【单选题】
单项选择
单项选择
【单选题】looking At thEAtrE history
onE oF thE primAry wAys oF ApproAChing thE grEEk thEAtrE is through ArChEology, thE systEmAtiC stuDy oF mAtEriAl rEmAins suCh As ArChitECturE, insCriptions, sCulpturE, vAsE pAinting, AnD othEr Forms oF DECorAtivE Art.
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sErious on-sitE ExCAvAtions BEgAn in grEECE ArounD 1870, But w.D6rpFElD DiD not BEgin thE First ExtEnsivE stuDy oF thE thEAtrE oFDionysus until 1886.
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sinCE thAt timE, morE thAn 167 othEr grEEk thEAtrEs hAvE BEEn iDEntiFiED AnD mAny oF thEm hAvE BEEn ExCAvAtED、
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nEvErthElEss, thEy still Do not pErmit us to DEsCriBE thE prECisE AppEArAnCE oF thE skEnE (illustrAtions printED in Books ArE ConjECturAl rEConstruCtions), sinCE mAny piECEs ArE irrEvoCABly lost BECAusE thE BuilDings in lAtEr pErioDs BECAmE sourCEs oF stonE For othEr projECts AnD whAt rEmAins is usuAlly BrokEn AnD sCAttErED、
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thAt most oF thE BuilDings wErE rEmoDElED mAny timEs hAs CrEAtED grEAt proBlEms For thosE sEEking to DAtE Both thE pArts AnD thE suCCEssivE vErsions.DEspitE thEsE DrAwBACks, ArChEology proviDEs thE most ConCrEtE EviDEnCE wE hAvE ABout thE thEAtrE struCturEs oF AnCiEnt grEECE.But, iF thEy hAvE tolD us muCh, ArChEologists hAvE not ComplEtED thEir work, AnD mAny sitEs hAvE sCArCEly BEEn touChED、
pErhAps thE most ControvErsiAl usE oF ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE in thEAtrE history is vAsE pAintings, thousAnDs oF whiCh hAvE survivED From AnCiEnt grEECE. (most oF thosE usED By thEAtrE sCholArs ArE rEproDuCED in mArgArEtEBiEBEr’s "thE history oF thE grEEk AnD romAn thEAtrE". )DEpiCting sCEnEs From mythology AnD DAily liFE, thE vAsEs ArE thE most grAphiC piCtoriAl EviDEnCE wE hAvE, But thEy ArE Also EAsy to misintErprEt. somE sCholArs hAvE ConsiDErED Any vAsE thAt DEpiCts A suBjECt trEAtED in A surviving DrAmA or Any sCEnE showing mAsks, FlutE plAyErs, or CErEmoniAls to BE vAliD EviDEnCE oF thEAtriCAl prACtiCE. this is A highly quEstionABlE Assumption, sinCE thE grEEks mADE wiDEsprEAD usE oF mAsks, DAnCEs, AnD musiC outsiDE thE thEAtrE AnD sinCE thE myths on whiCh DrAmAtists DrEw wErE known to EvEryonE, inCluDing vAsE pAintErs, who might wEll DEpiCt thE sAmE suBjECts As DrAmAtists without BEing inDEBtED to thEm. thosE vAsEs showing sCEnEs unquEstionABly thEAtriCAl ArE FEw in numBEr.
writtEn EviDEnCE ABout AnCiEnt grEEk thEAtrE is oFtEn trEAtED As lEss rEliABlE thAn ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE BECAusE most writtEn ACCounts ArE sEpArAtED so FAr in timE From thE EvEnts thEy DEsCriBE AnD BECAusE thEy proviDE no inFormAtion ABout thEir own sourCEs. oF thE writtEn EviDEnCE, thE surviving plAys ArE usuAlly trEAtED As thE most rEliABlE.But thE olDEst surviving mAnusCripts oF grEEk plAys DAtE From ArounD thE tEnth CEntury,C、E、, somE 1500 yEArs AFtEr thEy wErE First pErFormED、sinCE printing DiD not Exist During this timE spAn, CopiEs oF plAys hAD to BE mADE By hAnD, AnD thErEForE thE possiBility oF tExtuAl Errors CrEEping in wAs mAgniFiED、nEvErthElEss, thE sCripts oFFEr us our rEADiEst ACCEss to thE CulturAl AnD thEAtriCAl ConDitions out oF whiCh thEy CAmE.But thEsE sCripts, likE othEr kinDs oF EviDEnCE, ArE suBjECt to vArying intErprEtAtions.CErtAinly pErFormAnCEs EmBoDiED A mAlE pErspECtivE, For ExAmplE, sinCE thE plAys wErE writtEn, sElECtED, stAgED, AnD ACtED By mEn. yEt thE Existing plAys FEAturE numErous ChorusEs oF womEn AnD mAny FEAturE strong FEmAlE ChArACtErs.BECAusE thEsE ChArACtErs oFtEn sEEm viCtims oF thEir own powErlEssnEss AnD AppEAr to BE govErnED, EspECiAlly in thE ComEDiEs, By sExuAl DEsirE, somE CritiCs hAvE sEEn thEsE plAys As rAtionAlizAtions By thE mAlE-DominAtED CulturE For kEEping womEn sEgrEgAtED AnD CloistErED、othEr CritiCs, ho
onE oF thE primAry wAys oF ApproAChing thE grEEk thEAtrE is through ArChEology, thE systEmAtiC stuDy oF mAtEriAl rEmAins suCh As ArChitECturE, insCriptions, sCulpturE, vAsE pAinting, AnD othEr Forms oF DECorAtivE Art.
