【单选题】rEADing 2 "pAlEolithiCArt"
→ thE sEvErAl millEnniA Following 30,000B、
C、sAw A powErFul outBurst oF ArtistiC CrEAtivity. thE Artworks proDuCED rAngE From simplE shEll nECklACEs to humAn AnD AnimAl Forms in ivory, ClAy, AnD stonE to monumEntAl pAintings, EngrAvings, AnD rEliEF sCulpturEs CovEring thE hugE wAll surFACEs oF CAvEs. From thE momEnt in 1879 thAt CAvE pAintings wErE DisCovErED AtAltAmirA, sCholArs hAvE wonDErED why thE huntEr-Artists oF thE olD stonEAgE DECiDED to CovEr thE wAlls oF DArk CAvErns with AnimAl imAgEs. vArious AnswErs hAvE BEEn givEn, inCluDing thAt thEy wErE mErE DECorAtion, But this thEory CAnnot ExplAin thE nArrow rAngE oF suBjECts or thE inACCEssiBility oF mAny oF thE pAintings. in FACt, thE rEmotEnEss AnD DiFFiCulty oF ACCEss oF mAny oF thE CAvE pAintings AnD thE FACt thEy AppEAr to hAvE BEEn usED For CEnturiEs ArE prECisEly whAt hAvE lED mAny sCholArs to suggEst thAt thE prEhistoriC huntErs AttriButED mAgiCAl propErtiEs to thE imAgEs thEy pAintE
D、ACCorDing to this ArgumEnt, By ConFining AnimAls to thE surFACEs oF thEir CAvE wAlls, thE Artists BEliEvED thEy wErE Bringing thE BEAsts unDEr thEir Control. somE hAvE EvEn hypothEsizED thAt rituAls or DAnCEs wErE pErFormED in Front oF thE imAgEs AnD thAt thEsE ritEs sErvED to improvE thE huntErs’ luCk. still othErs hAvE stAtED thAt thE pAintED AnimAls mAy hAvE sErvED As tEAChing tools to instruCt nEw huntErs ABout thE ChArACtEr oF thE vArious spECiEs thEy woulD EnCountEr or EvEn to sErvE As tArgEts For spEArs!
By ContrAst, somE sCholArs hAvE ArguED thAt thE mAgiCAl purposE oF thE pAintings wAs not to FACilitAtE thE DEstruCtion oF Bison AnD othEr spECiEs. instEAD, thEy BEliEvE prEhistoriC pAintErs CrEAtED AnimAl imAgEs to AssurE thE survivAl oF thE hErDs. pAlEolithiC pEoplEs DEpEnDED on For thEir FooD supply AnD For thEir Clothing.
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A、CEntrAl proBlEm For Both thE hunting-mAgiC AnD FooDCrEAtion thEoriEs is thAt thE AnimAls thAt sEEm to hAvE BEEn DiEt stAplEs oF olD stonEAgE pEoplEs ArE not thosE most FrEquEntly portrAyE
D、
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othEr sCholArs hAvE sought to rEConstruCt An ElABorAtE mythology BAsED on thE CAvE pAintings, suggEsting thAt pAlEolithiC humAns BEliEvED thEy hAD AnimAl AnCEstors. still othErs hAvE EquAtED CErtAin spECiEs with mEn AnD othErs with womEn AnD Also FounD sExuAl symBolism in thE ABstrACt signs thAt somEtimEs ACCompAny thE imAgEs.
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Almost All oF thEsE thEoriEs hAvE BEEn DisCrEDitED ovEr timE, AnD Art historiAns must ADmit thAt no onE knows thE intEnt oF thEsE pAintings.
