【单选题】sCiEnCE FiCtion notAny morE
sCiEnCE FiCtion hAs oFtEn BEEn thE sourCE oF inspirAtion For nEw tEChnologiEs. thE ExoskElEtons AnD hEAD-mountED DisplAys FEAturED in thE Film "AliEns", For ExAmplE, spAwnED A numBEr oF militAry-FunDED projECts to try to CrEAtE similAr tEChnologiEs.AutomAtiC sliDing Doors might nEvEr hAvE BEComE populAr hAD thEy not AppEArED on thE tElEvision sEriEs "stAr trEk".AnD thE populArity oF Flip-top or "ClAmshEll" moBilE phonEs mAy stEm From thE DEsirE to look likECAptAin kirk Flipping opEn his CommuniCAtor on thE sAmE progrAm.
now it sEEms thAt "stAr trEk" hAs DonE it AgAin. this month,AmEriCAn solDiErs in irAq will BEgin triAls oF A DEviCE inspirED By thE "Comm BADgE" FEAturED in "stAr trEk: thE nExt gEnErAtion". likE CrEw mEmBErs oF thE stArshipEntErprisE, solDiErs will BE ABlE to tAlk to othEr mEmBErs oF thEir unit just By tApping AnD thEn spEAking into A smAll BADgE worn on thE ChEst. whAt sEts thE Comm BADgE ApArt From A mErE wAlkiE-tAlkiE, AnD AppEAls to "stAr trEk" FAns, is thE systEm’s AppArEnt intElligEnCE. it works out who you ArE CAlling From spokEn CommAnDs, AnD ConnECts you instAntly.
thE systEm, DEvElopED By voCErACommuniCAtions oFCupErtino,CAliForniA, usEs A ComBinAtion oF wi-Fi wirElEss nEtworking AnD voiCE-ovEr-intErnEt protoCol (volp) tEChnologiEs to link up thE BADgEs viA A CEntrAl sErvEr, Akin to A switChBoArD、thE BADgEs ArE AlrEADy BEing usED in 80 lArgE institutions, most oF thEm hospitAls, to rEplACE ovErhEAD pAging systEms, sAysBrEnt lAng, voCErA’s viCE-prEsiDEnt.
likE its sCiEnCE-FiCtion CountErpArt, thE BADgE is DEsignED so thAt All FunCtions CAn BE CArriED out By prEssing A singlE Button. on prEssing it, thE CAllEr givEs A CommAnD AnD spECiFiEs thE nAmE oF A pErson or group oF pEoplE, suCh As "CAllDr. smith" or "loCAtE thE nEArEst AnEsthEsiologist". voiCE-rECognition soFtwArE intErprEts thE CommAnDs AnD loCAtEs thE AppropriAtE pErson or group, BAsED on whiChEvEr wi-Fi BAsE-stAtion thEy ArE ClosEst to. thE pErson rECEiving thE CAll thEn hEArs An AuDiBlE AlErt stAting thE nAmE oF thE CAllEr AnD, iF hE or shE wishEs to tAkE thE CAll, rEsponDs By tApping thE BADgE AnD stArting to spEAk.
thAt highlights A kEy DiFFErEnCE BEtwEEn thE "stAr trEk" Comm BADgE AnD thE rEAl-liFE vErsion:
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voCErA’s implEmEntAtion Allows pEoplE to rEjECt inComing CAlls, rAthEr thAn hAving thE voiCE oF thE CAllEr pAtChED through AutomAtiCAlly.
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But EvEn thE most purist FAns CAn ForgivE voCErA For DEviAting From thE sCript in this wAy, sAysDAviDBAtChElor, An AstrophysiCist AnD " stAr trEk" EnthusiAst At nAsA’s goDDArD spACE FlightCEntEr in grEEnBElt, mArylAnD、
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For thErE ArE, hE notEs, somE Curious AspECts to thE BEhAvior oF thE Comm BADgEs in "stAr trEk".
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whEn thE CAptAin oF thEEntErprisE sAys "piCArD to siCk-BAy: mEDiCAl EmErgEnCy on thE BriDgE", For ExAmplE, his BADgE somEhow ConnECts him to thE siCk-BAy BEForE hE hAs stAtED thE DEstinAtion oF thE CAll.
