【单选题】 All the major cities of the United States, （）_ the cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, began as centers of trade.
A. and to include
B. which including
C. included
D. including
A. and to include
B. which including
C. included
D. including
【多选题】sAn FrAnCisCo: itsContEmporAry issuEs
FAmous For its BEAutiFul sEtting, sAn FrAnCisCo is Built on A sEriEs oF stEEp hills loCAtED on thE northErn tip oF A pEninsulA At thE EntrAnCE to sAn FrAnCisCoBAy. thE BAy AnD its ExtEnsions, whiCh inCluDE sAn pABloBAy AnD suisunBAy, ConstitutE onE oF thE grEAt nAturAl hArBors oF thE worlD, EmBrACing nEArly 1,200 sq km (morE thAn 450 sq mi) oF wAtEr.BECAusE oF this, sAn FrAnCisCo wAs onCE thE mAjor pACiFiCCoAst sEAport oF thE unitED stAtEs. toDAy thE City is An importAnt CEntEr For FinAnCE, tEChnology, tourism, AnD CulturE. thE City wAs nAmED AFtEr sAn FrAnCisCoBAy, whiCh in turn wAs nAmED For sAint FrAnCis oFAssisi By EArly spAnish ExplorErs.
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thE pEoplE oF sAn FrAnCisCo CAn tAkE priDE in thEir City’s ACComplishmEnts.
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sAn FrAnCisCAns, AnD in somE CAsEs thEir CountErpArts in thEBAyArEA, hAvE suCCEssFully unDErtAkEn mAmmoth ConstruCtion projECts suCh As thE sAn FrAnCisCo-oAklAnDBAyBriDgE, thE golDEn gAtEBriDgE, AnD thEBAyArEA rApiD trAnsit systEm.
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sinCE At lEAst thE 1950s, sAn FrAnCisCAns hAvE Also EArnED A rEputAtion For tolErAnCE oF AnD rEspECt For DivErsity.
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During thE lAtE 1990s thE grEAtEst proBlEm in sAn FrAnCisCo’s inFrAstruCturE wAs thE muniCipAl rAilwAy. proportionAtEly morE sAn FrAnCisCAns rEly on puBliC trAnsportAtion thAn Do thE pEoplE in Any othErCAliForniA City, But riDErs ComplAinED oF sErious DElAys AnD ovErCrowDing. somE improvEmEnts wErE unDErwAy By 1999, AnD in thAt yEAr City votErs Also ApprovED mAjor ChAngEs in thE orgAnizAtionAl struCturE oF thE City’s trAnsportAtion DEpArtmEnts.
thE most sErious soCiAl proBlEms FACing thE City ArE not uniquE to sAn FrAnCisCo, But somE hAvE tAkEn on grEAtEr DimEnsions in thE City thAn thEy hAvE ElsEwhErE. onE suCh proBlEm is homElEssnEss.During thE ADministrAtion oF mAyorArtAgnos From 1988 to 1992, thE plAzA in Front oF City hAll BECAmE An EnCAmpmEnt For homElEss pEoplE, rEnDEring othEr usE impossiBlE AnD rAising puBliC hEAlth ConCErns.Agnos’s politiCAl opponEnts DuBBED it "CAmpAgnos" AnD thE situAtion ContriButED toAgnos’s DEFEAt in 1991. thE proBlEm oF homElEssnEss pErsists DEspitE thE EFForts oF City AgEnCiEs AnD privAtE ChAritiEs to proviDE shEltEr, hEAlth CArE, AnD Drug, AlCohol, AnD mEntAl hEAlth trEAtmEnt. in thE miD AnD lAtE 1990s mAyors FrAnk jorDAn AnD williEBrown Both sought to DisCourAgE homElEss pEoplE From living in puBliC spACE in thE Downtown ArEA AnD, inBrown’s CAsE, in golDEn gAtE pArk. howEvEr, rEsiDEnts oF othEr ArEAs ComplAinED thAt BECAusE oF thEsE projECts, thE DisplACED homElEss hAD movED into thEir nEighBorhooDs.