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in FACt, A singlE ExplAnAtion For All pAlEolithiC murAls, EvEn pAintings similAr in suBjECt, stylE, AnD Composition (how thE motiFs ArE ArrAngED on thE surFACE), is unlikEly to Apply univErsAlly. For now, thE pAintings rEmAin An EnigmA、
→ thAt thE pAintings DiD hAvE mEAning to thE pAlEolithiC pEoplEs who mADE AnD oBsErvED thEm CAnnot, howEvEr, BE DouBtE
D、 in FACt, signs Consisting oF ChECks, Dots, squArEs, or othEr ArrAngEmEnts oF linEs oFtEn ACCompAny thE piCturEs oF AnimAls. sEvErAl oBsErvErs hAvE sEEn A primitivE writing Form in thEsE rEprEsEntAtions oF nonliving things, But thE signs, too, mAy hAvE hAD somE othEr signiFiCAnCE. somE look likE trAps AnD Arrows AnD, ACCorDing to thE hunting-mAgiC thEory, mAy hAvE BEEn DrAwn to insurE suCCEss in CApturing or killing AnimAls with thEsE DEviCEs.At pECh-mErlE in FrAnCE, thE "spottED horsEs" pAintED on thE CAvE wAll mAy not hAvE spots. somE sCholArs hAvE ArguED thAt thE "spots," whiCh AppEAr Both within AnD without thE horsEs’ outlinEs, ArE pAintED roCks thrown At thE AnimAls.
→ rEprEsEntAtions oF humAn hAnDs Also ArE Common. thosE ArounD thE pECh-mErlE horsEs, AnD thE mAjorit
→ thE sEvErAl millEnniA Following 30,000B、
C、sAw A powErFul outBurst oF ArtistiC CrEAtivity. thE Artworks proDuCED rAngE From simplE shEll nECklACEs to humAn AnD AnimAl Forms in ivory, ClAy, AnD stonE to monumEntAl pAintings, EngrAvings, AnD rEliEF sCulpturEs CovEring thE hugE wAll surFACEs oF CAvEs. From thE momEnt in 1879 thAt CAvE pAintings wErE DisCovErED AtAltAmirA, sCholArs hAvE wonDErED why thE huntEr-Artists oF thE olD stonEAgE DECiDED to CovEr thE wAlls oF DArk CAvErns with AnimAl imAgEs. vArious AnswErs hAvE BEEn givEn, inCluDing thAt thEy wErE mErE DECorAtion, But this thEory CAnnot ExplAin thE nArrow rAngE oF suBjECts or thE inACCEssiBility oF mAny oF thE pAintings. in FACt, thE rEmotEnEss AnD DiFFiCulty oF ACCEss oF mAny oF thE CAvE pAintings AnD thE FACt thEy AppEAr to hAvE BEEn usED For CEnturiEs ArE prECisEly whAt hAvE lED mAny sCholArs to suggEst thAt thE prEhistoriC huntErs AttriButED mAgiCAl propErtiEs to thE imAgEs thEy pAintE
D、ACCorDing to this ArgumEnt, By ConFining AnimAls to thE surFACEs oF thEir CAvE wAlls, thE Artists BEliEvED thEy wErE Bringing thE BEAsts unDEr thEir Control. somE hAvE EvEn hypothEsizED thAt rituAls or DAnCEs wErE pErFormED in Front oF thE imAgEs AnD thAt thEsE ritEs sErvED to improvE thE huntErs’ luCk. still othErs hAvE stAtED thAt thE pAintED AnimAls mAy hAvE sErvED As tEAChing tools to instruCt nEw huntErs ABout thE ChArACtEr oF thE vArious spECiEs thEy woulD EnCountEr or EvEn to sErvE As tArgEts For spEArs!
By ContrAst, somE sCholArs hAvE ArguED thAt thE mAgiCAl purposE oF thE pAintings wAs not to FACilitAtE thE DEstruCtion oF Bison AnD othEr spECiEs. instEAD, thEy BEliEvE prEhistoriC pAintErs CrEAtED AnimAl imAgEs to AssurE thE survivAl oF thE hErDs. pAlEolithiC pEoplEs DEpEnDED on For thEir FooD supply AnD For thEir Clothing.
D、
othEr sCholArs hAvE sought to rEConstruCt An ElABorAtE mythology BAsED on thE CAvE pAintings, suggEsting thAt pAlEolithiC humAns BEliEvED thEy hAD AnimAl AnCEstors. still othErs hAvE EquAtED CErtAin spECiEs with mEn AnD othErs with womEn AnD Also FounD sExuAl symBolism in thE ABstrACt signs thAt somEtimEs ACCompAny thE imAgEs.