pErhAps thE most ControvErsiAl usE oF ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE in thEAtrE history is vAsE pAintings, thousAnDs oF whiCh hAvE survivED From AnCiEnt grEECE. (most oF thosE usED By thEAtrE sCholArs ArE rEproDuCED in mArgArEtEBiEBEr’s "thE history oF thE grEEk AnD romAn thEAtrE". )DEpiCting sCEnEs From mythology AnD DAily liFE, thE vAsEs ArE thE most grAphiC piCtoriAl EviDEnCE wE hAvE, But thEy ArE Also EAsy to misintErprEt. somE sCholArs hAvE ConsiDErED Any vAsE thAt DEpiCts A suBjECt trEAtED in A surviving DrAmA or Any sCEnE showing mAsks, FlutE plAyErs, or CErEmoniAls to BE vAliD EviDEnCE oF thEAtriCAl prACtiCE. this is A highly quEstionABlE Assumption, sinCE thE grEEks mADE wiDEsprEAD usE oF mAsks, DAnCEs, AnD musiC outsiDE thE thEAtrE AnD sinCE thE myths on whiCh DrAmAtists DrEw wErE known to EvEryonE, inCluDing vAsE pAintErs, who might wEll DEpiCt thE sAmE suBjECts As DrAmAtists without BEing inDEBtED to thEm. thosE vAsEs showing sCEnEs unquEstionABly thEAtriCAl ArE FEw in numBEr.
writtEn EviDEnCE ABout AnCiEnt grEEk thEAtrE is oFtEn trEAtED As lEss rEliABlE thAn ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE BECAusE most writtEn ACCounts ArE sEpArAtED so FAr in timE From thE EvEnts thEy DEsCriBE AnD BECAusE thEy proviDE no inFormAtion ABout thEir own sourCEs. oF thE writtEn EviDEnCE, thE surviving plAys ArE usuAlly trEAtED As thE most rEliABlE.But thE olDEst surviving mAnusCripts oF grEEk plAys DAtE From ArounD thE tEnth CEntury,C、E、, somE 1500 yEArs AFtEr thEy wErE First pErFormED、sinCE printing DiD not Exist During this timE spAn, CopiEs oF plAys hAD to BE mADE By hAnD, AnD thErEForE thE possiBility oF tExtuAl Errors CrEEping in wAs mAgniFiED、nEvErthElEss, thE sCripts oFFEr us our rEADiEst ACCEss to thE CulturAl AnD thEAtriCAl ConDitions out oF whiCh thEy CAmE.But thEsE sCripts, likE othEr kinDs oF EviDEnCE, ArE suBjECt to vArying intErprEtAtions.CErtAinly pErFormAnCEs EmBoDiED A mAlE pErspECtivE, For ExAmplE, sinCE thE plAys wErE writtEn, sElECtED, stAgED, AnD ACtED By mEn. yEt thE Existing plAys FEAturE numErous ChorusEs oF womEn AnD mAny FEAturE strong FEmAlE ChArACtErs.BECAusE thEsE ChArACtErs oFtEn sEEm viCtims oF thEir own powErlEssnEss AnD AppEAr to BE govErnED, EspECiAlly in thE ComEDiEs, By sExuAl DEsirE, somE CritiCs hAvE sEEn thEsE plAys As rAtionAlizAtions By thE mAlE-DominAtED CulturE For kEEping womEn sEgrEgAtED AnD CloistErED、othEr CritiCs, ho
【单选题】origins oF jAzz musiC
thE musiCAl phEnomEnon known As jAzz DEvElopED in thE yEArs just prior to 1900, mAinly in thE City oF nEw orlEAns AnD to A lEssEr ExtEnt in othEr lArgEAmEriCAn CitiEs. thE roots oF this quintEssEntiAllyAmEriCAn musiC ArE vAriED AnD ComplEx, But sEvErAl mAin strAnDs oF CulturE AnD musiCAl trADition CAn BE thought oF As prECursors whiCh EvEntuAlly CulminAtED in A rECognizABlE musiCAl gEnrE.
it is proBABlE thAt BlACkAFriCAns who wErE Brought to thE nEw worlD to work As slAvEs on plAntAtions CArriED with thEm An ABility to improvisE in musiC, in othEr worDs, to spontAnEously vAry inDiviDuAl pArts in A musiCAl pErFormAnCE.
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whilE working As slAvEs on plAntAtions AnD lAtEr As FrEE hAnDs in work plACEs, BlACks usED work songs with A DEgrEE oF improvisAtion, rECAlling thEirAFriCAn hEritAgE, As A rhythm to EAsE thE pAin oF hArD mAnuAl lABor.
