【单选题】in miCrophotogrAphy, proCEssEs photogrAphiC ArE usED to rEproDuCE tExt or illustrAtions on Film in sizEs rEquiring mAgniFiCAtion For rEADing or viEwing thEm.
【单选题】gEothErmAlEnErgy
gEothErmAl EnErgy is nAturAl hEAt From thE intErior oF thEEArth thAt is ConvErtED to hEAt BuilDings AnD gEnErAtE ElECtriCity. thE iDEA oF hArnEssingEArth’s intErnAl hEAt is not nEw.As EArly As 1904, gEothErmAl powEr wAs usED in itAly. toDAy,EArth’s nAturAl intErnAl hEAt is BEing usED to gEnErAtE ElECtriCity in 21 CountriEs, inCluDing russiA, jApAn, nEw zEAlAnD, iCElAnD, mExiCo,EthiopiA, guAtEmAlA,E1 sAlvADor, thE philippinEs, AnD thE unitED stAtEs. totAl worlDwiDE proDuCtion is ApproAChing 9,000 mw (EquivAlEnt to ninE lArgE moDErn CoAl-Burning or nuClEAr powEr plAnts)--DouBlE thE Amount in 1980. somE 40 million pEoplE toDAy rECEivE thEir ElECtriCity From gEothErmAl EnErgy At A Cost CompEtitivE with thAt oF othEr EnErgy sourCEs. inE1 sAlvADor, gEothErmAl EnErgy is supplying 30% oF thE totAl ElECtriC EnErgy usED、howEvEr, At thE gloBAl lEvEl, gEothErmAl EnErgy suppliEs lEss thAn 0.15% oF thE totAl EnErgy supply.
gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy BE ConsiDErED A nonrEnEwABlE EnErgy sourCE whEn rAtEs oF ExtrACtion ArE grEAtEr thAn rAtEs oF nAturAl rEplEnishmEnt. howEvEr, gEothErrnAl EnErgy hAs its origin in thE nAturAl hEAt proDuCtion withinEArth, AnD only A smAll FrACtion oF thE vAst totAl rEsourCE BAsE is BEing utilizED toDAy. Although most gEothErmAl EnErgy proDuCtion involvEs thE tApping oF high hEAt sourCEs, pEoplE ArE Also using thE low-tEmpErAturE gEothErmAl EnErgy oF grounDwAtEr in somE AppliCAtions.
gEothErmAl systEms
![]()
thE AvErAgE hEAt Flow From thE intErior oF thEEArth is vEry low, ABout 0.06 w/m2.
![]()
this Amount is triviAl CompArED with thE 177 w/m2 From solAr hEAt At thE surFACE in thE unitED stAtEs. howEvEr, in somE ArEAs, hEAt Flow is suFFiCiEntly high to BE usEFul For proDuCing EnErgy. For thE most pArt, ArEAs oF high hEAt Flow ArE AssoCiAtED with plAtE tECtoniC BounDAriEs. oCEAniC riDgE systEms (DivErgEnt plAtE BounDAriEs) AnD ArEAs whErE mountAins ArE BEing upliFtED AnD volCAniC islAnD ArCs ArE Forming (ConvErgEnt plAtE BounDAriEs ArE ArEAs whErE this nAturAl hEAt Flow is AnomAlously high.
![]()
on thE BAsis oF gEologiCAl CritEriA, sEvErAl typEs oF hot gEothErmAl systEms (with tEmpErAturEs grEAtEr thAn ABout 80℃, or 176℉) hAvE BEEn DEFinED, AnD thE rEsourCE BAsE is lArgEr thAn thAt oF Fossil FuEls AnD nuClEAr EnErgy ComBinED、A、Common systEm For EnErgy DEvElopmEnt is hyDrothErmAl ConvECtion, ChArACtErizED By thE CirCulAtion oF stEAm AnD/or hot wAtEr thAt trAnsFErs hEAt From DEpths to thE surFACE.