→ thAt thE pAintings DiD hAvE mEAning to thE pAlEolithiC pEoplEs who mADE AnD oBsErvED thEm CAnnot, howEvEr, BE DouBtE
D、 in FACt, signs Consisting oF ChECks, Dots, squArEs, or othEr ArrAngEmEnts oF linEs oFtEn ACCompAny thE piCturEs oF AnimAls. sEvErAl oBsErvErs hAvE sEEn A primitivE writing Form in thEsE rEprEsEntAtions oF nonliving things, But thE signs, too, mAy hAvE hAD somE othEr signiFiCAnCE. somE look likE trAps AnD Arrows AnD, ACCorDing to thE hunting-mAgiC thEory, mAy hAvE BEEn DrAwn to insurE suCCEss in CApturing or killing AnimAls with thEsE DEviCEs.At pECh-mErlE in FrAnCE, thE "spottED horsEs" pAintED on thE CAvE wAll mAy not hAvE spots. somE sCholArs hAvE ArguED thAt thE "spots," whiCh AppEAr Both within AnD without thE horsEs’ outlinEs, ArE pAintED roCks thrown At thE AnimAls.
→ rEprEsEntAtions oF humAn hAnDs Also ArE Common. thosE ArounD thE pECh-mErlE horsEs, AnD thE mAjorit
【分析解答题】.onE (Common) hErB oF thE mint FAmily is thymE, thE (DriED) lEAvEs AnD FlowEring tops oF whiCh (is) usED (to FlAvor) mAny DiFFErEnt FooD.
【单选题】 Initially introduced in 1852, the gyroscope consists a spinning device, usually in theform of a wheel, that exhibits strong angular momentum.
【单选题】 The distinguishing feature of a fluid, in contrast to a solid, is the ease __________
A．( that a deformed fluid
B．( to deform a fluid
C．( when a fluid that is deformed
D．( with which a fluid may be deformed
A．( that a deformed fluid
B．( to deform a fluid
C．( when a fluid that is deformed
D．( with which a fluid may be deformed
【单选题】 (Hair) grows more (quickly) in summer than in winter and more slowly at (the night) than (during) the day.
A．Hair
B．quickly
C．the night
D．during
A．Hair
B．quickly
C．the night
D．during
【多选题】rEADing 5 "spEECh AnD writing"
it is A wiDEly hElD misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh. to mAny pEoplE, writing somEhow sEEms morE CorrECt AnD morE stABlE, whErEAs spEECh CAn BE CArElEss, CorruptED, AnD susCEptiBlE to ChAngE. somE pEoplE EvEn go so FAr As to iDEntiFy lAnguAgE with writing AnD to rEgArD spEECh As A sEConDAry Form oF lAnguAgE usED impErFECtly to ApproximAtE thE iDEAls oF thE writtEn lAnguAgE.
→ onE oF thE BAsiC Assumptions oF moDErn linguistiCs, howEvEr, is thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry. thE most immEDiAtE mAniFEstAtion oF lAnguAgE is spEECh AnD not writing. writing is simply thE rEprEsEntAtion oF spEECh in AnothEr physiCAl mEDium. spokEn lAnguAgE EnCoDEs thought into A physiCAlly trAnsmittABlE Form, whilE writing, in turn, EnCoDEs spokEn lAnguAgE into A physiCAlly prEsErvABlE Form. writing is A two-stAgE proCEss.All units oF writing, whEthEr lEttErs or ChArACtErs, ArE BAsED on units oF spEECh, i.E., worDs, sounDs, or syllABlEs. whEn linguists stuDy lAnguAgE, thEy tAkE thE spokEn lAnguAgE As thEir BEst sourCE oF DAtA AnD thEir oBjECt oF DEsCription (ExCEpt in instAnCEs oF lAnguAgEs likE lAtin For whiCh thErE ArE no longEr Any spEAkErs).
thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons For mAintAining thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry.
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First, writing is A lAtEr historiCAl DEvElopmEnt thAn spokEn lAnguAgE.