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thEsE songs inCluDED spirituAls, thAt is, rEligious songs ExprEssing thE hArD ConDition oF BEing slAvEs, AnD FiElD hollErs, whiCh wErE A Form oF CommuniCAtion BEtwEEn FiElD hAnDs.
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thE proBlEms FACED By thE nEwly FrEED slAvEs Also BECAmE mAtEriAl For A stylE oF singing whiCh originAtED in moAning AnD lAmEntAtions ABout thE DiFFiCultiEs oF liFE.At First thEsE improvisAtions wErE not ACCompAniED By instrumEnts, But lAtEr, trAvEling musiCiAns with guitArs or BAnjos CrEAtED sounDs with soAring AnD sliDing pitCh.
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EvEntuAlly A pAttErn oF musiC EmErgED whiCh wAs rEFErrED to As thE BluEs, An importAnt ComponEnt oF EArly jAzz Forms.
AnothEr importAnt ingrEDiEnt in thE FormAtion oF jAzz is whAt BECAmE known As rAgtimE, A musiCAl Form thAt FlourishED From ABout 1890 until thE stArt oF worlD wAr i, in whiCh thE mEloDy oF A tunE wAs synCopAtED ovEr thE BAss linE AnD gAvE A rAggED FEEl. rAgtimE EvEntuAlly BECAmE FormAlizED AnD writtEn, But thE stylE oF thE rAgtimE tunEs wAs inFluEntiAl in Forming thE EArly DirECtion oF jAzz musiC、
musiCologists hAvE pointED out thAt nEw orlEAns BECAmE thE FoCAl point oF EArly jAzz pErFormAnCE BECAusE BrAss instrumEnts usED By militiA BAnDs During thECivil wAr AnD By town BAnDs For EntErtAinmEnt BEgAn to FinD thEir wAy into sEConDhAnD storEs AnD pAwn shops in nEw orlEAns. this EnABlED poorEr pEoplE to oBtAin instrumEnts ChEAply. thE DEmAnD For livE musiC wAs so grEAt thAt mAny oF thEsE AmAtEurs, whosE mAstEry oF thEsE ChEAply Bought instrumEnts wAs oFtEn inComplEtE, wErE CAllED on to pErForm, thEir unpolishED stylE mAy hAvE BEEn An importAnt ingrEDiEnt oF thE spontAnEous AnD unorthoDox sounD typiCAl oF EArly jAzz.
ACCorDing to lEn wEinstoCk, A historiAn oF jAzz, AnothEr rEAson why nEw orlEAns BECAmE A CEntEr oF this musiCAl stylE wAs thE ExistEnCE within thE City’s populAtion oF A lArgE group oF FrEnCh AnD spAnish sEttlErs who prEsErvED thEir ChArACtEristiC spEECh AnD CulturE. through intErmArriAgE withAFriCAnAmEriCAns, A suBCulturE oF DEsCEnDAnts DEvElopED, thECrEolEs. sinCE thECrEolEs in nEw orlEAns hAD not BEEn EnslAvED, mAny oF thEm BECAmE DistinguishED in thE EConomiC AnD CulturAl liFE oF thE FrEnCh sECtion oF thE City.CrEolEs hAD thEir own musiCAl rEsourCEs inFluEnCED By FrEnCh or spAnish ColoniAl trADitions, But somE wErE Also FormAlly trAinED in thEEuropEAn ClAssiCAl trADition AnD lEArnED thE prECisE tEChniquEs AnD tonAl sophistiCAtion nECEssAry to plAy in ChAmBEr EnsEmBlEs AnD EvEn At thE opErA housE. howEvEr, in 1894,CrEolEs living in nEw orlEAns wErE ForCED By A rACiAl sEgrEgAtion lAw to movE to thE ArEA oF thE City inhABitED By thE poor, lArgEly unEDuCAtED BlACk populAtion whosE musiCAl trADition wAs typiCAlly ChArACtErizED By mEmorizAtion An
thE musiCAl phEnomEnon known As jAzz DEvElopED in thE yEArs just prior to 1900, mAinly in thE City oF nEw orlEAns AnD to A lEssEr ExtEnt in othEr lArgEAmEriCAn CitiEs. thE roots oF this quintEssEntiAllyAmEriCAn musiC ArE vAriED AnD ComplEx, But sEvErAl mAin strAnDs oF CulturE AnD musiCAl trADition CAn BE thought oF As prECursors whiCh EvEntuAlly CulminAtED in A rECognizABlE musiCAl gEnrE.
it is proBABlE thAt BlACkAFriCAns who wErE Brought to thE nEw worlD to work As slAvEs on plAntAtions CArriED with thEm An ABility to improvisE in musiC, in othEr worDs, to spontAnEously vAry inDiviDuAl pArts in A musiCAl pErFormAnCE.
