【单选题】rEADing 5 "spEECh AnD writing"
it is A wiDEly hElD misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh. to mAny pEoplE, writing somEhow sEEms morE CorrECt AnD morE stABlE, whErEAs spEECh CAn BE CArElEss, CorruptED, AnD susCEptiBlE to ChAngE. somE pEoplE EvEn go so FAr As to iDEntiFy lAnguAgE with writing AnD to rEgArD spEECh As A sEConDAry Form oF lAnguAgE usED impErFECtly to ApproximAtE thE iDEAls oF thE writtEn lAnguAgE.
→ onE oF thE BAsiC Assumptions oF moDErn linguistiCs, howEvEr, is thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry. thE most immEDiAtE mAniFEstAtion oF lAnguAgE is spEECh AnD not writing. writing is simply thE rEprEsEntAtion oF spEECh in AnothEr physiCAl mEDium. spokEn lAnguAgE EnCoDEs thought into A physiCAlly trAnsmittABlE Form, whilE writing, in turn, EnCoDEs spokEn lAnguAgE into A physiCAlly prEsErvABlE Form. writing is A two-stAgE proCEss.All units oF writing, whEthEr lEttErs or ChArACtErs, ArE BAsED on units oF spEECh, i.E., worDs, sounDs, or syllABlEs. whEn linguists stuDy lAnguAgE, thEy tAkE thE spokEn lAnguAgE As thEir BEst sourCE oF DAtA AnD thEir oBjECt oF DEsCription (ExCEpt in instAnCEs oF lAnguAgEs likE lAtin For whiCh thErE ArE no longEr Any spEAkErs).
thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons For mAintAining thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry.
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First, writing is A lAtEr historiCAl DEvElopmEnt thAn spokEn lAnguAgE.
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CurrEnt ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE inDiCAtEs thAt writing wAs First utilizED in sumEr, thAt is, moDErn-DAy irAq, ABout 6,000 yEArs Ago.
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As FAr As physiCAl AnD CulturAl Anthropologists CAn tEll, spokEn lAnguAgE hAs proBABly BEEn usED By humAns For hunDrEDs oF thousAnDs oF yEArs.
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→ sEConD, writing DoEs not Exist EvErywhErE thAt spokEn lAnguAgE Exists. this sEEms hArD to imAginE in our highly litErAtE soCiEty, But thE FACt is thAt thErE ArE still mAny CommunitiEs in thE worlD whErE A writtEn Form oF lAnguAgE is not usED, AnD EvEn in thosE CulturEs using A writing systEm, thErE ArE inDiviDuAls who FAil to lEArn thE writtEn Form oF thEir lAnguAgE. in FACt, thE mAjority oF thEEArth’s inhABitAnts ArE illitErAtE, though quitE CApABlE oF spokEn CommuniCAtion. howEvEr, no soCiEty usEs only A writtEn lAnguAgE with no spokEn Form.
thirD, writing must BE tAught, whErEAs spokEn lAnguAgE is ACquirED AutomAtiCAlly.All ChilDrEn, ExCEpt ChilDrEn with sErious lEArning DisABilitiEs, nAturAlly lEArn to spEAk thE lAnguAgE oF thE Community in whiCh thEy ArE Brought up. thEy ACquirE thE BAsiCs oF thEir nAtivE lAnguAgE BEForE thEy EntEr sChool, AnD EvEn iF thEy nEvEr AttEnD sChool, thEy BEComE Fully CompEtEnt spEAkErs. writing systEms vAry in ComplExity, But rEgArDlEss oF thEir lEvEl oF sophistiCAtion, thEy must All BE tAught.
FinAlly, nEurolinguistiC EviDEnCE (stuDiEs oF thE BrAin in ACtion During lAnguAgE usE) DEmonstrAtEs thAt thE proCEssing AnD proDuCtion oF writtEn lAnguAgE is ovErlAiD on thE spokEn lAnguAgE CEntErs in thE BrAin. spokEn lAnguAgE involvEs sEvErAl DistinCt ArEAs oF thE BrAin; writing usEs thEsE ArEAs AnD othErs As wEll.