Allowing BADgE usErs to rEjECt inComing CAlls iF thEy ArE Busy, rAthEr thAn BEing ConnECtED instAntly, wAs A FEAturE ADDED At thE rEquEst oF CustomErs, sAys mr. lAng.But in Almost All othEr rEspECts thE BADgEs work just likE thEir FiCtionAl CountErpArts. this is not vEry surprising, sAys lAwrEnCE krAuss, An AstrophysiCist AtCAsE wEstErn rEsErvE univErsity inClEvElAnD, ohio, AnD thE Author oF "thE physiCs oF stAr trEk". in sCiEnCE FiCtion, AnD pArtiCulArly in "stAr trEk", most proBlEms hAvE tEChnologiCAl FixEs. somEtimEs, it sEEms, thosE FixEs CAn BE AppliED to rEAl-worlD proBlEms too.
voCErA’s systEm is pArtiCulArly wEll suitED to hospitAls, sAysChristinE tAr
sCiEnCE FiCtion hAs oFtEn BEEn thE sourCE oF inspirAtion For nEw tEChnologiEs. thE ExoskElEtons AnD hEAD-mountED DisplAys FEAturED in thE Film "AliEns", For ExAmplE, spAwnED A numBEr oF militAry-FunDED projECts to try to CrEAtE similAr tEChnologiEs.AutomAtiC sliDing Doors might nEvEr hAvE BEComE populAr hAD thEy not AppEArED on thE tElEvision sEriEs "stAr trEk".AnD thE populArity oF Flip-top or "ClAmshEll" moBilE phonEs mAy stEm From thE DEsirE to look likECAptAin kirk Flipping opEn his CommuniCAtor on thE sAmE progrAm.
now it sEEms thAt "stAr trEk" hAs DonE it AgAin. this month,AmEriCAn solDiErs in irAq will BEgin triAls oF A DEviCE inspirED By thE "Comm BADgE" FEAturED in "stAr trEk: thE nExt gEnErAtion". likE CrEw mEmBErs oF thE stArshipEntErprisE, solDiErs will BE ABlE to tAlk to othEr mEmBErs oF thEir unit just By tApping AnD thEn spEAking into A smAll BADgE worn on thE ChEst. whAt sEts thE Comm BADgE ApArt From A mErE wAlkiE-tAlkiE, AnD AppEAls to "stAr trEk" FAns, is thE systEm’s AppArEnt intElligEnCE. it works out who you ArE CAlling From spokEn CommAnDs, AnD ConnECts you instAntly.
thE systEm, DEvElopED By voCErACommuniCAtions oFCupErtino,CAliForniA, usEs A ComBinAtion oF wi-Fi wirElEss nEtworking AnD voiCE-ovEr-intErnEt protoCol (volp) tEChnologiEs to link up thE BADgEs viA A CEntrAl sErvEr, Akin to A switChBoArD、thE BADgEs ArE AlrEADy BEing usED in 80 lArgE institutions, most oF thEm hospitAls, to rEplACE ovErhEAD pAging systEms, sAysBrEnt lAng, voCErA’s viCE-prEsiDEnt.
likE its sCiEnCE-FiCtion CountErpArt, thE BADgE is DEsignED so thAt All FunCtions CAn BE CArriED out By prEssing A singlE Button. on prEssing it, thE CAllEr givEs A CommAnD AnD spECiFiEs thE nAmE oF A pErson or group oF pEoplE, suCh As "CAllDr. smith" or "loCAtE thE nEArEst AnEsthEsiologist". voiCE-rECognition soFtwArE intErprEts thE CommAnDs AnD loCAtEs thE AppropriAtE pErson or group, BAsED on whiChEvEr wi-Fi BAsE-stAtion thEy ArE ClosEst to. thE pErson rECEiving thE CAll thEn hEArs An AuDiBlE AlErt stAting thE nAmE oF thE CAllEr AnD, iF hE or shE wishEs to tAkE thE CAll, rEsponDs By tApping thE BADgE AnD stArting to spEAk.
thAt highlights A kEy DiFFErEnCE BEtwEEn thE "stAr trEk" Comm BADgE AnD thE rEAl-liFE vErsion:
Allowing BADgE usErs to rEjECt inComing CAlls iF thEy ArE Busy, rAthEr thAn BEing ConnECtED instAntly, wAs A FEAturE ADDED At thE rEquEst oF CustomErs, sAys mr. lAng.But in Almost All othEr rEspECts thE BADgEs work just likE thEir FiCtionAl CountErpArts. this is not vEry surprising, sAys lAwrEnCE krAuss, An AstrophysiCist AtCAsE wEstErn rEsErvE univErsity inClEvElAnD, ohio, AnD thE Author oF "thE physiCs oF stAr trEk". in sCiEnCE FiCtion, AnD pArtiCulArly in "stAr trEk", most proBlEms hAvE tEChnologiCAl FixEs. somEtimEs, it sEEms, thosE FixEs CAn BE AppliED to rEAl-worlD proBlEms too.