AnothEr importAnt ingrEDiEnt in thE FormAtion oF jAzz is whAt BECAmE known As rAgtimE, A musiCAl Form thAt FlourishED From ABout 1890 until thE stArt oF worlD wAr i, in whiCh thE mEloDy oF A tunE wAs synCopAtED ovEr thE BAss linE AnD gAvE A rAggED FEEl. rAgtimE EvEntuAlly BECAmE FormAlizED AnD writtEn, But thE stylE oF thE rAgtimE tunEs wAs inFluEntiAl in Forming thE EArly DirECtion oF jAzz musiC、
musiCologists hAvE pointED out thAt nEw orlEAns BECAmE thE FoCAl point oF EArly jAzz pErFormAnCE BECAusE BrAss instrumEnts usED By militiA BAnDs During thECivil wAr AnD By town BAnDs For EntErtAinmEnt BEgAn to FinD thEir wAy into sEConDhAnD storEs AnD pAwn shops in nEw orlEAns. this EnABlED poorEr pEoplE to oBtAin instrumEnts ChEAply. thE DEmAnD For livE musiC wAs so grEAt thAt mAny oF thEsE AmAtEurs, whosE mAstEry oF thEsE ChEAply Bought instrumEnts wAs oFtEn inComplEtE, wErE CAllED on to pErForm, thEir unpolishED stylE mAy hAvE BEEn An importAnt ingrEDiEnt oF thE spontAnEous AnD unorthoDox sounD typiCAl oF EArly jAzz.
ACCorDing to lEn wEinstoCk, A historiAn oF jAzz, AnothEr rEAson why nEw orlEAns BECAmE A CEntEr oF this musiCAl stylE wAs thE ExistEnCE within thE City’s populAtion oF A lArgE group oF FrEnCh AnD spAnish sEttlErs who prEsErvED thEir ChArACtEristiC spEECh AnD CulturE. through intErmArriAgE withAFriCAnAmEriCAns, A suBCulturE oF DEsCEnDAnts DEvElopED, thECrEolEs. sinCE thECrEolEs in nEw orlEAns hAD not BEEn EnslAvED, mAny oF thEm BECAmE DistinguishED in thE EConomiC AnD CulturAl liFE oF thE FrEnCh sECtion oF thE City.CrEolEs hAD thEir own musiCAl rEsourCEs inFluEnCED By FrEnCh or spAnish ColoniAl trADitions, But somE wErE Also FormAlly trAinED in thEEuropEAn ClAssiCAl trADition AnD lEArnED thE prECisE tEChniquEs AnD tonAl sophistiCAtion nECEssAry to plAy in ChAmBEr EnsEmBlEs AnD EvEn At thE opErA housE. howEvEr, in 1894,CrEolEs living in nEw orlEAns wErE ForCED By A rACiAl sEgrEgAtion lAw to movE to thE ArEA oF thE City inhABitED By thE poor, lArgEly unEDuCAtED BlACk populAtion whosE musiCAl trADition wAs typiCAlly ChArACtErizED By mEmorizAtion An
【单选题】 According to the passage, the Carboniferous period was characterized by
A．( a reduction in the number of coal deposits
B．( the burning of a large amount of coal
C．( an abundance of plants
D．( an accelerated rate of glacier formation
A．( a reduction in the number of coal deposits
B．( the burning of a large amount of coal
C．( an abundance of plants
D．( an accelerated rate of glacier formation
【单选题】 According to the passage, 30 percent of the Sun's incoming energy
A．( is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes
B．( is transported by ocean currents
C．( never leaves the upper atmosphere
D．( gets stored as latent heat
A．( is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes
B．( is transported by ocean currents
C．( never leaves the upper atmosphere
D．( gets stored as latent heat
【单选题】rEADing 4 "Four stAgEs oF plAnEtAryDEvElopmEnt"
plAnEtAryDEvElopmEnt
→ in our stuDy oF thE plAnEtEArth, wE will FinD A Four-stAgE history oF plAnEtAry DEvElopmEnt. thE moon AnD All thE tErrEstriAl plAnEts hAvE pAssED through thEsE stAgEs, Although DiFFErEnCEs in thE wAy thE plAnEts wErE AltErED By thEsE stAgEs hAvE proDuCED DrAmAtiCAlly DiFFErEnt worlDs. thE moon, For ExAmplE, is muCh likEEArth, But its Evolution hAs BEEn DrAmAtiCAlly AltErED By its smAllEr sizE.As wE ExplorE thE solAr systEm, wE will DisCovEr not EntirEly nEw proCEssEs But rAthEr FAmiliAr EFFECts working in slightly DiFFErEnt wAys.
thE Four stAgEs
thE First stAgE oF plAnEtAry Evolution is DiFFErEntiAtion, thE sEpArAtion oF mAtEriAl ACCorDing to DEnsity.EArth now hAs A DEnsE CorE AnD A lowEr-DEnsity Crust, AnD thAt struCturE must hAvE originAtED vEry EArly.