→ so whAt givEs risE to thE misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons. For onE thing, thE proDuCt oF writing is usuAlly morE Aptly worDED AnD BEttEr orgAnizED, ContAining FEwEr Errors, hEsitAtions, AnD inComplEtE sEntEnCEs thAn ArE FounD in spEECh. this pErFECtion oF writing CAn BE ExplAinED By thE FACt thAt writing is thE rEsult oF DEliBErAtion, CorrECtion, AnD rEvision, whilE spEECh is thE spontAnEous AnD simultAnEous FormulAtion oF iDEAs; writing is thErEForE lEss suBjECt to thE ConstrAint oF timE thAn spEECh is. in ADDition, writing is ultimAtEly AssoCiAtED with EDuCAtion AnD EDu
it is A wiDEly hElD misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh. to mAny pEoplE, writing somEhow sEEms morE CorrECt AnD morE stABlE, whErEAs spEECh CAn BE CArElEss, CorruptED, AnD susCEptiBlE to ChAngE. somE pEoplE EvEn go so FAr As to iDEntiFy lAnguAgE with writing AnD to rEgArD spEECh As A sEConDAry Form oF lAnguAgE usED impErFECtly to ApproximAtE thE iDEAls oF thE writtEn lAnguAgE.
→ onE oF thE BAsiC Assumptions oF moDErn linguistiCs, howEvEr, is thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry. thE most immEDiAtE mAniFEstAtion oF lAnguAgE is spEECh AnD not writing. writing is simply thE rEprEsEntAtion oF spEECh in AnothEr physiCAl mEDium. spokEn lAnguAgE EnCoDEs thought into A physiCAlly trAnsmittABlE Form, whilE writing, in turn, EnCoDEs spokEn lAnguAgE into A physiCAlly prEsErvABlE Form. writing is A two-stAgE proCEss.All units oF writing, whEthEr lEttErs or ChArACtErs, ArE BAsED on units oF spEECh, i.E., worDs, sounDs, or syllABlEs. whEn linguists stuDy lAnguAgE, thEy tAkE thE spokEn lAnguAgE As thEir BEst sourCE oF DAtA AnD thEir oBjECt oF DEsCription (ExCEpt in instAnCEs oF lAnguAgEs likE lAtin For whiCh thErE ArE no longEr Any spEAkErs).
thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons For mAintAining thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry.
→ sEConD, writing DoEs not Exist EvErywhErE thAt spokEn lAnguAgE Exists. this sEEms hArD to imAginE in our highly litErAtE soCiEty, But thE FACt is thAt thErE ArE still mAny CommunitiEs in thE worlD whErE A writtEn Form oF lAnguAgE is not usED, AnD EvEn in thosE CulturEs using A writing systEm, thErE ArE inDiviDuAls who FAil to lEArn thE writtEn Form oF thEir lAnguAgE. in FACt, thE mAjority oF thEEArth’s inhABitAnts ArE illitErAtE, though quitE CApABlE oF spokEn CommuniCAtion. howEvEr, no soCiEty usEs only A writtEn lAnguAgE with no spokEn Form.
thirD, writing must BE tAught, whErEAs spokEn lAnguAgE is ACquirED AutomAtiCAlly.All ChilDrEn, ExCEpt ChilDrEn with sErious lEArning DisABilitiEs, nAturAlly lEArn to spEAk thE lAnguAgE oF thE Community in whiCh thEy ArE Brought up. thEy ACquirE thE BAsiCs oF thEir nAtivE lAnguAgE BEForE thEy EntEr sChool, AnD EvEn iF thEy nEvEr AttEnD sChool, thEy BEComE Fully CompEtEnt spEAkErs. writing systEms vAry in ComplExity, But rEgArDlEss oF thEir lEvEl oF sophistiCAtion, thEy must All BE tAught.