in othEr ArEAs thE City hAs mADE somE progrEss towArD ADDrEssing soCiAl proBlEms.As wAs truE ACross muCh oF thE nAtion, thE CrimE rAtE in sAn FrAnCisCo DroppED in thE 1990s, As DiD thE rAtE oF Drug-rElAtED violEnCE. in ADDition, somE puBliC homing projECts in sAn FrAnCisCo thAt wErE EspECiAlly pronE to violEnCE AnD Drug-rElAtED ACtivity wErE rAzED AnD rEBuilt with DEsigns ConsiDErED lEss likEly to EnCourAgE thosE ACtivitiEs. othEr puBliC homing projECts rECEivED stEppED up sECurity pAtrols.
somE soCiAl CritiCs hAvE pointED to An inCrEAsing EConomiC AnD soCiAl polArizAtion oF sAn FrAnCisCo’s populAtion. thosE who work in FinAnCE or high-tECh FiElDs ArE inCrEAsingly AFFluEnt, pushing rEnts AnD homE priCEs to Among thE highEst lEvEls in thE nAtion.At thE sAmE timE, pEoplE who lABor in thE sErviCE sECtor oFtEn work For thE minimum wAgE, CAnnot shArE thE AFFluEnt liFEstylEs ArounD thEm, AnD ArE hArD-prEssED to AFForD rising rEnts. thE DisAppEArAnCE oF mAny unionizED joBs in mAnuFACturing AnD
FAmous For its BEAutiFul sEtting, sAn FrAnCisCo is Built on A sEriEs oF stEEp hills loCAtED on thE northErn tip oF A pEninsulA At thE EntrAnCE to sAn FrAnCisCoBAy. thE BAy AnD its ExtEnsions, whiCh inCluDE sAn pABloBAy AnD suisunBAy, ConstitutE onE oF thE grEAt nAturAl hArBors oF thE worlD, EmBrACing nEArly 1,200 sq km (morE thAn 450 sq mi) oF wAtEr.BECAusE oF this, sAn FrAnCisCo wAs onCE thE mAjor pACiFiCCoAst sEAport oF thE unitED stAtEs. toDAy thE City is An importAnt CEntEr For FinAnCE, tEChnology, tourism, AnD CulturE. thE City wAs nAmED AFtEr sAn FrAnCisCoBAy, whiCh in turn wAs nAmED For sAint FrAnCis oFAssisi By EArly spAnish ExplorErs.
During thE lAtE 1990s thE grEAtEst proBlEm in sAn FrAnCisCo’s inFrAstruCturE wAs thE muniCipAl rAilwAy. proportionAtEly morE sAn FrAnCisCAns rEly on puBliC trAnsportAtion thAn Do thE pEoplE in Any othErCAliForniA City, But riDErs ComplAinED oF sErious DElAys AnD ovErCrowDing. somE improvEmEnts wErE unDErwAy By 1999, AnD in thAt yEAr City votErs Also ApprovED mAjor ChAngEs in thE orgAnizAtionAl struCturE oF thE City’s trAnsportAtion DEpArtmEnts.
thE most sErious soCiAl proBlEms FACing thE City ArE not uniquE to sAn FrAnCisCo, But somE hAvE tAkEn on grEAtEr DimEnsions in thE City thAn thEy hAvE ElsEwhErE. onE suCh proBlEm is homElEssnEss.During thE ADministrAtion oF mAyorArtAgnos From 1988 to 1992, thE plAzA in Front oF City hAll BECAmE An EnCAmpmEnt For homElEss pEoplE, rEnDEring othEr usE impossiBlE AnD rAising puBliC hEAlth ConCErns.Agnos’s politiCAl opponEnts DuBBED it "CAmpAgnos" AnD thE situAtion ContriButED toAgnos’s DEFEAt in 1991. thE proBlEm oF homElEssnEss pErsists DEspitE thE EFForts oF City AgEnCiEs AnD privAtE ChAritiEs to proviDE shEltEr, hEAlth CArE, AnD Drug, AlCohol, AnD mEntAl hEAlth trEAtmEnt. in thE miD AnD lAtE 1990s mAyors FrAnk jorDAn AnD williEBrown Both sought to DisCourAgE homElEss pEoplE From living in puBliC spACE in thE Downtown ArEA AnD, inBrown’s CAsE, in golDEn gAtE pArk. howEvEr, rEsiDEnts oF othEr ArEAs ComplAinED thAt BECAusE oF thEsE projECts, thE DisplACED homElEss hAD movED into thEir nEighBorhooDs.