DiFFErEntiAtion woulD hAvE oCCurrED EAsily iFEArth wErE moltEn whEn it wAs young. two sourCEs oF hEAt CoulD hAvE hEAtEDEArth. First, hEAt oF FormAtion woulD BE CrEAtED By in-FAlling mAtEriAl.A、mEtEoritE hittingEArth At high vEloCity ConvErts most oF its EnErgy oF motion into hEAt, AnD thE in-FAlling oF A lArgE numBEr oF mEtEoritEs CoulD rElEAsE trEmEnDous hEAt. iFEArth FormED rApiDly, this hEAt woulD hAvE ACCumulAtED muCh morE rApiDly thAn it CoulD lEAk AwAy, AnDEArth mAy hAvE BEEn moltEn whEn it FormED、A、sEConD sourCE oF hEAt rEquirEs morE timE to DEvElop. thE DECAy oF rADioACtivE ElEmEnts trAppED in thEEArth rElEAsEs hEAt grADuAlly; But, As soon AsEArth FormED, thAt hEAt woulD hAvE BEgun to ACCumulAtE AnD CoulD hAvE hElpED mEltEArth to FACilitAtE DiFFErEntiAtion. most oFEArth’s rADioACtivE ElEmEnts ArE now ConCEntrAtED in thE Crust, whErE thEy ContinuE to wArm AnD soFtEn thE roCk lAyErs.
EArth FormED By mAtEriAl FAlling togEthEr, But mEtEoritEs CoulD hAvE lEFt no trACE until A Crust soliDiFiED、onCEEArth hAD A hArD surFACE, thE mEtEoritEs CoulD Form CrAtErs. this sEConD stAgE in plAnEtAry Evolution, CrAtEring, wAs violEnt. thE hEAvy BomBArDmEnt wAs intEnsE BECAusE thE solAr nEBulA wAs FillED with roCky AnD iCy DEBris, AnD thE youngEArth wAs BAttErED By mEtEoritEs thAt pulvErizED thE nEwly Forming Crust. thE lArgEst mEtEoritEs BlAstED out CrAtEr BAsins hunDrEDs oF kilomEtErs in DiAmEtEr.As thE solAr nEBulA ClEArED, thE Amount oF DEBris DECrEAsED, AnD thE lEvEl oF CrAtEring FEll to its prEsEnt low lEvEl.Although mEtEoritEs still oCCAsionAlly strikEEArth AnD Dig CrAtErs, CrAtEring is no longEr thE DominAnt inFluEnCE onEArth’s gEology.As wE CompArE othEr worlDs withEArth, wE will DisCovEr trACEs oF this intEnsE pErioD oF CrAtEring, thE hEAvy BomBArDmEnt, on EvEry olD surFACE in thE solAr systEm.
→ thE thirD stAgE, FlooDing, no DouBt BEgAn whilE CrAtEring wAs still intEnsE. thE FrACturing oF thE Crust AnD thE hEAting CAusED By rADioACtivE DECAy AllowED moltEn roCk just BElow thE Crust to wEll up through FissurEs AnD FlooD thE DEEpEr BAsins. wE will DisCuss suCh FlooDED BAsins on othEr worlDs, suCh As thE moon, But All trACEs oF this EArly lAvA FlooDing hAvE BEEn DEstroyED By lAtEr gEologiCAl ACtivity inEArth’s Crust. onEArth, FlooDing ContinuED As thE AtmosphErE CoolED AnD wAtEr FEll As rAin, Filling thE DEEpEst BAsins to proDuCE thE First oCEAns.
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notiCE thAt onEArth FlooDing involvEs Both lAvA AnD wAtEr, A CirCumstAnCE thAt wE will not FinD on most worlDs.
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thE Fourth stAgE, slow surFACE Evolution, hAs ContinuED For thE lAst 3.5 Billion yEArs or morE.
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EArth’s surFACE is ConstAntly ChAnging As sECtions oF Crust sliDE ovEr EACh othEr, push up mountAins, AnD shiFt ContinEnts.
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Almost All trACEs oF thE Firs
plAnEtAryDEvElopmEnt
→ in our stuDy oF thE plAnEtEArth, wE will FinD A Four-stAgE history oF plAnEtAry DEvElopmEnt. thE moon AnD All thE tErrEstriAl plAnEts hAvE pAssED through thEsE stAgEs, Although DiFFErEnCEs in thE wAy thE plAnEts wErE AltErED By thEsE stAgEs hAvE proDuCED DrAmAtiCAlly DiFFErEnt worlDs. thE moon, For ExAmplE, is muCh likEEArth, But its Evolution hAs BEEn DrAmAtiCAlly AltErED By its smAllEr sizE.As wE ExplorE thE solAr systEm, wE will DisCovEr not EntirEly nEw proCEssEs But rAthEr FAmiliAr EFFECts working in slightly DiFFErEnt wAys.
thE Four stAgEs
thE First stAgE oF plAnEtAry Evolution is DiFFErEntiAtion, thE sEpArAtion oF mAtEriAl ACCorDing to DEnsity.EArth now hAs A DEnsE CorE AnD A lowEr-DEnsity Crust, AnD thAt struCturE must hAvE originAtED vEry EArly.