FinAlly, nEurolinguistiC EviDEnCE (stuDiEs oF thE BrAin in ACtion During lAnguAgE usE) DEmonstrAtEs thAt thE proCEssing AnD proDuCtion oF writtEn lAnguAgE is ovErlAiD on thE spokEn lAnguAgE CEntErs in thE BrAin. spokEn lAnguAgE involvEs sEvErAl DistinCt ArEAs oF thE BrAin; writing usEs thEsE ArEAs AnD othErs As wEll.
→ so whAt givEs risE to thE misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons. For onE thing, thE proDuCt oF writing is usuAlly morE Aptly worDED AnD BEttEr orgAnizED, ContAining FEwEr Errors, hEsitAtions, AnD inComplEtE sEntEnCEs thAn ArE FounD in spEECh. this pErFECtion oF writing CAn BE ExplAinED By thE FACt thAt writing is thE rEsult oF DEliBErAtion, CorrECtion, AnD rEvision, whilE spEECh is thE spontAnEous AnD simultAnEous FormulAtion oF iDEAs; writing is thErEForE lEss suBjECt to thE ConstrAint oF timE thAn spEECh is. in ADDition, writing is ultimAtEly AssoCiAtED with EDuCAtion AnD EDu
【单选题】The most important chemical catalyst on this planet is chlorophyll, ______carbon dioxide and water react to form carbohydrates.
A、whose presence
B、which is present
C、presenting
D、in the presence of which
A、whose presence
B、which is present
C、presenting
D、in the presence of which
【单选题】 ......... crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but the stone is durable in a dry atmosphere.
A．( The surface of marble is
B．( The surface of marble, which
C．( Although the surface of marble
D．( The surface of marble
A．( The surface of marble is
B．( The surface of marble, which
C．( Although the surface of marble
D．( The surface of marble
【单选题】 Le facteur va probablement nous ____________ de bonnes nouvelles.
A．rapporter
B．emporter
C．apporter
D．emmener
A．rapporter
B．emporter
C．apporter
D．emmener
【单选题】 _________ de consommateurs a décidé de mettre à l'index les produits comportant un colorant nocif
A．l'association
B．la société
C．le club
D．le cercle
A．l'association
B．la société
C．le club
D．le cercle
【单选题】 Which of the following statements about parks does NOT reflect the views of the Olmsted Brothers firm
A．They should be planted with trees that grow locally
B．They should provide a quiet, restful environment
C．They should be protected by limiting the number of visitors from the community
D．They should be designed to conform to the topography of the area
A．They should be planted with trees that grow locally
B．They should provide a quiet, restful environment
C．They should be protected by limiting the number of visitors from the community
D．They should be designed to conform to the topography of the area
【单选题】 The word "graphic" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
A．( mathematical
B．( popular
C．( unusual
D．( vivid
A．( mathematical
B．( popular
C．( unusual
D．( vivid
【单选题】gEothErmAlEnErgy
gEothErmAl EnErgy is nAturAl hEAt From thE intErior oF thEEArth thAt is ConvErtED to hEAt BuilDings AnD gEnErAtE ElECtriCity. thE iDEA oF hArnEssingEArth’s intErnAl hEAt is not nEw.As EArly As 1904, gEothErmAl powEr wAs usED in itAly. toDAy,EArth’s nAturAl intErnAl hEAt is BEing usED to gEnErAtE ElECtriCity in 21 CountriEs, inCluDing russiA, jApAn, nEw zEAlAnD, iCElAnD, mExiCo,EthiopiA, guAtEmAlA,E1 sAlvADor, thE philippinEs, AnD thE unitED stAtEs. totAl worlDwiDE proDuCtion is ApproAChing 9,000 mw (EquivAlEnt to ninE lArgE moDErn CoAl-Burning or nuClEAr powEr plAnts)--DouBlE thE Amount in 1980. somE 40 million pEoplE toDAy rECEivE thEir ElECtriCity From gEothErmAl EnErgy At A Cost CompEtitivE with thAt oF othEr EnErgy sourCEs. inE1 sAlvADor, gEothErmAl EnErgy is supplying 30% oF thE totAl ElECtriC EnErgy usED、howEvEr, At thE gloBAl lEvEl, gEothErmAl EnErgy suppliEs lEss thAn 0.15% oF thE totAl EnErgy supply.
gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy BE ConsiDErED A nonrEnEwABlE EnErgy sourCE whEn rAtEs oF ExtrACtion ArE grEAtEr thAn rAtEs oF nAturAl rEplEnishmEnt. howEvEr, gEothErrnAl EnErgy hAs its origin in thE nAturAl hEAt proDuCtion withinEArth, AnD only A smAll FrACtion oF thE vAst totAl rEsourCE BAsE is BEing utilizED toDAy. Although most gEothErmAl EnErgy proDuCtion involvEs thE tApping oF high hEAt sourCEs, pEoplE ArE Also using thE low-tEmpErAturE gEothErmAl EnErgy oF grounDwAtEr in somE AppliCAtions.
gEothErmAl systEms
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thE AvErAgE hEAt Flow From thE intErior oF thEEArth is vEry low, ABout 0.06 w/m2.
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this Amount is triviAl CompArED with thE 177 w/m2 From solAr hEAt At thE surFACE in thE unitED stAtEs. howEvEr, in somE ArEAs, hEAt Flow is suFFiCiEntly high to BE usEFul For proDuCing EnErgy. For thE most pArt, ArEAs oF high hEAt Flow ArE AssoCiAtED with plAtE tECtoniC BounDAriEs. oCEAniC riDgE systEms (DivErgEnt plAtE BounDAriEs) AnD ArEAs whErE mountAins ArE BEing upliFtED AnD volCAniC islAnD ArCs ArE Forming (ConvErgEnt plAtE BounDAriEs ArE ArEAs whErE this nAturAl hEAt Flow is AnomAlously high.
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on thE BAsis oF gEologiCAl CritEriA, sEvErAl typEs oF hot gEothErmAl systEms (with tEmpErAturEs grEAtEr thAn ABout 80℃, or 176℉) hAvE BEEn DEFinED, AnD thE rEsourCE BAsE is lArgEr thAn thAt oF Fossil FuEls AnD nuClEAr EnErgy ComBinED、A、Common systEm For EnErgy DEvElopmEnt is hyDrothErmAl ConvECtion, ChArACtErizED By thE CirCulAtion oF stEAm AnD/or hot wAtEr thAt trAnsFErs hEAt From DEpths to thE surFACE.
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gEothErmAlEnErgy AnD thEEnvironmEnt
thE EnvironmEntAl impACt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy not BE As ExtEnsivE As thAt oF othEr sourCEs oF EnErgy, But it CAn BE ConsiDErABlE. whEn gEothErmAl EnErgy is DEvElopED At A pArtiCulAr sitE, EnvironmEntAl proBlEms inCluDE on-sitE noisE, Emissions oF gAs, AnD DisturBAnCE oF thE lAnD At Drilling sitEs, DisposAl sitEs, roADs AnD pipElinEs, AnD powEr plAnts.DEvElopmEnt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not rEquirE lArgE-sCAlE trAnsportAtion oF rAw mAtEriAls or rEFining oF ChEmiCAls, As DEvElopmEnt oF Fossil FuEls DoEs. FurthErmorE, gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not proDuCE thE AtmosphEriC pollutAnts AssoCiAtED with Burning Fossil FuEls or thE rADioACtivE wAstE AssoCiAtED with nuClEAr EnErgy. howEvEr, gEothErmAl DEvElopmEnt oFtEn DoEs proDuCE ConsiDErABlE thErmAl pollution From hot wAstE-wAtEr, whiCh mAy BE sAlinE or highly CorrosivE, proDuCing DisposAl AnD trEAtmEnt proBlEms.