voCErA’s systEm is pArtiCulArly wEll suitED to hospitAls, sAysChristinE tAr
【单选题】gEothErmAlEnErgy
gEothErmAl EnErgy is nAturAl hEAt From thE intErior oF thEEArth thAt is ConvErtED to hEAt BuilDings AnD gEnErAtE ElECtriCity. thE iDEA oF hArnEssingEArth’s intErnAl hEAt is not nEw.As EArly As 1904, gEothErmAl powEr wAs usED in itAly. toDAy,EArth’s nAturAl intErnAl hEAt is BEing usED to gEnErAtE ElECtriCity in 21 CountriEs, inCluDing russiA, jApAn, nEw zEAlAnD, iCElAnD, mExiCo,EthiopiA, guAtEmAlA,E1 sAlvADor, thE philippinEs, AnD thE unitED stAtEs. totAl worlDwiDE proDuCtion is ApproAChing 9,000 mw (EquivAlEnt to ninE lArgE moDErn CoAl-Burning or nuClEAr powEr plAnts)--DouBlE thE Amount in 1980. somE 40 million pEoplE toDAy rECEivE thEir ElECtriCity From gEothErmAl EnErgy At A Cost CompEtitivE with thAt oF othEr EnErgy sourCEs. inE1 sAlvADor, gEothErmAl EnErgy is supplying 30% oF thE totAl ElECtriC EnErgy usED、howEvEr, At thE gloBAl lEvEl, gEothErmAl EnErgy suppliEs lEss thAn 0.15% oF thE totAl EnErgy supply.
gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy BE ConsiDErED A nonrEnEwABlE EnErgy sourCE whEn rAtEs oF ExtrACtion ArE grEAtEr thAn rAtEs oF nAturAl rEplEnishmEnt. howEvEr, gEothErrnAl EnErgy hAs its origin in thE nAturAl hEAt proDuCtion withinEArth, AnD only A smAll FrACtion oF thE vAst totAl rEsourCE BAsE is BEing utilizED toDAy. Although most gEothErmAl EnErgy proDuCtion involvEs thE tApping oF high hEAt sourCEs, pEoplE ArE Also using thE low-tEmpErAturE gEothErmAl EnErgy oF grounDwAtEr in somE AppliCAtions.
gEothErmAl systEms
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thE AvErAgE hEAt Flow From thE intErior oF thEEArth is vEry low, ABout 0.06 w/m2.
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this Amount is triviAl CompArED with thE 177 w/m2 From solAr hEAt At thE surFACE in thE unitED stAtEs. howEvEr, in somE ArEAs, hEAt Flow is suFFiCiEntly high to BE usEFul For proDuCing EnErgy. For thE most pArt, ArEAs oF high hEAt Flow ArE AssoCiAtED with plAtE tECtoniC BounDAriEs. oCEAniC riDgE systEms (DivErgEnt plAtE BounDAriEs) AnD ArEAs whErE mountAins ArE BEing upliFtED AnD volCAniC islAnD ArCs ArE Forming (ConvErgEnt plAtE BounDAriEs ArE ArEAs whErE this nAturAl hEAt Flow is AnomAlously high.
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on thE BAsis oF gEologiCAl CritEriA, sEvErAl typEs oF hot gEothErmAl systEms (with tEmpErAturEs grEAtEr thAn ABout 80℃, or 176℉) hAvE BEEn DEFinED, AnD thE rEsourCE BAsE is lArgEr thAn thAt oF Fossil FuEls AnD nuClEAr EnErgy ComBinED、A、Common systEm For EnErgy DEvElopmEnt is hyDrothErmAl ConvECtion, ChArACtErizED By thE CirCulAtion oF stEAm AnD/or hot wAtEr thAt trAnsFErs hEAt From DEpths to thE surFACE.
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gEothErmAlEnErgy AnD thEEnvironmEnt
thE EnvironmEntAl impACt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy not BE As ExtEnsivE As thAt oF othEr sourCEs oF EnErgy, But it CAn BE ConsiDErABlE. whEn gEothErmAl EnErgy is DEvElopED At A pArtiCulAr sitE, EnvironmEntAl proBlEms inCluDE on-sitE noisE, Emissions oF gAs, AnD DisturBAnCE oF thE lAnD At Drilling sitEs, DisposAl sitEs, roADs AnD pipElinEs, AnD powEr plAnts.DEvElopmEnt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not rEquirE lArgE-sCAlE trAnsportAtion oF rAw mAtEriAls or rEFining oF ChEmiCAls, As DEvElopmEnt oF Fossil FuEls DoEs. FurthErmorE, gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not proDuCE thE AtmosphEriC pollutAnts AssoCiAtED with Burning Fossil FuEls or thE rADioACtivE wAstE AssoCiAtED with nuClEAr EnErgy. howEvEr, gEothErmAl DEvElopmEnt oFtEn DoEs proDuCE ConsiDErABlE thErmAl pollution From hot wAstE-wAtEr, whiCh mAy BE sAlinE or highly CorrosivE, proDuCing DisposAl AnD trEAtmEnt proBlEms.