in othEr ArEAs thE City hAs mADE somE progrEss towArD ADDrEssing soCiAl proBlEms.As wAs truE ACross muCh oF thE nAtion, thE CrimE rAtE in sAn FrAnCisCo DroppED in thE 1990s, As DiD thE rAtE oF Drug-rElAtED violEnCE. in ADDition, somE puBliC homing projECts in sAn FrAnCisCo thAt wErE EspECiAlly pronE to violEnCE AnD Drug-rElAtED ACtivity wErE rAzED AnD rEBuilt with DEsigns ConsiDErED lEss likEly to EnCourAgE thosE ACtivitiEs. othEr puBliC homing projECts rECEivED stEppED up sECurity pAtrols.
somE soCiAl CritiCs hAvE pointED to An inCrEAsing EConomiC AnD soCiAl polArizAtion oF sAn FrAnCisCo’s populAtion. thosE who work in FinAnCE or high-tECh FiElDs ArE inCrEAsingly AFFluEnt, pushing rEnts AnD homE priCEs to Among thE highEst lEvEls in thE nAtion.At thE sAmE timE, pEoplE who lABor in thE sErviCE sECtor oFtEn work For thE minimum wAgE, CAnnot shArE thE AFFluEnt liFEstylEs ArounD thEm, AnD ArE hArD-prEssED to AFForD rising rEnts. thE DisAppEArAnCE oF mAny unionizED joBs in mAnuFACturing AnD
【单选题】proBABly not spEECh oF so FEw worDs hAs EvEr BEEn As CElEBrAtED As linColn’s gEttysBurg ADDrEss.
【单选题】gEothErmAlEnErgy
gEothErmAl EnErgy is nAturAl hEAt From thE intErior oF thEEArth thAt is ConvErtED to hEAt BuilDings AnD gEnErAtE ElECtriCity. thE iDEA oF hArnEssingEArth’s intErnAl hEAt is not nEw.As EArly As 1904, gEothErmAl powEr wAs usED in itAly. toDAy,EArth’s nAturAl intErnAl hEAt is BEing usED to gEnErAtE ElECtriCity in 21 CountriEs, inCluDing russiA, jApAn, nEw zEAlAnD, iCElAnD, mExiCo,EthiopiA, guAtEmAlA,E1 sAlvADor, thE philippinEs, AnD thE unitED stAtEs. totAl worlDwiDE proDuCtion is ApproAChing 9,000 mw (EquivAlEnt to ninE lArgE moDErn CoAl-Burning or nuClEAr powEr plAnts)--DouBlE thE Amount in 1980. somE 40 million pEoplE toDAy rECEivE thEir ElECtriCity From gEothErmAl EnErgy At A Cost CompEtitivE with thAt oF othEr EnErgy sourCEs. inE1 sAlvADor, gEothErmAl EnErgy is supplying 30% oF thE totAl ElECtriC EnErgy usED、howEvEr, At thE gloBAl lEvEl, gEothErmAl EnErgy suppliEs lEss thAn 0.15% oF thE totAl EnErgy supply.
gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy BE ConsiDErED A nonrEnEwABlE EnErgy sourCE whEn rAtEs oF ExtrACtion ArE grEAtEr thAn rAtEs oF nAturAl rEplEnishmEnt. howEvEr, gEothErrnAl EnErgy hAs its origin in thE nAturAl hEAt proDuCtion withinEArth, AnD only A smAll FrACtion oF thE vAst totAl rEsourCE BAsE is BEing utilizED toDAy. Although most gEothErmAl EnErgy proDuCtion involvEs thE tApping oF high hEAt sourCEs, pEoplE ArE Also using thE low-tEmpErAturE gEothErmAl EnErgy oF grounDwAtEr in somE AppliCAtions.
gEothErmAl systEms
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thE AvErAgE hEAt Flow From thE intErior oF thEEArth is vEry low, ABout 0.06 w/m2.
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this Amount is triviAl CompArED with thE 177 w/m2 From solAr hEAt At thE surFACE in thE unitED stAtEs. howEvEr, in somE ArEAs, hEAt Flow is suFFiCiEntly high to BE usEFul For proDuCing EnErgy. For thE most pArt, ArEAs oF high hEAt Flow ArE AssoCiAtED with plAtE tECtoniC BounDAriEs. oCEAniC riDgE systEms (DivErgEnt plAtE BounDAriEs) AnD ArEAs whErE mountAins ArE BEing upliFtED AnD volCAniC islAnD ArCs ArE Forming (ConvErgEnt plAtE BounDAriEs ArE ArEAs whErE this nAturAl hEAt Flow is AnomAlously high.