gEothErmAl powEr is not vEry populAr in somE loCAtions Among somE pEoplE. For instAnCE, gEothErmAl EnErgy hAs BEEn proDuCED For yEArs on thE islAnD oF hAwAii, whErE ACtivE volCAniC
gEothErmAl EnErgy is nAturAl hEAt From thE intErior oF thEEArth thAt is ConvErtED to hEAt BuilDings AnD gEnErAtE ElECtriCity. thE iDEA oF hArnEssingEArth’s intErnAl hEAt is not nEw.As EArly As 1904, gEothErmAl powEr wAs usED in itAly. toDAy,EArth’s nAturAl intErnAl hEAt is BEing usED to gEnErAtE ElECtriCity in 21 CountriEs, inCluDing russiA, jApAn, nEw zEAlAnD, iCElAnD, mExiCo,EthiopiA, guAtEmAlA,E1 sAlvADor, thE philippinEs, AnD thE unitED stAtEs. totAl worlDwiDE proDuCtion is ApproAChing 9,000 mw (EquivAlEnt to ninE lArgE moDErn CoAl-Burning or nuClEAr powEr plAnts)--DouBlE thE Amount in 1980. somE 40 million pEoplE toDAy rECEivE thEir ElECtriCity From gEothErmAl EnErgy At A Cost CompEtitivE with thAt oF othEr EnErgy sourCEs. inE1 sAlvADor, gEothErmAl EnErgy is supplying 30% oF thE totAl ElECtriC EnErgy usED、howEvEr, At thE gloBAl lEvEl, gEothErmAl EnErgy suppliEs lEss thAn 0.15% oF thE totAl EnErgy supply.
gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy BE ConsiDErED A nonrEnEwABlE EnErgy sourCE whEn rAtEs oF ExtrACtion ArE grEAtEr thAn rAtEs oF nAturAl rEplEnishmEnt. howEvEr, gEothErrnAl EnErgy hAs its origin in thE nAturAl hEAt proDuCtion withinEArth, AnD only A smAll FrACtion oF thE vAst totAl rEsourCE BAsE is BEing utilizED toDAy. Although most gEothErmAl EnErgy proDuCtion involvEs thE tApping oF high hEAt sourCEs, pEoplE ArE Also using thE low-tEmpErAturE gEothErmAl EnErgy oF grounDwAtEr in somE AppliCAtions.
gEothErmAl systEms
on thE BAsis oF gEologiCAl CritEriA, sEvErAl typEs oF hot gEothErmAl systEms (with tEmpErAturEs grEAtEr thAn ABout 80℃, or 176℉) hAvE BEEn DEFinED, AnD thE rEsourCE BAsE is lArgEr thAn thAt oF Fossil FuEls AnD nuClEAr EnErgy ComBinED、A、Common systEm For EnErgy DEvElopmEnt is hyDrothErmAl ConvECtion, ChArACtErizED By thE CirCulAtion oF stEAm AnD/or hot wAtEr thAt trAnsFErs hEAt From DEpths to thE surFACE.
gEothErmAlEnErgy AnD thEEnvironmEnt
thE EnvironmEntAl impACt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy not BE As ExtEnsivE As thAt oF othEr sourCEs oF EnErgy, But it CAn BE ConsiDErABlE. whEn gEothErmAl EnErgy is DEvElopED At A pArtiCulAr sitE, EnvironmEntAl proBlEms inCluDE on-sitE noisE, Emissions oF gAs, AnD DisturBAnCE oF thE lAnD At Drilling sitEs, DisposAl sitEs, roADs AnD pipElinEs, AnD powEr plAnts.DEvElopmEnt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not rEquirE lArgE-sCAlE trAnsportAtion oF rAw mAtEriAls or rEFining oF ChEmiCAls, As DEvElopmEnt oF Fossil FuEls DoEs. FurthErmorE, gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not proDuCE thE AtmosphEriC pollutAnts AssoCiAtED with Burning Fossil FuEls or thE rADioACtivE wAstE AssoCiAtED with nuClEAr EnErgy. howEvEr, gEothErmAl DEvElopmEnt oFtEn DoEs proDuCE ConsiDErABlE thErmAl pollution From hot wAstE-wAtEr, whiCh mAy BE sAlinE or highly CorrosivE, proDuCing DisposAl AnD trEAtmEnt proBlEms.
gEothErmAl powEr is not vEry populAr in somE loCAtions Among somE pEoplE. For instAnCE, gEothErmAl EnErgy hAs BEEn proDuCED For yEArs on thE islAnD oF hAwAii, whErE ACtivE volCAniC
【单选题】Why doesAnna say this
A、To indicate that she does not agree with the man.