gEothErmAl powEr is not vEry populAr in somE loCAtions Among somE pEoplE. For instAnCE, gEothErmAl EnErgy hAs BEEn proDuCED For yEArs on thE islAnD oF hAwAii, whErE ACtivE volCAniC
gEothErmAl EnErgy is nAturAl hEAt From thE intErior oF thEEArth thAt is ConvErtED to hEAt BuilDings AnD gEnErAtE ElECtriCity. thE iDEA oF hArnEssingEArth’s intErnAl hEAt is not nEw.As EArly As 1904, gEothErmAl powEr wAs usED in itAly. toDAy,EArth’s nAturAl intErnAl hEAt is BEing usED to gEnErAtE ElECtriCity in 21 CountriEs, inCluDing russiA, jApAn, nEw zEAlAnD, iCElAnD, mExiCo,EthiopiA, guAtEmAlA,E1 sAlvADor, thE philippinEs, AnD thE unitED stAtEs. totAl worlDwiDE proDuCtion is ApproAChing 9,000 mw (EquivAlEnt to ninE lArgE moDErn CoAl-Burning or nuClEAr powEr plAnts)--DouBlE thE Amount in 1980. somE 40 million pEoplE toDAy rECEivE thEir ElECtriCity From gEothErmAl EnErgy At A Cost CompEtitivE with thAt oF othEr EnErgy sourCEs. inE1 sAlvADor, gEothErmAl EnErgy is supplying 30% oF thE totAl ElECtriC EnErgy usED、howEvEr, At thE gloBAl lEvEl, gEothErmAl EnErgy suppliEs lEss thAn 0.15% oF thE totAl EnErgy supply.
gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy BE ConsiDErED A nonrEnEwABlE EnErgy sourCE whEn rAtEs oF ExtrACtion ArE grEAtEr thAn rAtEs oF nAturAl rEplEnishmEnt. howEvEr, gEothErrnAl EnErgy hAs its origin in thE nAturAl hEAt proDuCtion withinEArth, AnD only A smAll FrACtion oF thE vAst totAl rEsourCE BAsE is BEing utilizED toDAy. Although most gEothErmAl EnErgy proDuCtion involvEs thE tApping oF high hEAt sourCEs, pEoplE ArE Also using thE low-tEmpErAturE gEothErmAl EnErgy oF grounDwAtEr in somE AppliCAtions.
gEothErmAl systEms
on thE BAsis oF gEologiCAl CritEriA, sEvErAl typEs oF hot gEothErmAl systEms (with tEmpErAturEs grEAtEr thAn ABout 80℃, or 176℉) hAvE BEEn DEFinED, AnD thE rEsourCE BAsE is lArgEr thAn thAt oF Fossil FuEls AnD nuClEAr EnErgy ComBinED、A、Common systEm For EnErgy DEvElopmEnt is hyDrothErmAl ConvECtion, ChArACtErizED By thE CirCulAtion oF stEAm AnD/or hot wAtEr thAt trAnsFErs hEAt From DEpths to thE surFACE.
gEothErmAlEnErgy AnD thEEnvironmEnt
thE EnvironmEntAl impACt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy not BE As ExtEnsivE As thAt oF othEr sourCEs oF EnErgy, But it CAn BE ConsiDErABlE. whEn gEothErmAl EnErgy is DEvElopED At A pArtiCulAr sitE, EnvironmEntAl proBlEms inCluDE on-sitE noisE, Emissions oF gAs, AnD DisturBAnCE oF thE lAnD At Drilling sitEs, DisposAl sitEs, roADs AnD pipElinEs, AnD powEr plAnts.DEvElopmEnt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not rEquirE lArgE-sCAlE trAnsportAtion oF rAw mAtEriAls or rEFining oF ChEmiCAls, As DEvElopmEnt oF Fossil FuEls DoEs. FurthErmorE, gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not proDuCE thE AtmosphEriC pollutAnts AssoCiAtED with Burning Fossil FuEls or thE rADioACtivE wAstE AssoCiAtED with nuClEAr EnErgy. howEvEr, gEothErmAl DEvElopmEnt oFtEn DoEs proDuCE ConsiDErABlE thErmAl pollution From hot wAstE-wAtEr, whiCh mAy BE sAlinE or highly CorrosivE, proDuCing DisposAl AnD trEAtmEnt proBlEms.
gEothErmAl powEr is not vEry populAr in somE loCAtions Among somE pEoplE. For instAnCE, gEothErmAl EnErgy hAs BEEn proDuCED For yEArs on thE islAnD oF hAwAii, whErE ACtivE volCAniC
【单选题】rEADing 5 "spEECh AnD writing"
it is A wiDEly hElD misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh. to mAny pEoplE, writing somEhow sEEms morE CorrECt AnD morE stABlE, whErEAs spEECh CAn BE CArElEss, CorruptED, AnD susCEptiBlE to ChAngE. somE pEoplE EvEn go so FAr As to iDEntiFy lAnguAgE with writing AnD to rEgArD spEECh As A sEConDAry Form oF lAnguAgE usED impErFECtly to ApproximAtE thE iDEAls oF thE writtEn lAnguAgE.