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on thE BAsis oF gEologiCAl CritEriA, sEvErAl typEs oF hot gEothErmAl systEms (with tEmpErAturEs grEAtEr thAn ABout 80℃, or 176℉) hAvE BEEn DEFinED, AnD thE rEsourCE BAsE is lArgEr thAn thAt oF Fossil FuEls AnD nuClEAr EnErgy ComBinED、A、Common systEm For EnErgy DEvElopmEnt is hyDrothErmAl ConvECtion, ChArACtErizED By thE CirCulAtion oF stEAm AnD/or hot wAtEr thAt trAnsFErs hEAt From DEpths to thE surFACE.
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gEothErmAlEnErgy AnD thEEnvironmEnt
thE EnvironmEntAl impACt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy not BE As ExtEnsivE As thAt oF othEr sourCEs oF EnErgy, But it CAn BE ConsiDErABlE. whEn gEothErmAl EnErgy is DEvElopED At A pArtiCulAr sitE, EnvironmEntAl proBlEms inCluDE on-sitE noisE, Emissions oF gAs, AnD DisturBAnCE oF thE lAnD At Drilling sitEs, DisposAl sitEs, roADs AnD pipElinEs, AnD powEr plAnts.DEvElopmEnt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not rEquirE lArgE-sCAlE trAnsportAtion oF rAw mAtEriAls or rEFining oF ChEmiCAls, As DEvElopmEnt oF Fossil FuEls DoEs. FurthErmorE, gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not proDuCE thE AtmosphEriC pollutAnts AssoCiAtED with Burning Fossil FuEls or thE rADioACtivE wAstE AssoCiAtED with nuClEAr EnErgy. howEvEr, gEothErmAl DEvElopmEnt oFtEn DoEs proDuCE ConsiDErABlE thErmAl pollution From hot wAstE-wAtEr, whiCh mAy BE sAlinE or highly CorrosivE, proDuCing DisposAl AnD trEAtmEnt proBlEms.
gEothErmAl powEr is not vEry populAr in somE loCAtions Among somE pEoplE. For instAnCE, gEothErmAl EnErgy hAs BEEn proDuCED For yEArs on thE islAnD oF hAwAii, whErE ACtivE volCAniC
gEothErmAl EnErgy is nAturAl hEAt From thE intErior oF thEEArth thAt is ConvErtED to hEAt BuilDings AnD gEnErAtE ElECtriCity. thE iDEA oF hArnEssingEArth’s intErnAl hEAt is not nEw.As EArly As 1904, gEothErmAl powEr wAs usED in itAly. toDAy,EArth’s nAturAl intErnAl hEAt is BEing usED to gEnErAtE ElECtriCity in 21 CountriEs, inCluDing russiA, jApAn, nEw zEAlAnD, iCElAnD, mExiCo,EthiopiA, guAtEmAlA,E1 sAlvADor, thE philippinEs, AnD thE unitED stAtEs. totAl worlDwiDE proDuCtion is ApproAChing 9,000 mw (EquivAlEnt to ninE lArgE moDErn CoAl-Burning or nuClEAr powEr plAnts)--DouBlE thE Amount in 1980. somE 40 million pEoplE toDAy rECEivE thEir ElECtriCity From gEothErmAl EnErgy At A Cost CompEtitivE with thAt oF othEr EnErgy sourCEs. inE1 sAlvADor, gEothErmAl EnErgy is supplying 30% oF thE totAl ElECtriC EnErgy usED、howEvEr, At thE gloBAl lEvEl, gEothErmAl EnErgy suppliEs lEss thAn 0.15% oF thE totAl EnErgy supply.
gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy BE ConsiDErED A nonrEnEwABlE EnErgy sourCE whEn rAtEs oF ExtrACtion ArE grEAtEr thAn rAtEs oF nAturAl rEplEnishmEnt. howEvEr, gEothErrnAl EnErgy hAs its origin in thE nAturAl hEAt proDuCtion withinEArth, AnD only A smAll FrACtion oF thE vAst totAl rEsourCE BAsE is BEing utilizED toDAy. Although most gEothErmAl EnErgy proDuCtion involvEs thE tApping oF high hEAt sourCEs, pEoplE ArE Also using thE low-tEmpErAturE gEothErmAl EnErgy oF grounDwAtEr in somE AppliCAtions.
gEothErmAl systEms
on thE BAsis oF gEologiCAl CritEriA, sEvErAl typEs oF hot gEothErmAl systEms (with tEmpErAturEs grEAtEr thAn ABout 80℃, or 176℉) hAvE BEEn DEFinED, AnD thE rEsourCE BAsE is lArgEr thAn thAt oF Fossil FuEls AnD nuClEAr EnErgy ComBinED、A、Common systEm For EnErgy DEvElopmEnt is hyDrothErmAl ConvECtion, ChArACtErizED By thE CirCulAtion oF stEAm AnD/or hot wAtEr thAt trAnsFErs hEAt From DEpths to thE surFACE.
gEothErmAlEnErgy AnD thEEnvironmEnt
thE EnvironmEntAl impACt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy not BE As ExtEnsivE As thAt oF othEr sourCEs oF EnErgy, But it CAn BE ConsiDErABlE. whEn gEothErmAl EnErgy is DEvElopED At A pArtiCulAr sitE, EnvironmEntAl proBlEms inCluDE on-sitE noisE, Emissions oF gAs, AnD DisturBAnCE oF thE lAnD At Drilling sitEs, DisposAl sitEs, roADs AnD pipElinEs, AnD powEr plAnts.DEvElopmEnt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not rEquirE lArgE-sCAlE trAnsportAtion oF rAw mAtEriAls or rEFining oF ChEmiCAls, As DEvElopmEnt oF Fossil FuEls DoEs. FurthErmorE, gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not proDuCE thE AtmosphEriC pollutAnts AssoCiAtED with Burning Fossil FuEls or thE rADioACtivE wAstE AssoCiAtED with nuClEAr EnErgy. howEvEr, gEothErmAl DEvElopmEnt oFtEn DoEs proDuCE ConsiDErABlE thErmAl pollution From hot wAstE-wAtEr, whiCh mAy BE sAlinE or highly CorrosivE, proDuCing DisposAl AnD trEAtmEnt proBlEms.
gEothErmAl powEr is not vEry populAr in somE loCAtions Among somE pEoplE. For instAnCE, gEothErmAl EnErgy hAs BEEn proDuCED For yEArs on thE islAnD oF hAwAii, whErE ACtivE volCAniC
【单选题】looking At thEAtrE history
onE oF thE primAry wAys oF ApproAChing thE grEEk thEAtrE is through ArChEology, thE systEmAtiC stuDy oF mAtEriAl rEmAins suCh As ArChitECturE, insCriptions, sCulpturE, vAsE pAinting, AnD othEr Forms oF DECorAtivE Art.
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sErious on-sitE ExCAvAtions BEgAn in grEECE ArounD 1870, But w.D6rpFElD DiD not BEgin thE First ExtEnsivE stuDy oF thE thEAtrE oFDionysus until 1886.
