托福考试

【单选题】 Most fishes and many reptiles have ribs along most of the spine, but in mammals （） only in the chest area. 
A. they are found 
B. finding them 
C. in which they are found 
D. are found 

【单选题】Several men have been responsible for promoting forestry as a profession. Foremost was Gifford Pinchot, the father of the professional forestry in America. He was chief of the Forest Service from 1898 until 1910, working with President Theodore Roosevelt to instigate sound conservation practices in forests. Later he was professor of forestry and founder of the Pinchot School of Forestry at Yale University. Another great forester was Dr. Bernard E. Fernow, the first head of the U.S. Forest Service. He organized the first American school of professional forestry at Cornell University. 
The foresters of today, like Pinchot and Fernow in the past, plan and supervise the growth, protection, and utilization of trees. They make maps of forest areas, estimate the amount of standing timber and future growth, and manage timber sales. They also protect the trees from fire, harmful insects, and disease. Some foresters may be responsible for other duties, ranging from wildlife protection and watershed management to the development and supervision of camps, parks, and grazing lands. Others do research, provide information to forest owners and to the general public, and teach in colleges and universities. 
1.Why does the author compare Pinchot and Fernow to the foresters of today? 
A.To describe different philosophies of forestry management 
B.To show how the field of forestry has changed in 100 years 
C.To argue for the expansion of university forestry programs 
D.To introduce the type of work done by professional foresters 
2.All of the following are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT 
A.what foresters do besides protecting trees 
B.how to select a good school of forestry 
C.people who promoted forestry as a career 
D.management of timber and timber sales 
3. Think about how professors can contribute their wisdom to the public affairs. Write down your contemplations in a essay which have a minimum of 100 words. 

【单选题】 (In) June, 1846, (near) Sacramento, California, a (number) of new settlers rebelled in the Bear Flag Revolt and (proclaiming) California an independent republic.
A．In
B．near
C．number
D．proclaiming

【单选题】 Which of the following is mentioned as a characteristic of the still lifes of James and Sarah Miriam Peale
A．( Simplicity
B．( Symbolism
C．( Smooth texture
D．( Social commentary

【单选题】
A、(vAriAtion) oF ColloDion photogrAphy wAs thE tintypE, (whiCh) CApturED imAgEs on A BlACk (or) DArk Brown mEtAl plAtE (instEAD、From on glAss.
A、vAriAtion
B、whiCh
C、or
D、instEAD

【单选题】 The word "they" in line 23 refers to
A．( Civaldi and Tartini
B．( thinner strings and a higher string tension
C．( small changes
D．( internal structure and fingerboard

【单选题】What does the student mean when he says this
A、He is not sure whether he needs help.
B．He is not sure whether the librarian would help him.
C．He hesitates to bother the librarian.
D．He is not sure whether he can find the information he needs.

【单选题】
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[*] Why does the professor talk about her drive to school this morning
A．To give an example of a safe driving practice
B．To encourage students to tell personal stories
C．To describe the best way to get to campus
D．To lead into the topic of discussion

【单选题】Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue.Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the world’s finest large farming regions. These factors ensured thatChicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity.
Similarly, it can be argued that much of New YorkCity’s importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadephia andBoston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New York’s location at the western end of one of the world’s most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses an easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterlanD、This account does not alone explain New York’s primacy, but it does include several important factors.Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later.
The word "ingenuity" in line 2. is closest in meaning to
A、wealth
B、resourcefulness
C、traditions
D、organization

【单选题】The tern "art deco" has come to encompass three distinct but related design trends of the 1920’s and 1930’s. The first was what is frequently referred to as "zigzag moderne" –the exotically ornamental style of such skyscrapers as theChryslerBuilding in New YorkCity and related structures such as the Paramount Theater in Oakland,California The word "zigzag" alludes to the geometric and stylized ornamentation of zigzags, angular patterns, abstracted plant and animal motifs, sunbursts, astrological imagery, formalized fountains, and related themes that were applied in mosaic relief. and mural form to the exterior and interior of the buildings. Many of these buildings were shaped in the ziggurat form, a design resembling an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower that recedes in progressively smaller stages to the summit, creating a staircase-like effect.
The second manifestation of art deco was the 1930’s streamlined moderne" style—a Futuristic-looking aerodynamic style of rounded corners and horizontal bands known as "speed stripes." In architecture, these elements were frequently accompanied by round windows, extensive use of glass block, and flat rooftops.
The third style, referred to as cither "international stripped classicism," or simply " classical moderne," also came to the forefront during theDepression, a period of severe economic difficult in the 1930’s. This was amore conservative style, blending a simplified modernistic style with a more austere form of geometric and stylized relief sculpture and other ornament, including interior murals. May buildings in this style were erected nationwide through government programs during theDepression .Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it. For example, like "art nouveau" (1890-1910), art deco also used plant motifs, but regularized the forms into abstracted repetitive patterns rather than presenting them as flowing, asymmetrical foliage, Like the Viennese craftspeople of the Wiener Werkstatte, art deco designers worked with exotic materials, geometricized shapes, and colorfully ornate patterns. Furthermore, like the artisans of theArts andCrafts Movement inEngland and the United States, art deep practitioners considered it their mission to transform the domestic environment through well-designed furniture and household accessories.
The phrase "came to the forefront" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
A、grew in complexity
B、went through a process
C、changed its approach
D、became important