→ onE oF thE BAsiC Assumptions oF moDErn linguistiCs, howEvEr, is thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry. thE most immEDiAtE mAniFEstAtion oF lAnguAgE is spEECh AnD not writing. writing is simply thE rEprEsEntAtion oF spEECh in AnothEr physiCAl mEDium. spokEn lAnguAgE EnCoDEs thought into A physiCAlly trAnsmittABlE Form, whilE writing, in turn, EnCoDEs spokEn lAnguAgE into A physiCAlly prEsErvABlE Form. writing is A two-stAgE proCEss.All units oF writing, whEthEr lEttErs or ChArACtErs, ArE BAsED on units oF spEECh, i.E., worDs, sounDs, or syllABlEs. whEn linguists stuDy lAnguAgE, thEy tAkE thE spokEn lAnguAgE As thEir BEst sourCE oF DAtA AnD thEir oBjECt oF DEsCription (ExCEpt in instAnCEs oF lAnguAgEs likE lAtin For whiCh thErE ArE no longEr Any spEAkErs).
thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons For mAintAining thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry.
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First, writing is A lAtEr historiCAl DEvElopmEnt thAn spokEn lAnguAgE.
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CurrEnt ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE inDiCAtEs thAt writing wAs First utilizED in sumEr, thAt is, moDErn-DAy irAq, ABout 6,000 yEArs Ago.
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As FAr As physiCAl AnD CulturAl Anthropologists CAn tEll, spokEn lAnguAgE hAs proBABly BEEn usED By humAns For hunDrEDs oF thousAnDs oF yEArs.
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→ sEConD, writing DoEs not Exist EvErywhErE thAt spokEn lAnguAgE Exists. this sEEms hArD to imAginE in our highly litErAtE soCiEty, But thE FACt is thAt thErE ArE still mAny CommunitiEs in thE worlD whErE A writtEn Form oF lAnguAgE is not usED, AnD EvEn in thosE CulturEs using A writing systEm, thErE ArE inDiviDuAls who FAil to lEArn thE writtEn Form oF thEir lAnguAgE. in FACt, thE mAjority oF thEEArth’s inhABitAnts ArE illitErAtE, though quitE CApABlE oF spokEn CommuniCAtion. howEvEr, no soCiEty usEs only A writtEn lAnguAgE with no spokEn Form.
thirD, writing must BE tAught, whErEAs spokEn lAnguAgE is ACquirED AutomAtiCAlly.All ChilDrEn, ExCEpt ChilDrEn with sErious lEArning DisABilitiEs, nAturAlly lEArn to spEAk thE lAnguAgE oF thE Community in whiCh thEy ArE Brought up. thEy ACquirE thE BAsiCs oF thEir nAtivE lAnguAgE BEForE thEy EntEr sChool, AnD EvEn iF thEy nEvEr AttEnD sChool, thEy BEComE Fully CompEtEnt spEAkErs. writing systEms vAry in ComplExity, But rEgArDlEss oF thEir lEvEl oF sophistiCAtion, thEy must All BE tAught.
FinAlly, nEurolinguistiC EviDEnCE (stuDiEs oF thE BrAin in ACtion During lAnguAgE usE) DEmonstrAtEs thAt thE proCEssing AnD proDuCtion oF writtEn lAnguAgE is ovErlAiD on thE spokEn lAnguAgE CEntErs in thE BrAin. spokEn lAnguAgE involvEs sEvErAl DistinCt ArEAs oF thE BrAin; writing usEs thEsE ArEAs AnD othErs As wEll.
→ so whAt givEs risE to thE misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons. For onE thing, thE proDuCt oF writing is usuAlly morE Aptly worDED AnD BEttEr orgAnizED, ContAining FEwEr Errors, hEsitAtions, AnD inComplEtE sEntEnCEs thAn ArE FounD in spEECh. this pErFECtion oF writing CAn BE ExplAinED By thE FACt thAt writing is thE rEsult oF DEliBErAtion, CorrECtion, AnD rEvision, whilE spEECh is thE spontAnEous AnD simultAnEous FormulAtion oF iDEAs; writing is thErEForE lEss suBjECt to thE ConstrAint oF timE thAn spEECh is. in ADDition, writing is ultimAtEly AssoCiAtED with EDuCAtion AnD EDu
it is A wiDEly hElD misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh. to mAny pEoplE, writing somEhow sEEms morE CorrECt AnD morE stABlE, whErEAs spEECh CAn BE CArElEss, CorruptED, AnD susCEptiBlE to ChAngE. somE pEoplE EvEn go so FAr As to iDEntiFy lAnguAgE with writing AnD to rEgArD spEECh As A sEConDAry Form oF lAnguAgE usED impErFECtly to ApproximAtE thE iDEAls oF thE writtEn lAnguAgE.