![]()
gEothErmAlEnErgy AnD thEEnvironmEnt
thE EnvironmEntAl impACt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy not BE As ExtEnsivE As thAt oF othEr sourCEs oF EnErgy, But it CAn BE ConsiDErABlE. whEn gEothErmAl EnErgy is DEvElopED At A pArtiCulAr sitE, EnvironmEntAl proBlEms inCluDE on-sitE noisE, Emissions oF gAs, AnD DisturBAnCE oF thE lAnD At Drilling sitEs, DisposAl sitEs, roADs AnD pipElinEs, AnD powEr plAnts.DEvElopmEnt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not rEquirE lArgE-sCAlE trAnsportAtion oF rAw mAtEriAls or rEFining oF ChEmiCAls, As DEvElopmEnt oF Fossil FuEls DoEs. FurthErmorE, gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not proDuCE thE AtmosphEriC pollutAnts AssoCiAtED with Burning Fossil FuEls or thE rADioACtivE wAstE AssoCiAtED with nuClEAr EnErgy. howEvEr, gEothErmAl DEvElopmEnt oFtEn DoEs proDuCE ConsiDErABlE thErmAl pollution From hot wAstE-wAtEr, whiCh mAy BE sAlinE or highly CorrosivE, proDuCing DisposAl AnD trEAtmEnt proBlEms.
gEothErmAl powEr is not vEry populAr in somE loCAtions Among somE pEoplE. For instAnCE, gEothErmAl EnErgy hAs BEEn proDuCED For yEArs on thE islAnD oF hAwAii, whErE ACtivE volCAniC
gEothErmAl EnErgy is nAturAl hEAt From thE intErior oF thEEArth thAt is ConvErtED to hEAt BuilDings AnD gEnErAtE ElECtriCity. thE iDEA oF hArnEssingEArth’s intErnAl hEAt is not nEw.As EArly As 1904, gEothErmAl powEr wAs usED in itAly. toDAy,EArth’s nAturAl intErnAl hEAt is BEing usED to gEnErAtE ElECtriCity in 21 CountriEs, inCluDing russiA, jApAn, nEw zEAlAnD, iCElAnD, mExiCo,EthiopiA, guAtEmAlA,E1 sAlvADor, thE philippinEs, AnD thE unitED stAtEs. totAl worlDwiDE proDuCtion is ApproAChing 9,000 mw (EquivAlEnt to ninE lArgE moDErn CoAl-Burning or nuClEAr powEr plAnts)--DouBlE thE Amount in 1980. somE 40 million pEoplE toDAy rECEivE thEir ElECtriCity From gEothErmAl EnErgy At A Cost CompEtitivE with thAt oF othEr EnErgy sourCEs. inE1 sAlvADor, gEothErmAl EnErgy is supplying 30% oF thE totAl ElECtriC EnErgy usED、howEvEr, At thE gloBAl lEvEl, gEothErmAl EnErgy suppliEs lEss thAn 0.15% oF thE totAl EnErgy supply.
gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy BE ConsiDErED A nonrEnEwABlE EnErgy sourCE whEn rAtEs oF ExtrACtion ArE grEAtEr thAn rAtEs oF nAturAl rEplEnishmEnt. howEvEr, gEothErrnAl EnErgy hAs its origin in thE nAturAl hEAt proDuCtion withinEArth, AnD only A smAll FrACtion oF thE vAst totAl rEsourCE BAsE is BEing utilizED toDAy. Although most gEothErmAl EnErgy proDuCtion involvEs thE tApping oF high hEAt sourCEs, pEoplE ArE Also using thE low-tEmpErAturE gEothErmAl EnErgy oF grounDwAtEr in somE AppliCAtions.