B．To assure that the man is addressing his point of view.
C．To indicate that she is a little surprised at his view.
D．To encourage the man to explain why he holds that opinion.
A、To indicate that she does not agree with the man.
B．To assure that the man is addressing his point of view.
C．To indicate that she is a little surprised at his view.
D．To encourage the man to explain why he holds that opinion.
【单选题】grEEn powEr
you’vE insulAtED thE AttiC, instAllED triplE-glAzED winDows, AnD Bought high-EFFiCiEnCy AppliAnCEs.CAn you mAkE your homE Any morE ECo-FriEnDly For An inCrEAsing numBEr oFAmEriCAns, thE AnswEr is yEs. you CAn lEt nAturE hElp Cut your utility Bill. it mAy BE As simplE As rEplACing outDoor lights with solAr-powErED FixturEs or signing up For your utility’s "grEEn powEr" progrAm. thAnks to rApiD improving tEChnology AnD govErnmEnt suBsiDiEs, thousAnDs oFAmEriCAns living in rEmotE loCAtions ArE FinDing it CAn BE ChEApEr to usE thE sun AnD winD thAn Fossil FuEls.
howEvEr, Don’t Cut your tiEs to thE loCAl utility just yEt.
A、[■] whilE rEnEwABlE EnErgy won’t rEplACE CoAl AnD nAturAl gAs soon (or EvEr, CritiCs ContEnD), ConsumErs hAvE morE ChoiCEs in thEir EnErgy mix thAn EvEr BEForE.
B、[■]AnD thEy’rE not At All wholE-BrAn EnvironmEntAlists: rolDAn montAlvo runs A gAs stAtion hErE in hEBBronvillE, tExAs.
C、[■]But whEn hE wAntED to Bring ElECtriCity to his CABin Eight milEs out oF town, hE wEnt solAr. thE rEAson wAs simplE. thE utility CompAny wAntED $100000 to ExtEnD its ElECtriC linE to his CABin.
D、[■] mr. montAlvo pAiD lEss thAn $8000 For his solAr systEm, "it’s All right so FAr," hE sAys, looking up At thE thrEE solAr pAnEls thAt run A FEw lights, A FAn, AnD A tv insiDE. "i CAn run powEr tools."
othErs, oF CoursE, tAkE A morE EnthusiAstiC linE. "thErE is A nEw FoCus on rEnEwABlE." sAys thomAs whitE, ChAirmAn AnD ChiEF ExECutivE oFEnron rEnEwABlEEnErgyCorporAtion, whiCh hAs ComplEtED thE worlD’s lArgEst winD FArm in minnEsotA、"my FEEling is thAt wE ArE At thE point in timE whErE thE pErsonAl ComputEr wAs in thE lAtE 70s," ADDs mAC moorE,DirECtor oFBusinEssDEvElopmEnt ForBp solAr, onE oF thE lArgEst mAnuFACturErs AnD mArkEtErs oF solAr ElECtriC systEms in thE worlD、"ovEr thE nExt 10 yEArs, iF things go wEll, thErE’s going to BE A rEvolutionAry ChAngE in thE wAy thAt wE oBtAin powEr."
winD powEr rEprEsEnts An EvEn morE CompElling ArgumEnt For rEmotE homEownErs. turBinEs hAvE BEComE so muCh morE EFFiCiEnt ovEr thE pAst DECADEs thAt homEownErs A quArtEr milE From A utility linE mAy FinD it ChEApEr to put up A winD turBinE thAn to pAy thE utility to ExtEnD its sErviCE.But For most ConsumErs, BArriErs rEmAin. For onE thing, rEnEwABlE EnErgy systEms ArE ExpEnsivE to instAll AnD rEquirE morE thAn A DECADE BEForE ConsumErs sEE A pAyBACk.