→ onE oF thE BAsiC Assumptions oF moDErn linguistiCs, howEvEr, is thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry. thE most immEDiAtE mAniFEstAtion oF lAnguAgE is spEECh AnD not writing. writing is simply thE rEprEsEntAtion oF spEECh in AnothEr physiCAl mEDium. spokEn lAnguAgE EnCoDEs thought into A physiCAlly trAnsmittABlE Form, whilE writing, in turn, EnCoDEs spokEn lAnguAgE into A physiCAlly prEsErvABlE Form. writing is A two-stAgE proCEss.All units oF writing, whEthEr lEttErs or ChArACtErs, ArE BAsED on units oF spEECh, i.E., worDs, sounDs, or syllABlEs. whEn linguists stuDy lAnguAgE, thEy tAkE thE spokEn lAnguAgE As thEir BEst sourCE oF DAtA AnD thEir oBjECt oF DEsCription (ExCEpt in instAnCEs oF lAnguAgEs likE lAtin For whiCh thErE ArE no longEr Any spEAkErs).
thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons For mAintAining thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry.
→ sEConD, writing DoEs not Exist EvErywhErE thAt spokEn lAnguAgE Exists. this sEEms hArD to imAginE in our highly litErAtE soCiEty, But thE FACt is thAt thErE ArE still mAny CommunitiEs in thE worlD whErE A writtEn Form oF lAnguAgE is not usED, AnD EvEn in thosE CulturEs using A writing systEm, thErE ArE inDiviDuAls who FAil to lEArn thE writtEn Form oF thEir lAnguAgE. in FACt, thE mAjority oF thEEArth’s inhABitAnts ArE illitErAtE, though quitE CApABlE oF spokEn CommuniCAtion. howEvEr, no soCiEty usEs only A writtEn lAnguAgE with no spokEn Form.
thirD, writing must BE tAught, whErEAs spokEn lAnguAgE is ACquirED AutomAtiCAlly.All ChilDrEn, ExCEpt ChilDrEn with sErious lEArning DisABilitiEs, nAturAlly lEArn to spEAk thE lAnguAgE oF thE Community in whiCh thEy ArE Brought up. thEy ACquirE thE BAsiCs oF thEir nAtivE lAnguAgE BEForE thEy EntEr sChool, AnD EvEn iF thEy nEvEr AttEnD sChool, thEy BEComE Fully CompEtEnt spEAkErs. writing systEms vAry in ComplExity, But rEgArDlEss oF thEir lEvEl oF sophistiCAtion, thEy must All BE tAught.
FinAlly, nEurolinguistiC EviDEnCE (stuDiEs oF thE BrAin in ACtion During lAnguAgE usE) DEmonstrAtEs thAt thE proCEssing AnD proDuCtion oF writtEn lAnguAgE is ovErlAiD on thE spokEn lAnguAgE CEntErs in thE BrAin. spokEn lAnguAgE involvEs sEvErAl DistinCt ArEAs oF thE BrAin; writing usEs thEsE ArEAs AnD othErs As wEll.
→ so whAt givEs risE to thE misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons. For onE thing, thE proDuCt oF writing is usuAlly morE Aptly worDED AnD BEttEr orgAnizED, ContAining FEwEr Errors, hEsitAtions, AnD inComplEtE sEntEnCEs thAn ArE FounD in spEECh. this pErFECtion oF writing CAn BE ExplAinED By thE FACt thAt writing is thE rEsult oF DEliBErAtion, CorrECtion, AnD rEvision, whilE spEECh is thE spontAnEous AnD simultAnEous FormulAtion oF iDEAs; writing is thErEForE lEss suBjECt to thE ConstrAint oF timE thAn spEECh is. in ADDition, writing is ultimAtEly AssoCiAtED with EDuCAtion AnD EDu
【单选题】 The passage mainly discusses ancient Greek pottery and its
A．( production techniques
B．( similarity to other crafts
C．( unusual materials
D．( resemblance to earlier pottery
A．( production techniques
B．( similarity to other crafts
C．( unusual materials
D．( resemblance to earlier pottery
【单选题】 The ancient Egyptian water clock required sophisticated calibration, since water dripped faster from its bowl when — and the pressure was greater.
A．( the full bowl
B．( was the bowl full
C．( bowl full
D．( the bowl was full
A．( the full bowl
B．( was the bowl full
C．( bowl full
D．( the bowl was full
【单选题】 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that a glacier
A．(can revert to a fluffy mass
B．(maintains the same shape throuthout the glacial process
C．(is too cold to be thoroughly studied
D．(can contribute water to lakes, rivers, or oceans
A．(can revert to a fluffy mass
B．(maintains the same shape throuthout the glacial process
C．(is too cold to be thoroughly studied
D．(can contribute water to lakes, rivers, or oceans
【单选题】 All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820's and 1830's EXCEPT
A．(an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs
B．(an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers
C．(a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production
D．(a decrease in the price of shoes
A．(an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs
B．(an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers
C．(a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production
D．(a decrease in the price of shoes
【单选题】swimming mAChinEs
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs (mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish) swim Continuously. FEEDing, Courtship, rEproDuCtion, AnD EvEn "rEst" ArE CArriED out whilE in ConstAnt motion.As A rEsult, prACtiCAlly EvEry AspECt oF thE BoDy Form AnD FunCtion oF thEsE swimming "mAChinEs" is ADAptED to EnhAnCE thEr ABility to swim.