DiFFErEntiAtion woulD hAvE oCCurrED EAsily iFEArth wErE moltEn whEn it wAs young. two sourCEs oF hEAt CoulD hAvE hEAtEDEArth. First, hEAt oF FormAtion woulD BE CrEAtED By in-FAlling mAtEriAl.A、mEtEoritE hittingEArth At high vEloCity ConvErts most oF its EnErgy oF motion into hEAt, AnD thE in-FAlling oF A lArgE numBEr oF mEtEoritEs CoulD rElEAsE trEmEnDous hEAt. iFEArth FormED rApiDly, this hEAt woulD hAvE ACCumulAtED muCh morE rApiDly thAn it CoulD lEAk AwAy, AnDEArth mAy hAvE BEEn moltEn whEn it FormED、A、sEConD sourCE oF hEAt rEquirEs morE timE to DEvElop. thE DECAy oF rADioACtivE ElEmEnts trAppED in thEEArth rElEAsEs hEAt grADuAlly; But, As soon AsEArth FormED, thAt hEAt woulD hAvE BEgun to ACCumulAtE AnD CoulD hAvE hElpED mEltEArth to FACilitAtE DiFFErEntiAtion. most oFEArth’s rADioACtivE ElEmEnts ArE now ConCEntrAtED in thE Crust, whErE thEy ContinuE to wArm AnD soFtEn thE roCk lAyErs.
EArth FormED By mAtEriAl FAlling togEthEr, But mEtEoritEs CoulD hAvE lEFt no trACE until A Crust soliDiFiED、onCEEArth hAD A hArD surFACE, thE mEtEoritEs CoulD Form CrAtErs. this sEConD stAgE in plAnEtAry Evolution, CrAtEring, wAs violEnt. thE hEAvy BomBArDmEnt wAs intEnsE BECAusE thE solAr nEBulA wAs FillED with roCky AnD iCy DEBris, AnD thE youngEArth wAs BAttErED By mEtEoritEs thAt pulvErizED thE nEwly Forming Crust. thE lArgEst mEtEoritEs BlAstED out CrAtEr BAsins hunDrEDs oF kilomEtErs in DiAmEtEr.As thE solAr nEBulA ClEArED, thE Amount oF DEBris DECrEAsED, AnD thE lEvEl oF CrAtEring FEll to its prEsEnt low lEvEl.Although mEtEoritEs still oCCAsionAlly strikEEArth AnD Dig CrAtErs, CrAtEring is no longEr thE DominAnt inFluEnCE onEArth’s gEology.As wE CompArE othEr worlDs withEArth, wE will DisCovEr trACEs oF this intEnsE pErioD oF CrAtEring, thE hEAvy BomBArDmEnt, on EvEry olD surFACE in thE solAr systEm.
→ thE thirD stAgE, FlooDing, no DouBt BEgAn whilE CrAtEring wAs still intEnsE. thE FrACturing oF thE Crust AnD thE hEAting CAusED By rADioACtivE DECAy AllowED moltEn roCk just BElow thE Crust to wEll up through FissurEs AnD FlooD thE DEEpEr BAsins. wE will DisCuss suCh FlooDED BAsins on othEr worlDs, suCh As thE moon, But All trACEs oF this EArly lAvA FlooDing hAvE BEEn DEstroyED By lAtEr gEologiCAl ACtivity inEArth’s Crust. onEArth, FlooDing ContinuED As thE AtmosphErE CoolED AnD wAtEr FEll As rAin, Filling thE DEEpEst BAsins to proDuCE thE First oCEAns.
thE Fourth stAgE, slow surFACE Evolution, hAs ContinuED For thE lAst 3.5 Billion yEArs or morE.
【单选题】 Nous avions ____________ ,en entrant en classe ,de jeter nos casquettes par terre.
A．l'habitude
B．la coutume
C．l'usage
D．le couteau
A．l'habitude
B．la coutume
C．l'usage
D．le couteau
【单选题】 The word "heart" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
A．( center
B．( edge
C．( tail
D．( beginning
A．( center
B．( edge
C．( tail
D．( beginning
【单选题】 The word "flourished" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
A．( were discovered
B．( were marketed
C．( combined
D．( thrived
A．( were discovered
B．( were marketed
C．( combined
D．( thrived
【单选题】ConsumErDEmAnD AnDDEvElopmEnt oF grEEnCArs
thE DAy AutomAkErs put thE EArth At thE top oF thEir AgEnDA will go Down in history. rEADing this Book, onE gEts thE sEnsE thAt DAy is Coming, mAjor AutomAkErs—still no pArAgons oF EnvironmEntAlism—hAvE gottEn thE mEssAgE thAt rEplACing thE Dirty intErnAl-ComBustion EnginE is An urgEnt priority. with lEss thAn 5 pErCEnt oF thE worlD’s populAtion,AmEriCAns proDuCE 14 pErCEnt oF All gloBAl wArming CArBon-DioxiDE gAs.AnD CAr tAilpipEs pump out morE thAn 30 pErCEnt oF u. s. Air pollution.
in his nEw Book, ForwArDDrivE: thE rACE toBuilD "ClEAn"CArs For thE FuturE, EnvironmEntAlist jim motAvAlli ConCluDEs thAt CApitAlist CompEtition is lEADing thE wAy ovEr govErnmEnt mAnDAtEs to ClEAn up thAt ExhAust. motAvAlli ChroniClEs thE movEmEnt For ClEAnEr CArs: thE FEw visionAriEs AnD zEAlots BuilDing AnD Driving homE-Built BAttEry-powErED CArs; thE DiviDED giAnt AutomAkErs working tirElEssly to DEvElop ClEAn CArs whilE Fighting rEgulAtory EFForts to rEquirE thEm; univErsity rEsEArChErs ConCluDing stuDiEs; AnD thE rEgulAtors trying to spEED thEir ADoption.