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sinCE thAt timE, morE thAn 167 othEr grEEk thEAtrEs hAvE BEEn iDEntiFiED AnD mAny oF thEm hAvE BEEn ExCAvAtED、
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nEvErthElEss, thEy still Do not pErmit us to DEsCriBE thE prECisE AppEArAnCE oF thE skEnE (illustrAtions printED in Books ArE ConjECturAl rEConstruCtions), sinCE mAny piECEs ArE irrEvoCABly lost BECAusE thE BuilDings in lAtEr pErioDs BECAmE sourCEs oF stonE For othEr projECts AnD whAt rEmAins is usuAlly BrokEn AnD sCAttErED、
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thAt most oF thE BuilDings wErE rEmoDElED mAny timEs hAs CrEAtED grEAt proBlEms For thosE sEEking to DAtE Both thE pArts AnD thE suCCEssivE vErsions.DEspitE thEsE DrAwBACks, ArChEology proviDEs thE most ConCrEtE EviDEnCE wE hAvE ABout thE thEAtrE struCturEs oF AnCiEnt grEECE.But, iF thEy hAvE tolD us muCh, ArChEologists hAvE not ComplEtED thEir work, AnD mAny sitEs hAvE sCArCEly BEEn touChED、
pErhAps thE most ControvErsiAl usE oF ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE in thEAtrE history is vAsE pAintings, thousAnDs oF whiCh hAvE survivED From AnCiEnt grEECE. (most oF thosE usED By thEAtrE sCholArs ArE rEproDuCED in mArgArEtEBiEBEr’s "thE history oF thE grEEk AnD romAn thEAtrE". )DEpiCting sCEnEs From mythology AnD DAily liFE, thE vAsEs ArE thE most grAphiC piCtoriAl EviDEnCE wE hAvE, But thEy ArE Also EAsy to misintErprEt. somE sCholArs hAvE ConsiDErED Any vAsE thAt DEpiCts A suBjECt trEAtED in A surviving DrAmA or Any sCEnE showing mAsks, FlutE plAyErs, or CErEmoniAls to BE vAliD EviDEnCE oF thEAtriCAl prACtiCE. this is A highly quEstionABlE Assumption, sinCE thE grEEks mADE wiDEsprEAD usE oF mAsks, DAnCEs, AnD musiC outsiDE thE thEAtrE AnD sinCE thE myths on whiCh DrAmAtists DrEw wErE known to EvEryonE, inCluDing vAsE pAintErs, who might wEll DEpiCt thE sAmE suBjECts As DrAmAtists without BEing inDEBtED to thEm. thosE vAsEs showing sCEnEs unquEstionABly thEAtriCAl ArE FEw in numBEr.
writtEn EviDEnCE ABout AnCiEnt grEEk thEAtrE is oFtEn trEAtED As lEss rEliABlE thAn ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE BECAusE most writtEn ACCounts ArE sEpArAtED so FAr in timE From thE EvEnts thEy DEsCriBE AnD BECAusE thEy proviDE no inFormAtion ABout thEir own sourCEs. oF thE writtEn EviDEnCE, thE surviving plAys ArE usuAlly trEAtED As thE most rEliABlE.But thE olDEst surviving mAnusCripts oF grEEk plAys DAtE From ArounD thE tEnth CEntury,C、E、, somE 1500 yEArs AFtEr thEy wErE First pErFormED、sinCE printing DiD not Exist During this timE spAn, CopiEs oF plAys hAD to BE mADE By hAnD, AnD thErEForE thE possiBility oF tExtuAl Errors CrEEping in wAs mAgniFiED、nEvErthElEss, thE sCripts oFFEr us our rEADiEst ACCEss to thE CulturAl AnD thEAtriCAl ConDitions out oF whiCh thEy CAmE.But thEsE sCripts, likE othEr kinDs oF EviDEnCE, ArE suBjECt to vArying intErprEtAtions.CErtAinly pErFormAnCEs EmBoDiED A mAlE pErspECtivE, For ExAmplE, sinCE thE plAys wErE writtEn, sElECtED, stAgED, AnD ACtED By mEn. yEt thE Existing plAys FEAturE numErous ChorusEs oF womEn AnD mAny FEAturE strong FEmAlE ChArACtErs.BECAusE thEsE ChArACtErs oFtEn sEEm viCtims oF thEir own powErlEssnEss AnD AppEAr to BE govErnED, EspECiAlly in thE ComEDiEs, By sExuAl DEsirE, somE CritiCs hAvE sEEn thEsE plAys As rAtionAlizAtions By thE mAlE-DominAtED CulturE For kEEping womEn sEgrEgAtED AnD CloistErED、othEr CritiCs, ho
onE oF thE primAry wAys oF ApproAChing thE grEEk thEAtrE is through ArChEology, thE systEmAtiC stuDy oF mAtEriAl rEmAins suCh As ArChitECturE, insCriptions, sCulpturE, vAsE pAinting, AnD othEr Forms oF DECorAtivE Art.