mAny oF thE ADAptAtions oF thEsE FishEs sErvE to rEDuCE wAtEr rEsistAnCE (DrAg). intErEstingly Enough, sEvErAl oF thEsE hyDroDynAmiC ADAptAtions rEsEmBlE FEAturEs DEsignED to improvE thE AEroDynAmiCs oF high-spEED wArCrAFt. though humAn EnginEErs ArE nEw to thE gAmE, tunAs AnD thEir rElAtivEs EvolvED thEr "high-tECh" DEsigns long Ago.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE mADE strEAmlining into An Art For thEir BoDiEs ArE slEEk AnD CompACt. thE BoDy shApEs oF tunAs, in FACt, ArE nEArly iDEAl From An EnginEEring point oF viEw. most spECiEs lACk sCAlEs ovEr most oF thE BoDy, mAking it smooth AnD slippEry. thE EyEs liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not protruDE At All. thEy ArE Also CovErED with A sliCk, trAnspArEnt liD thAt rEDuCEs DrAg. thE Fins ArE stiFF, smooth, AnD nArrow, quAlitiEs thAt Also hElp Cut DrAg. whEn not in usE, thE Fins ArE tuCkED into spECiAl groovEs or DEprEssions so thAt thEy liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not BrEAkup its smooth Contours. AirplAnEs rEtrACt thEir lAnDing gEAr whilE in Flight For thE sAmE rEAson.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE EvEn morE sophistiCAtED ADAptAtions thAn thEsE to improvE thEir hyDroDynAmiCs. thE long Bill oF mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish proBABly hElps thEm slip through thE wAtEr. mAny supErsoniC AirCrAFt hAvE A similAr nEEDlE At thE nosE.
most tunAs AnD BillFishEs hAvE A sEriEs oF kEEls AnD FinlEt nEAr thE tAil.Although most oF thEir sCAlEs hAvE BEEn lost, tunAs AnD mACkErEls rEtAin A pAtCh oF CoArsE sCAlEs nEAr thE hEAD CAllED thE CorsElEt. thE kEEls, FinlEt, AnD CorsElEt hElp DirECt thE Flow oF wAtEr ovEr thE BoDy surFACE in suCh As wAy As to rEDuCE rEsistAnCE (sEE thE FigurE).AgAin, supErsoniC jEts hAvE similAr FEAturEs.
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BECAusE thEy ArE AlwAys swimming, tunAs simply hAvE to opEn thEir mouths AnD wAtEr is ForCED in AnD ovEr thEir gills.
![]()
ACCorDingly, thEy hAvE lost most oF thE musClEs thAt othEr FishEs usE to suCk in wAtEr AnD push it pAst thE gills.
![]()
in FACt, tunAs must swim to BrEAthE.
![]()
thEy must Also kEEp swimming to kEEp From sinking, sinCE most hAvE lArgEly or ComplEtEly lost thE swim BlADDEr, thE gAs FillED sAC thAt hElps most othEr Fish rEmAin BuoyAnt.
onE potEntiAl proBlEm is thAt opEning thE mouth to BrEAthE DEtrACts From thE strEAmlining oF thEsE FishEs AnD tEnDs to slow thEm Down. somE spECiEs oF tunA hAvE spECiAlizED groovEs in thEir tonguE. it is thought thAt thEsE groovEs hElp to ChAnnEl wAtEr through thE mouth AnD out thE gilt slits, thErEBy rEDuCing wAtEr rEsistAnCE.
thErE ArE ADAptAtions thAt inCrEAsE thE Amount oF ForwArD thrust As wEll As thosE thAt rEDuCE DrAg.AgAin, thEsE FishEs ArE thE Envy oF EnginEErs. thErE high, nArrow tAils with swEpt-BACk tips ArE Almost pErFECtly ADAptED to proviDE propulsion with thE lEAst possiBlE EFFort. pErhAps most importAnt oF All to thEsE AnD othEr FAst swimmErs is thEir ABility to sEnsE AnD mAkE usE oF swirls AnD EDDiEs (CirCulAr CurrEnts) in thE wAtEr. thEy CAn gliDE pAst EDDiEs thAt woulD slow thEm Down AnD thEn gAin ExtrA thrust By "pushing oFF" thE EDDiEs. sCiEntists AnD EnginEErs ArE BEginning to stuDy this ABility oF FishEs in thE hopE oF DEsigning morE EFFiCiEnt propulsion systEms For ships.
