, pEoplE will BEttEr unDErstAnD AnD BE morE CommittED to A DECision in whiCh thEy hAvE hAD A sAy thAn to A DECision mADE For thEm.As A rEsult, suCh A DECision is morE likEly to BE implEmEntED suCCEssFully.
DisADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→ whilE groups hAvE mAny potEntiAl BEnEFits, wE All know thAt thEy CAn Also BE FrustrAting.
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onE oBvious DisADvAntAgE oF group DECision mAking is thE timErEquirED to mAkE A DECision.
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thE timE nEEDED For group DisCussion AnD thE AssoCiAtED Compromising AnD sElECting oF A DECision AltErnAtivE CAn BE ConsiDErABlE.
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timE Costs monEy, so A wAstE oF timE BEComEs A DisADvAntAgE iF A DECision mADE By A group CoulD hAvE BEEn mADE just As EFFECtivEly By An inDiviDuAl working AlonE.
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ConsEquEntly, group DECisions shoulD BE AvoiDED whEn spEED AnD EFFiCiEnCy ArE thE primAry ConsiDErAtions.
A、sEConD DisADvAntAgE is thAt thE group DisCussion mAy BE DominAtED By An inDiviDuAl or suBgroup.EFFECtivEnEss CAn BE rEDuCED iF onE inDiviDuAl, suCh As thE group lEADEr, DominAtEs thE DisCussion By tAlking too muCh or BEing ClosED to othEr points oF viEw. somE group lEADErs try to Control thE group AnD proviDE thE mAjor input. suCh DominAnCE CAn stiFlE othEr group mEmBErs’ willingnEss to pArtiCipAtE AnD CoulD CAusE DECision AltErnAtivEs to BE ignorED or ovErlookED、All group mEmBErs nEED to BE EnCourAgED AnD pErmittED to ContriButE.
→AnothEr DisADvAntAgE oF group DECision mAking is thAt mEmBErs mAy BE lEss ConCErnED with thE group’s goAls thAn with thEir own pErsonAl goAls. thEy mAy BEComE so siDEtrACkED in trying to win An ArgumEnt thAt thEy ForgEt ABout group pErFormAnCE. on thE othEr hAnD, A group mAy try too hArD to CompromisE AnD ConsEquEntly mAy not mAkE optimAl DECisions. somEtimEs this stEms From thE DEsirE to mAintAin FriEnDships AnD AvoiD DisAgrEEmEnts. oFtEn groups ExErt trEmEnDous soCiAl prEssurE on inDiviDuAls to ConForm to EstABlishED or ExpECtED pAttErns ot BEhAvior.EspECiAlly whEn thEy ArE DEAling with importAnt AnD ControvErsiAl issuEs, intErACting groups mAy BE pronE to A phEnomEnon CAllED groupthink.
→ groupthink is An AgrEEmEnt-At-Any-Cost mEntAlity thAt rEsults in inEFFECtivE group DECision mAking. it oCCurs whEn groups ArE highly CohEsivE, hAvE highly DirECtivE lEADErs, ArE insulAtED so thEy hAvE no ClEAr wAys to gEt oBjECtivE inFormAtion, AnD—BECAusE thEy lACk outsiDE inFormAtion—hAvE littlE hopE thAt A BEttEr solution might BE FounD thAn thE onE proposED By thE lEADEr or othEr inFluEntiAl group mEmBErs. thEsE ConDitions Fo
ADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→CommittEEs, tAsk ForCEs, AnD AD hoC groups ArE FrEquEntly AssignED to iDEntiFy AnD rECommEnD DECision AltErnAtivEs or, in somE CAsEs, to ACtuAlly mAkE importAnt DECisions. in EssEnCE, A group is A tool thAt CAn FoCus thE ExpEriEnCE AnD ExpErtisE oF sEvErAl pEoplE on A pArtiCulAr proBlEm or situAtion. thus, A group oFFErs thE ADvAntAgE oF grEAtEr totAl knowlEDgE. groups ACCumulAtE morE inFormAtion, knowlEDgE, AnD FACts thAn inDiviDuAls AnD oFtEn ConsiDEr morE AltErnAtivEs.EACh pErson in thE group is ABlE to DrAw on his or hEr uniquE EDuCAtion, ExpEriEnCE, insights, AnD othEr rEsourCEs AnD ContriButE thosE to thE group. thE vAriED BACkgrounDs, trAining lEvEls, AnD ExpErtisE oF group mEmBErs Also hElp ovErComE tunnEl vision By EnABling thE group to viEw thE proBlEm in morE thAn onE wAy.
→ pArtiCipAtion in group DECision mAking usuAlly lEADs to highEr mEmBEr sAtisFACtion. pEoplE tEnD to ACCEpt A DECision morE rEADily AnD to BE BEttEr sAtisFiED with it whEn thEy hAvE pArtiCipAtED in mAking thAt DECision. in ADDition, pEoplE will BEttEr unDErstAnD AnD BE morE CommittED to A DECision in whiCh thEy hAvE hAD A sAy thAn to A DECision mADE For thEm.As A rEsult, suCh A DECision is morE likEly to BE implEmEntED suCCEssFully.
DisADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→ whilE groups hAvE mAny potEntiAl BEnEFits, wE All know thAt thEy CAn Also BE FrustrAting.
A、sEConD DisADvAntAgE is thAt thE group DisCussion mAy BE DominAtED By An inDiviDuAl or suBgroup.EFFECtivEnEss CAn BE rEDuCED iF onE inDiviDuAl, suCh As thE group lEADEr, DominAtEs thE DisCussion By tAlking too muCh or BEing ClosED to othEr points oF viEw. somE group lEADErs try to Control thE group AnD proviDE thE mAjor input. suCh DominAnCE CAn stiFlE othEr group mEmBErs’ willingnEss to pArtiCipAtE AnD CoulD CAusE DECision AltErnAtivEs to BE ignorED or ovErlookED、All group mEmBErs nEED to BE EnCourAgED AnD pErmittED to ContriButE.
→AnothEr DisADvAntAgE oF group DECision mAking is thAt mEmBErs mAy BE lEss ConCErnED with thE group’s goAls thAn with thEir own pErsonAl goAls. thEy mAy BEComE so siDEtrACkED in trying to win An ArgumEnt thAt thEy ForgEt ABout group pErFormAnCE. on thE othEr hAnD, A group mAy try too hArD to CompromisE AnD ConsEquEntly mAy not mAkE optimAl DECisions. somEtimEs this stEms From thE DEsirE to mAintAin FriEnDships AnD AvoiD DisAgrEEmEnts. oFtEn groups ExErt trEmEnDous soCiAl prEssurE on inDiviDuAls to ConForm to EstABlishED or ExpECtED pAttErns ot BEhAvior.EspECiAlly whEn thEy ArE DEAling with importAnt AnD ControvErsiAl issuEs, intErACting groups mAy BE pronE to A phEnomEnon CAllED groupthink.
→ groupthink is An AgrEEmEnt-At-Any-Cost mEntAlity thAt rEsults in inEFFECtivE group DECision mAking. it oCCurs whEn groups ArE highly CohEsivE, hAvE highly DirECtivE lEADErs, ArE insulAtED so thEy hAvE no ClEAr wAys to gEt oBjECtivE inFormAtion, AnD—BECAusE thEy lACk outsiDE inFormAtion—hAvE littlE hopE thAt A BEttEr solution might BE FounD thAn thE onE proposED By thE lEADEr or othEr inFluEntiAl group mEmBErs. thEsE ConDitions Fo
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