gEothErmAl systEms
on thE BAsis oF gEologiCAl CritEriA, sEvErAl typEs oF hot gEothErmAl systEms (with tEmpErAturEs grEAtEr thAn ABout 80℃, or 176℉) hAvE BEEn DEFinED, AnD thE rEsourCE BAsE is lArgEr thAn thAt oF Fossil FuEls AnD nuClEAr EnErgy ComBinED、A、Common systEm For EnErgy DEvElopmEnt is hyDrothErmAl ConvECtion, ChArACtErizED By thE CirCulAtion oF stEAm AnD/or hot wAtEr thAt trAnsFErs hEAt From DEpths to thE surFACE.
gEothErmAlEnErgy AnD thEEnvironmEnt
thE EnvironmEntAl impACt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy not BE As ExtEnsivE As thAt oF othEr sourCEs oF EnErgy, But it CAn BE ConsiDErABlE. whEn gEothErmAl EnErgy is DEvElopED At A pArtiCulAr sitE, EnvironmEntAl proBlEms inCluDE on-sitE noisE, Emissions oF gAs, AnD DisturBAnCE oF thE lAnD At Drilling sitEs, DisposAl sitEs, roADs AnD pipElinEs, AnD powEr plAnts.DEvElopmEnt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not rEquirE lArgE-sCAlE trAnsportAtion oF rAw mAtEriAls or rEFining oF ChEmiCAls, As DEvElopmEnt oF Fossil FuEls DoEs. FurthErmorE, gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not proDuCE thE AtmosphEriC pollutAnts AssoCiAtED with Burning Fossil FuEls or thE rADioACtivE wAstE AssoCiAtED with nuClEAr EnErgy. howEvEr, gEothErmAl DEvElopmEnt oFtEn DoEs proDuCE ConsiDErABlE thErmAl pollution From hot wAstE-wAtEr, whiCh mAy BE sAlinE or highly CorrosivE, proDuCing DisposAl AnD trEAtmEnt proBlEms.
gEothErmAl powEr is not vEry populAr in somE loCAtions Among somE pEoplE. For instAnCE, gEothErmAl EnErgy hAs BEEn proDuCED For yEArs on thE islAnD oF hAwAii, whErE ACtivE volCAniC
【单选题】rEADing 3 "groupDECision mAking"
ADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→CommittEEs, tAsk ForCEs, AnD AD hoC groups ArE FrEquEntly AssignED to iDEntiFy AnD rECommEnD DECision AltErnAtivEs or, in somE CAsEs, to ACtuAlly mAkE importAnt DECisions. in EssEnCE, A group is A tool thAt CAn FoCus thE ExpEriEnCE AnD ExpErtisE oF sEvErAl pEoplE on A pArtiCulAr proBlEm or situAtion. thus, A group oFFErs thE ADvAntAgE oF grEAtEr totAl knowlEDgE. groups ACCumulAtE morE inFormAtion, knowlEDgE, AnD FACts thAn inDiviDuAls AnD oFtEn ConsiDEr morE AltErnAtivEs.EACh pErson in thE group is ABlE to DrAw on his or hEr uniquE EDuCAtion, ExpEriEnCE, insights, AnD othEr rEsourCEs AnD ContriButE thosE to thE group. thE vAriED BACkgrounDs, trAining lEvEls, AnD ExpErtisE oF group mEmBErs Also hElp ovErComE tunnEl vision By EnABling thE group to viEw thE proBlEm in morE thAn onE wAy.
→ pArtiCipAtion in group DECision mAking usuAlly lEADs to highEr mEmBEr sAtisFACtion. pEoplE tEnD to ACCEpt A DECision morE rEADily AnD to BE BEttEr sAtisFiED with it whEn thEy hAvE pArtiCipAtED in mAking thAt DECision. in ADDition, pEoplE will BEttEr unDErstAnD AnD BE morE CommittED to A DECision in whiCh thEy hAvE hAD A sAy thAn to A DECision mADE For thEm.As A rEsult, suCh A DECision is morE likEly to BE implEmEntED suCCEssFully.
DisADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→ whilE groups hAvE mAny potEntiAl BEnEFits, wE All know thAt thEy CAn Also BE FrustrAting.
![]()
onE oBvious DisADvAntAgE oF group DECision mAking is thE timErEquirED to mAkE A DECision.
![]()
thE timE nEEDED For group DisCussion AnD thE AssoCiAtED Compromising AnD sElECting oF A DECision AltErnAtivE CAn BE ConsiDErABlE.
![]()
timE Costs monEy, so A wAstE oF timE BEComEs A DisADvAntAgE iF A DECision mADE By A group CoulD hAvE BEEn mADE just As EFFECtivEly By An inDiviDuAl working AlonE.
![]()
ConsEquEntly, group DECisions shoulD BE AvoiDED whEn spEED AnD EFFiCiEnCy ArE thE primAry ConsiDErAtions.
A、sEConD DisADvAntAgE is thAt thE group DisCussion mAy BE DominAtED By An inDiviDuAl or suBgroup.EFFECtivEnEss CAn BE rEDuCED iF onE inDiviDuAl, suCh As thE group lEADEr, DominAtEs thE DisCussion By tAlking too muCh or BEing ClosED to othEr points oF viEw. somE group lEADErs try to Control thE group AnD proviDE thE mAjor input. suCh DominAnCE CAn stiFlE othEr group mEmBErs’ willingnEss to pArtiCipAtE AnD CoulD CAusE DECision AltErnAtivEs to BE ignorED or ovErlookED、All group mEmBErs nEED to BE EnCourAgED AnD pErmittED to ContriButE.
→AnothEr DisADvAntAgE oF group DECision mAking is thAt mEmBErs mAy BE lEss ConCErnED with thE group’s goAls thAn with thEir own pErsonAl goAls. thEy mAy BEComE so siDEtrACkED in trying to win An ArgumEnt thAt thEy ForgEt ABout group pErFormAnCE. on thE othEr hAnD, A group mAy try too hArD to CompromisE AnD ConsEquEntly mAy not mAkE optimAl DECisions. somEtimEs this stEms From thE DEsirE to mAintAin FriEnDships AnD AvoiD DisAgrEEmEnts. oFtEn groups ExErt trEmEnDous soCiAl prEssurE on inDiviDuAls to ConForm to EstABlishED or ExpECtED pAttErns ot BEhAvior.EspECiAlly whEn thEy ArE DEAling with importAnt AnD ControvErsiAl issuEs, intErACting groups mAy BE pronE to A phEnomEnon CAllED groupthink.
→ groupthink is An AgrEEmEnt-At-Any-Cost mEntAlity thAt rEsults in inEFFECtivE group DECision mAking. it oCCurs whEn groups ArE highly CohEsivE, hAvE highly DirECtivE lEADErs, ArE insulAtED so thEy hAvE no ClEAr wAys to gEt oBjECtivE inFormAtion, AnD—BECAusE thEy lACk outsiDE inFormAtion—hAvE littlE hopE thAt A BEttEr solution might BE FounD thAn thE onE proposED By thE lEADEr or othEr inFluEntiAl group mEmBErs. thEsE ConDitions Fo
ADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→CommittEEs, tAsk ForCEs, AnD AD hoC groups ArE FrEquEntly AssignED to iDEntiFy AnD rECommEnD DECision AltErnAtivEs or, in somE CAsEs, to ACtuAlly mAkE importAnt DECisions. in EssEnCE, A group is A tool thAt CAn FoCus thE ExpEriEnCE AnD ExpErtisE oF sEvErAl pEoplE on A pArtiCulAr proBlEm or situAtion. thus, A group oFFErs thE ADvAntAgE oF grEAtEr totAl knowlEDgE. groups ACCumulAtE morE inFormAtion, knowlEDgE, AnD FACts thAn inDiviDuAls AnD oFtEn ConsiDEr morE AltErnAtivEs.EACh pErson in thE group is ABlE to DrAw on his or hEr uniquE EDuCAtion, ExpEriEnCE, insights, AnD othEr rEsourCEs AnD ContriButE thosE to thE group. thE vAriED BACkgrounDs, trAining lEvEls, AnD ExpErtisE oF group mEmBErs Also hElp ovErComE tunnEl vision By EnABling thE group to viEw thE proBlEm in morE thAn onE wAy.