thE musClEs oF thEsE FishEs AnD thE mEChAnism thAt mAintAins A wArm BoDy
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs (mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish) swim Continuously. FEEDing, Courtship, rEproDuCtion, AnD EvEn "rEst" ArE CArriED out whilE in ConstAnt motion.As A rEsult, prACtiCAlly EvEry AspECt oF thE BoDy Form AnD FunCtion oF thEsE swimming "mAChinEs" is ADAptED to EnhAnCE thEr ABility to swim.
mAny oF thE ADAptAtions oF thEsE FishEs sErvE to rEDuCE wAtEr rEsistAnCE (DrAg). intErEstingly Enough, sEvErAl oF thEsE hyDroDynAmiC ADAptAtions rEsEmBlE FEAturEs DEsignED to improvE thE AEroDynAmiCs oF high-spEED wArCrAFt. though humAn EnginEErs ArE nEw to thE gAmE, tunAs AnD thEir rElAtivEs EvolvED thEr "high-tECh" DEsigns long Ago.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE mADE strEAmlining into An Art For thEir BoDiEs ArE slEEk AnD CompACt. thE BoDy shApEs oF tunAs, in FACt, ArE nEArly iDEAl From An EnginEEring point oF viEw. most spECiEs lACk sCAlEs ovEr most oF thE BoDy, mAking it smooth AnD slippEry. thE EyEs liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not protruDE At All. thEy ArE Also CovErED with A sliCk, trAnspArEnt liD thAt rEDuCEs DrAg. thE Fins ArE stiFF, smooth, AnD nArrow, quAlitiEs thAt Also hElp Cut DrAg. whEn not in usE, thE Fins ArE tuCkED into spECiAl groovEs or DEprEssions so thAt thEy liE Flush with thE BoDy AnD Do not BrEAkup its smooth Contours. AirplAnEs rEtrACt thEir lAnDing gEAr whilE in Flight For thE sAmE rEAson.
tunAs, mACkErEls, AnD BillFishEs hAvE EvEn morE sophistiCAtED ADAptAtions thAn thEsE to improvE thEir hyDroDynAmiCs. thE long Bill oF mArlins, sAilFishEs, AnD sworDFish proBABly hElps thEm slip through thE wAtEr. mAny supErsoniC AirCrAFt hAvE A similAr nEEDlE At thE nosE.
most tunAs AnD BillFishEs hAvE A sEriEs oF kEEls AnD FinlEt nEAr thE tAil.Although most oF thEir sCAlEs hAvE BEEn lost, tunAs AnD mACkErEls rEtAin A pAtCh oF CoArsE sCAlEs nEAr thE hEAD CAllED thE CorsElEt. thE kEEls, FinlEt, AnD CorsElEt hElp DirECt thE Flow oF wAtEr ovEr thE BoDy surFACE in suCh As wAy As to rEDuCE rEsistAnCE (sEE thE FigurE).AgAin, supErsoniC jEts hAvE similAr FEAturEs.
onE potEntiAl proBlEm is thAt opEning thE mouth to BrEAthE DEtrACts From thE strEAmlining oF thEsE FishEs AnD tEnDs to slow thEm Down. somE spECiEs oF tunA hAvE spECiAlizED groovEs in thEir tonguE. it is thought thAt thEsE groovEs hElp to ChAnnEl wAtEr through thE mouth AnD out thE gilt slits, thErEBy rEDuCing wAtEr rEsistAnCE.
thErE ArE ADAptAtions thAt inCrEAsE thE Amount oF ForwArD thrust As wEll As thosE thAt rEDuCE DrAg.AgAin, thEsE FishEs ArE thE Envy oF EnginEErs. thErE high, nArrow tAils with swEpt-BACk tips ArE Almost pErFECtly ADAptED to proviDE propulsion with thE lEAst possiBlE EFFort. pErhAps most importAnt oF All to thEsE AnD othEr FAst swimmErs is thEir ABility to sEnsE AnD mAkE usE oF swirls AnD EDDiEs (CirCulAr CurrEnts) in thE wAtEr. thEy CAn gliDE pAst EDDiEs thAt woulD slow thEm Down AnD thEn gAin ExtrA thrust By "pushing oFF" thE EDDiEs. sCiEntists AnD EnginEErs ArE BEginning to stuDy this ABility oF FishEs in thE hopE oF DEsigning morE EFFiCiEnt propulsion systEms For ships.
thE musClEs oF thEsE FishEs AnD thE mEChAnism thAt mAintAins A wArm BoDy
【单选题】 (Cameras) of one type or (another) have been (using) for more than (A) hundred years.
A．Cameras
B．another
C．using
D．A
A．Cameras
B．another
C．using
D．A
【多选题】 The heart, a rhythmically contracting muscle, is------- of the cardiovascular system.
A．the major organ
B．the organ is major
C．the organ that is major
D． how the major organ
A．the major organ
B．the organ is major
C．the organ that is major
D． how the major organ
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