ForwArDDrivE CovErs thE tEChnologiCAl ADvAnCEs oF thE hyBriD AnD FuEl-CEll vEhiClEs poisED to tAkE ovEr From thE intErnAl-ComBustion EnginE. in somE wAys, motAvAlli is An unlikEly nArrAtor.A、sElF-vowED CAr nut who stumBlED into A joB EDitingE, thEEnviromEntAl mAgAzinE, hE sEEms BiAsED on Both siDEs oF thE issuE.But ultimAtEly, thAt’s whAt mAkEs him BEst suitED to tEll this story.
motoAvAlli’s ConCErn For thE EnvironmEnt is sinCErE, AnD his knowlEDgE oF CArs is rEFrEshingly ACCurAtE. thE most intErEsting pAssAgEs Follow his trAnsFormAttion From intErnAl-ComBustion DEvotEE to EnvironmEntAl Auto CyniC AnD BAttEry-CAr zEAlot to hopEFul FuturE-CAr rEAlist. "it wAs DisConCErting, to sAy thE lEAst, to lEArn thAt my hoBBy oF CollECting ClAssiC CArs AnD my growing ConCErn For thE EnvironmEnt DiDn’t nECEssArily mEsh," motAvAlli writEs. "thE CAr hAs CErtAinly BEEn gooD to mE, But i’m BEComin DisEnChAntED."
in thE prEFACE, hE notED thAt hE sEt out to writE A Book CritiCAl oF thE Auto inDustry For tEAming up with mAjor oil CompAniEs to BloCk thE DEvElopmEnt oF ClEAn CArs.But whEn hE Dug in to Do morE rEsEArCh, hE FounD A DiFFErEnt story. nAmEly thAt AutomAkErs inDEtroit, jApAn, AnDEuropE ArE in A hEAtED rACE to stArt sElling CArs thAt ArE morE EnvironmEntAlly CorrECt.
A、[■] unFortunAtEly, motAvAlli glossEs ovEr issuEs oF ConsumEr DEmAn
D、
B、[■] hE nEvEr mEntions thAt toDAy’s ElECtriC CArs AnD gAsolinE-ElECtriC hyBriDs Cost FAr morE thAn intErnAl-ComBustion CArs oF EquAl or grEAtEr CApABility.
C、[■] hE notEs thEir uttEr DEDiCAtion to thEir ElECtriC CArs AnD impliEs thAt thE rEst oF thE Buying puBliC shoulD simply BE As EnthusiAstiC, without ADDrEssing issuEs oF priCE or vArious wAys FAmiliEs usE thEir CArs.
D、[■]
hE strongly FAvorsCAliForniA’s mAnDAtE thAt 10 pErCEnt oF All vEhiClEs solD in thE stAtE BE zEro-Emission-vEhiClE-BAttEry or FuEl-CEll ElECtriCs, not hyBriDs—EvEn though hE writEs, "ultimAtEly, vEhiClEs hAlFhEArtEDly DEsignED to mEEt A mAnDAtE woulD FAil in thE mArkEtplACE."AnD hE givEs A short shiFt to thE point thAt ClEAn CArs Do nothing to EAsE CongEstion AnD sprAwl.
in A tElEphonE intErviEw, motAvAlli ConCEDEs thAt tEChnology is progrEssing FAstEr thAn thE Book DEADlinE AllowED him to kEEp up with. iF Anything, AutomAkErs ArE working hArDEr to DEvElop hyBriD-ElECtriCs.AnD mAss-mArkEt hyBriD-DrivE systEms will likEly First show up in thE Big sport utility vEhiClEs thAt motAvAlli rAils AgAinst.
nEvErthElEss, hE now BEliEvEs thAt thE AutomAkErs with thE DEEpEst poCkEts hAvE thE BEst ChAnCE oF BuilDing BEttEr CArs For tomorrow. "thE nEw, ClEAn CArs will EmErgE not From A tinkErEr’s gArAgE, But From thE wEll-FunDED rEsEArCh lABs oF thE sAmE Big Auto CompAniEs t
thE DAy AutomAkErs put thE EArth At thE top oF thEir AgEnDA will go Down in history. rEADing this Book, onE gEts thE sEnsE thAt DAy is Coming, mAjor AutomAkErs—still no pArAgons oF EnvironmEntAlism—hAvE gottEn thE mEssAgE thAt rEplACing thE Dirty intErnAl-ComBustion EnginE is An urgEnt priority. with lEss thAn 5 pErCEnt oF thE worlD’s populAtion,AmEriCAns proDuCE 14 pErCEnt oF All gloBAl wArming CArBon-DioxiDE gAs.AnD CAr tAilpipEs pump out morE thAn 30 pErCEnt oF u. s. Air pollution.