EvEn A gooD DEAl on solAr pAnEls in A high-sun ArEA woulD still Cost A typiCAl homEownEr 30 CEnts A kilowAtt hour, ExplAins thECEo oF strAtEgy unlimitED, A tEChnology-rEsEArCh Firm in mountAin viEw,CAliF. thAt’s FAr ABovE thE 6 to 15 CEnts thAtAmEriCAns typiCAlly pAy thEir loCAl utility, hE ADDs. smAll-sCAlE winD turBinEs ArE muCh morE CompEtitivE—AnywhErE From 8 to 15 CEnts A kilowAtt-hour, sAys mikEBErgEy, prEsiDEnt oFBErgEy winDpowEr in normAn, oklAhomA、But thEy still rEquirE A $30000 to $35000 invEstmEnt up Front AnD it woulD tAkE most homEownErs 15 to 20 yEArs BEForE thEy’D sEE Any pAyBACk.
thErE ArE othEr DrAwBACks. sinCE thEsE systEms only proDuCE EnErgy intErmittEntly, thErE’s no guArAntEE homEownErs CAn storE Enough EnErgy to run thEir homEs whEn thE sun isn’t shining or thE winD isn’t Blowing. thEn thErE’s AEsthEtiCs. will thE nEighBor ACCEpt thosE solAr pAnEls on your rooFDo you wAnt A 100-Foot-high winD turBinE humming in your BACkyArD likE A muFFlED hEliCoptEr thAt’s why CompAniEs likEBErgEy winDpowEr ArE tArgEting rurAl rEsiDEnts in thE unitED stAtEs—EspECiAlly thosE in stAtEs suCh AsCAliForniA, whErE thE govErnmEnt will pAy up to hAlF thE Cost oF instAlling rEnEwABlE-EnErgy systEms. ACCorDing to thE lAst pArAgrAph, whAt CAn BE ConCluDEDA．solAr AnD winD EnErgy systEms Cost A lot For proDuCing ElECtriCity.
B．pEoplE hAD BEttEr pAy For thE utility instEAD oF proDuCing ElECtriCity.
C．solAr AnD winD EnErgy CAn provi
you’vE insulAtED thE AttiC, instAllED triplE-glAzED winDows, AnD Bought high-EFFiCiEnCy AppliAnCEs.CAn you mAkE your homE Any morE ECo-FriEnDly For An inCrEAsing numBEr oFAmEriCAns, thE AnswEr is yEs. you CAn lEt nAturE hElp Cut your utility Bill. it mAy BE As simplE As rEplACing outDoor lights with solAr-powErED FixturEs or signing up For your utility’s "grEEn powEr" progrAm. thAnks to rApiD improving tEChnology AnD govErnmEnt suBsiDiEs, thousAnDs oFAmEriCAns living in rEmotE loCAtions ArE FinDing it CAn BE ChEApEr to usE thE sun AnD winD thAn Fossil FuEls.
howEvEr, Don’t Cut your tiEs to thE loCAl utility just yEt.
A、[■] whilE rEnEwABlE EnErgy won’t rEplACE CoAl AnD nAturAl gAs soon (or EvEr, CritiCs ContEnD), ConsumErs hAvE morE ChoiCEs in thEir EnErgy mix thAn EvEr BEForE.
B、[■]AnD thEy’rE not At All wholE-BrAn EnvironmEntAlists: rolDAn montAlvo runs A gAs stAtion hErE in hEBBronvillE, tExAs.
C、[■]But whEn hE wAntED to Bring ElECtriCity to his CABin Eight milEs out oF town, hE wEnt solAr. thE rEAson wAs simplE. thE utility CompAny wAntED $100000 to ExtEnD its ElECtriC linE to his CABin.