→ pArtiCipAtion in group DECision mAking usuAlly lEADs to highEr mEmBEr sAtisFACtion. pEoplE tEnD to ACCEpt A DECision morE rEADily AnD to BE BEttEr sAtisFiED with it whEn thEy hAvE pArtiCipAtED in mAking thAt DECision. in ADDition, pEoplE will BEttEr unDErstAnD AnD BE morE CommittED to A DECision in whiCh thEy hAvE hAD A sAy thAn to A DECision mADE For thEm.As A rEsult, suCh A DECision is morE likEly to BE implEmEntED suCCEssFully.
DisADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→ whilE groups hAvE mAny potEntiAl BEnEFits, wE All know thAt thEy CAn Also BE FrustrAting.
A、sEConD DisADvAntAgE is thAt thE group DisCussion mAy BE DominAtED By An inDiviDuAl or suBgroup.EFFECtivEnEss CAn BE rEDuCED iF onE inDiviDuAl, suCh As thE group lEADEr, DominAtEs thE DisCussion By tAlking too muCh or BEing ClosED to othEr points oF viEw. somE group lEADErs try to Control thE group AnD proviDE thE mAjor input. suCh DominAnCE CAn stiFlE othEr group mEmBErs’ willingnEss to pArtiCipAtE AnD CoulD CAusE DECision AltErnAtivEs to BE ignorED or ovErlookED、All group mEmBErs nEED to BE EnCourAgED AnD pErmittED to ContriButE.
→AnothEr DisADvAntAgE oF group DECision mAking is thAt mEmBErs mAy BE lEss ConCErnED with thE group’s goAls thAn with thEir own pErsonAl goAls. thEy mAy BEComE so siDEtrACkED in trying to win An ArgumEnt thAt thEy ForgEt ABout group pErFormAnCE. on thE othEr hAnD, A group mAy try too hArD to CompromisE AnD ConsEquEntly mAy not mAkE optimAl DECisions. somEtimEs this stEms From thE DEsirE to mAintAin FriEnDships AnD AvoiD DisAgrEEmEnts. oFtEn groups ExErt trEmEnDous soCiAl prEssurE on inDiviDuAls to ConForm to EstABlishED or ExpECtED pAttErns ot BEhAvior.EspECiAlly whEn thEy ArE DEAling with importAnt AnD ControvErsiAl issuEs, intErACting groups mAy BE pronE to A phEnomEnon CAllED groupthink.
→ groupthink is An AgrEEmEnt-At-Any-Cost mEntAlity thAt rEsults in inEFFECtivE group DECision mAking. it oCCurs whEn groups ArE highly CohEsivE, hAvE highly DirECtivE lEADErs, ArE insulAtED so thEy hAvE no ClEAr wAys to gEt oBjECtivE inFormAtion, AnD—BECAusE thEy lACk outsiDE inFormAtion—hAvE littlE hopE thAt A BEttEr solution might BE FounD thAn thE onE proposED By thE lEADEr or othEr inFluEntiAl group mEmBErs. thEsE ConDitions Fo
【单选题】 The word "prominent" in line 27 is closest in meaning to
A．( complex
B．( noticeable
C．( appealing
D．( perfect
A．( complex
B．( noticeable
C．( appealing
D．( perfect
【单选题】 All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT
A．(It involved stages of production
B．(It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.
C．(It made many employers less powerful than they had been before
D．(It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements
A．(It involved stages of production
B．(It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.
C．(It made many employers less powerful than they had been before
D．(It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements
发布评论 查看全部评论