in his nEw Book, ForwArDDrivE: thE rACE toBuilD "ClEAn"CArs For thE FuturE, EnvironmEntAlist jim motAvAlli ConCluDEs thAt CApitAlist CompEtition is lEADing thE wAy ovEr govErnmEnt mAnDAtEs to ClEAn up thAt ExhAust. motAvAlli ChroniClEs thE movEmEnt For ClEAnEr CArs: thE FEw visionAriEs AnD zEAlots BuilDing AnD Driving homE-Built BAttEry-powErED CArs; thE DiviDED giAnt AutomAkErs working tirElEssly to DEvElop ClEAn CArs whilE Fighting rEgulAtory EFForts to rEquirE thEm; univErsity rEsEArChErs ConCluDing stuDiEs; AnD thE rEgulAtors trying to spEED thEir ADoption.
ForwArDDrivE CovErs thE tEChnologiCAl ADvAnCEs oF thE hyBriD AnD FuEl-CEll vEhiClEs poisED to tAkE ovEr From thE intErnAl-ComBustion EnginE. in somE wAys, motAvAlli is An unlikEly nArrAtor.A、sElF-vowED CAr nut who stumBlED into A joB EDitingE, thEEnviromEntAl mAgAzinE, hE sEEms BiAsED on Both siDEs oF thE issuE.But ultimAtEly, thAt’s whAt mAkEs him BEst suitED to tEll this story.
motoAvAlli’s ConCErn For thE EnvironmEnt is sinCErE, AnD his knowlEDgE oF CArs is rEFrEshingly ACCurAtE. thE most intErEsting pAssAgEs Follow his trAnsFormAttion From intErnAl-ComBustion DEvotEE to EnvironmEntAl Auto CyniC AnD BAttEry-CAr zEAlot to hopEFul FuturE-CAr rEAlist. "it wAs DisConCErting, to sAy thE lEAst, to lEArn thAt my hoBBy oF CollECting ClAssiC CArs AnD my growing ConCErn For thE EnvironmEnt DiDn’t nECEssArily mEsh," motAvAlli writEs. "thE CAr hAs CErtAinly BEEn gooD to mE, But i’m BEComin DisEnChAntED."
in thE prEFACE, hE notED thAt hE sEt out to writE A Book CritiCAl oF thE Auto inDustry For tEAming up with mAjor oil CompAniEs to BloCk thE DEvElopmEnt oF ClEAn CArs.But whEn hE Dug in to Do morE rEsEArCh, hE FounD A DiFFErEnt story. nAmEly thAt AutomAkErs inDEtroit, jApAn, AnDEuropE ArE in A hEAtED rACE to stArt sElling CArs thAt ArE morE EnvironmEntAlly CorrECt.
A、[■] unFortunAtEly, motAvAlli glossEs ovEr issuEs oF ConsumEr DEmAn
D、
B、[■] hE nEvEr mEntions thAt toDAy’s ElECtriC CArs AnD gAsolinE-ElECtriC hyBriDs Cost FAr morE thAn intErnAl-ComBustion CArs oF EquAl or grEAtEr CApABility.
C、[■] hE notEs thEir uttEr DEDiCAtion to thEir ElECtriC CArs AnD impliEs thAt thE rEst oF thE Buying puBliC shoulD simply BE As EnthusiAstiC, without ADDrEssing issuEs oF priCE or vArious wAys FAmiliEs usE thEir CArs.
D、[■]
hE strongly FAvorsCAliForniA’s mAnDAtE thAt 10 pErCEnt oF All vEhiClEs solD in thE stAtE BE zEro-Emission-vEhiClE-BAttEry or FuEl-CEll ElECtriCs, not hyBriDs—EvEn though hE writEs, "ultimAtEly, vEhiClEs hAlFhEArtEDly DEsignED to mEEt A mAnDAtE woulD FAil in thE mArkEtplACE."AnD hE givEs A short shiFt to thE point thAt ClEAn CArs Do nothing to EAsE CongEstion AnD sprAwl.
in A tElEphonE intErviEw, motAvAlli ConCEDEs thAt tEChnology is progrEssing FAstEr thAn thE Book DEADlinE AllowED him to kEEp up with. iF Anything, AutomAkErs ArE working hArDEr to DEvElop hyBriD-ElECtriCs.AnD mAss-mArkEt hyBriD-DrivE systEms will likEly First show up in thE Big sport utility vEhiClEs thAt motAvAlli rAils AgAinst.
nEvErthElEss, hE now BEliEvEs thAt thE AutomAkErs with thE DEEpEst poCkEts hAvE thE BEst ChAnCE oF BuilDing BEttEr CArs For tomorrow. "thE nEw, ClEAn CArs will EmErgE not From A tinkErEr’s gArAgE, But From thE wEll-FunDED rEsEArCh lABs oF thE sAmE Big Auto CompAniEs t
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