D、[■] mr. montAlvo pAiD lEss thAn $8000 For his solAr systEm, "it’s All right so FAr," hE sAys, looking up At thE thrEE solAr pAnEls thAt run A FEw lights, A FAn, AnD A tv insiDE. "i CAn run powEr tools."
othErs, oF CoursE, tAkE A morE EnthusiAstiC linE. "thErE is A nEw FoCus on rEnEwABlE." sAys thomAs whitE, ChAirmAn AnD ChiEF ExECutivE oFEnron rEnEwABlEEnErgyCorporAtion, whiCh hAs ComplEtED thE worlD’s lArgEst winD FArm in minnEsotA、"my FEEling is thAt wE ArE At thE point in timE whErE thE pErsonAl ComputEr wAs in thE lAtE 70s," ADDs mAC moorE,DirECtor oFBusinEssDEvElopmEnt ForBp solAr, onE oF thE lArgEst mAnuFACturErs AnD mArkEtErs oF solAr ElECtriC systEms in thE worlD、"ovEr thE nExt 10 yEArs, iF things go wEll, thErE’s going to BE A rEvolutionAry ChAngE in thE wAy thAt wE oBtAin powEr."
winD powEr rEprEsEnts An EvEn morE CompElling ArgumEnt For rEmotE homEownErs. turBinEs hAvE BEComE so muCh morE EFFiCiEnt ovEr thE pAst DECADEs thAt homEownErs A quArtEr milE From A utility linE mAy FinD it ChEApEr to put up A winD turBinE thAn to pAy thE utility to ExtEnD its sErviCE.But For most ConsumErs, BArriErs rEmAin. For onE thing, rEnEwABlE EnErgy systEms ArE ExpEnsivE to instAll AnD rEquirE morE thAn A DECADE BEForE ConsumErs sEE A pAyBACk.
EvEn A gooD DEAl on solAr pAnEls in A high-sun ArEA woulD still Cost A typiCAl homEownEr 30 CEnts A kilowAtt hour, ExplAins thECEo oF strAtEgy unlimitED, A tEChnology-rEsEArCh Firm in mountAin viEw,CAliF. thAt’s FAr ABovE thE 6 to 15 CEnts thAtAmEriCAns typiCAlly pAy thEir loCAl utility, hE ADDs. smAll-sCAlE winD turBinEs ArE muCh morE CompEtitivE—AnywhErE From 8 to 15 CEnts A kilowAtt-hour, sAys mikEBErgEy, prEsiDEnt oFBErgEy winDpowEr in normAn, oklAhomA、But thEy still rEquirE A $30000 to $35000 invEstmEnt up Front AnD it woulD tAkE most homEownErs 15 to 20 yEArs BEForE thEy’D sEE Any pAyBACk.
thErE ArE othEr DrAwBACks. sinCE thEsE systEms only proDuCE EnErgy intErmittEntly, thErE’s no guArAntEE homEownErs CAn storE Enough EnErgy to run thEir homEs whEn thE sun isn’t shining or thE winD isn’t Blowing. thEn thErE’s AEsthEtiCs. will thE nEighBor ACCEpt thosE solAr pAnEls on your rooFDo you wAnt A 100-Foot-high winD turBinE humming in your BACkyArD likE A muFFlED hEliCoptEr thAt’s why CompAniEs likEBErgEy winDpowEr ArE tArgEting rurAl rEsiDEnts in thE unitED stAtEs—EspECiAlly thosE in stAtEs suCh AsCAliForniA, whErE thE govErnmEnt will pAy up to hAlF thE Cost oF instAlling rEnEwABlE-EnErgy systEms. ACCorDing to thE lAst pArAgrAph, whAt CAn BE ConCluDEDA．solAr AnD winD EnErgy systEms Cost A lot For proDuCing ElECtriCity.
B．pEoplE hAD BEttEr pAy For thE utility instEAD oF proDuCing ElECtriCity.
C．solAr AnD winD EnErgy CAn provi
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