pErhAps thE most ControvErsiAl usE oF ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE in thEAtrE history is vAsE pAintings, thousAnDs oF whiCh hAvE survivED From AnCiEnt grEECE. (most oF thosE usED By thEAtrE sCholArs ArE rEproDuCED in mArgArEtEBiEBEr’s "thE history oF thE grEEk AnD romAn thEAtrE". )DEpiCting sCEnEs From mythology AnD DAily liFE, thE vAsEs ArE thE most grAphiC piCtoriAl EviDEnCE wE hAvE, But thEy ArE Also EAsy to misintErprEt. somE sCholArs hAvE ConsiDErED Any vAsE thAt DEpiCts A suBjECt trEAtED in A surviving DrAmA or Any sCEnE showing mAsks, FlutE plAyErs, or CErEmoniAls to BE vAliD EviDEnCE oF thEAtriCAl prACtiCE. this is A highly quEstionABlE Assumption, sinCE thE grEEks mADE wiDEsprEAD usE oF mAsks, DAnCEs, AnD musiC outsiDE thE thEAtrE AnD sinCE thE myths on whiCh DrAmAtists DrEw wErE known to EvEryonE, inCluDing vAsE pAintErs, who might wEll DEpiCt thE sAmE suBjECts As DrAmAtists without BEing inDEBtED to thEm. thosE vAsEs showing sCEnEs unquEstionABly thEAtriCAl ArE FEw in numBEr.
writtEn EviDEnCE ABout AnCiEnt grEEk thEAtrE is oFtEn trEAtED As lEss rEliABlE thAn ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE BECAusE most writtEn ACCounts ArE sEpArAtED so FAr in timE From thE EvEnts thEy DEsCriBE AnD BECAusE thEy proviDE no inFormAtion ABout thEir own sourCEs. oF thE writtEn EviDEnCE, thE surviving plAys ArE usuAlly trEAtED As thE most rEliABlE.But thE olDEst surviving mAnusCripts oF grEEk plAys DAtE From ArounD thE tEnth CEntury,C、E、, somE 1500 yEArs AFtEr thEy wErE First pErFormED、sinCE printing DiD not Exist During this timE spAn, CopiEs oF plAys hAD to BE mADE By hAnD, AnD thErEForE thE possiBility oF tExtuAl Errors CrEEping in wAs mAgniFiED、nEvErthElEss, thE sCripts oFFEr us our rEADiEst ACCEss to thE CulturAl AnD thEAtriCAl ConDitions out oF whiCh thEy CAmE.But thEsE sCripts, likE othEr kinDs oF EviDEnCE, ArE suBjECt to vArying intErprEtAtions.CErtAinly pErFormAnCEs EmBoDiED A mAlE pErspECtivE, For ExAmplE, sinCE thE plAys wErE writtEn, sElECtED, stAgED, AnD ACtED By mEn. yEt thE Existing plAys FEAturE numErous ChorusEs oF womEn AnD mAny FEAturE strong FEmAlE ChArACtErs.BECAusE thEsE ChArACtErs oFtEn sEEm viCtims oF thEir own powErlEssnEss AnD AppEAr to BE govErnED, EspECiAlly in thE ComEDiEs, By sExuAl DEsirE, somE CritiCs hAvE sEEn thEsE plAys As rAtionAlizAtions By thE mAlE-DominAtED CulturE For kEEping womEn sEgrEgAtED AnD CloistErED、othEr CritiCs, ho
【单选题】 According to the passage, why is the Lake Wales Ridge valuable
A．( It was originally submerged in the ocean
B．( It is less than ten miles wide
C．( It is located near the seashore
D．( It has ecosystems that have long remained unchanged
A．( It was originally submerged in the ocean
B．( It is less than ten miles wide
C．( It is located near the seashore
D．( It has ecosystems that have long remained unchanged
【单选题】 Not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—as a unified science.
A．( did ecology emerge
B．( when ecology emerged
C．( ecology emerged
D．( when did ecology emerge
A．( did ecology emerge
B．( when ecology emerged
C．( ecology emerged
D．( when did ecology emerge
【单选题】 The chief (commercial) source of bromine is ocean water, from (what) the element is extracted by (means of) chemical (replacement) by chlorine.
A．commercial
B．what
C．means of
D．replacement
A．commercial
B．what
C．means of
D．replacement
【单选题】 In films, optical printing (can) be combined with blue-screen photography (for) produce(such) special effects as characters seeming (to fly) through the air.
A．can
B．for
C．such
D．to fly
A．can
B．for
C．such
D．to fly
【单选题】 The word "excavating" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
A．Living
B．digging
C．assembling
D．building
A．Living
B．digging
C．assembling
D．building
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