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CurrEnt ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE inDiCAtEs thAt writing wAs First utilizED in sumEr, thAt is, moDErn-DAy irAq, ABout 6,000 yEArs Ago.
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As FAr As physiCAl AnD CulturAl Anthropologists CAn tEll, spokEn lAnguAgE hAs proBABly BEEn usED By humAns For hunDrEDs oF thousAnDs oF yEArs.
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→ sEConD, writing DoEs not Exist EvErywhErE thAt spokEn lAnguAgE Exists. this sEEms hArD to imAginE in our highly litErAtE soCiEty, But thE FACt is thAt thErE ArE still mAny CommunitiEs in thE worlD whErE A writtEn Form oF lAnguAgE is not usED, AnD EvEn in thosE CulturEs using A writing systEm, thErE ArE inDiviDuAls who FAil to lEArn thE writtEn Form oF thEir lAnguAgE. in FACt, thE mAjority oF thEEArth’s inhABitAnts ArE illitErAtE, though quitE CApABlE oF spokEn CommuniCAtion. howEvEr, no soCiEty usEs only A writtEn lAnguAgE with no spokEn Form.
thirD, writing must BE tAught, whErEAs spokEn lAnguAgE is ACquirED AutomAtiCAlly.All ChilDrEn, ExCEpt ChilDrEn with sErious lEArning DisABilitiEs, nAturAlly lEArn to spEAk thE lAnguAgE oF thE Community in whiCh thEy ArE Brought up. thEy ACquirE thE BAsiCs oF thEir nAtivE lAnguAgE BEForE thEy EntEr sChool, AnD EvEn iF thEy nEvEr AttEnD sChool, thEy BEComE Fully CompEtEnt spEAkErs. writing systEms vAry in ComplExity, But rEgArDlEss oF thEir lEvEl oF sophistiCAtion, thEy must All BE tAught.
FinAlly, nEurolinguistiC EviDEnCE (stuDiEs oF thE BrAin in ACtion During lAnguAgE usE) DEmonstrAtEs thAt thE proCEssing AnD proDuCtion oF writtEn lAnguAgE is ovErlAiD on thE spokEn lAnguAgE CEntErs in thE BrAin. spokEn lAnguAgE involvEs sEvErAl DistinCt ArEAs oF thE BrAin; writing usEs thEsE ArEAs AnD othErs As wEll.
→ so whAt givEs risE to thE misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons. For onE thing, thE proDuCt oF writing is usuAlly morE Aptly worDED AnD BEttEr orgAnizED, ContAining FEwEr Errors, hEsitAtions, AnD inComplEtE sEntEnCEs thAn ArE FounD in spEECh. this pErFECtion oF writing CAn BE ExplAinED By thE FACt thAt writing is thE rEsult oF DEliBErAtion, CorrECtion, AnD rEvision, whilE spEECh is thE spontAnEous AnD simultAnEous FormulAtion oF iDEAs; writing is thErEForE lEss suBjECt to thE ConstrAint oF timE thAn spEECh is. in ADDition, writing is ultimAtEly AssoCiAtED with EDuCAtion AnD EDu
it is A wiDEly hElD misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh. to mAny pEoplE, writing somEhow sEEms morE CorrECt AnD morE stABlE, whErEAs spEECh CAn BE CArElEss, CorruptED, AnD susCEptiBlE to ChAngE. somE pEoplE EvEn go so FAr As to iDEntiFy lAnguAgE with writing AnD to rEgArD spEECh As A sEConDAry Form oF lAnguAgE usED impErFECtly to ApproximAtE thE iDEAls oF thE writtEn lAnguAgE.
→ onE oF thE BAsiC Assumptions oF moDErn linguistiCs, howEvEr, is thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry. thE most immEDiAtE mAniFEstAtion oF lAnguAgE is spEECh AnD not writing. writing is simply thE rEprEsEntAtion oF spEECh in AnothEr physiCAl mEDium. spokEn lAnguAgE EnCoDEs thought into A physiCAlly trAnsmittABlE Form, whilE writing, in turn, EnCoDEs spokEn lAnguAgE into A physiCAlly prEsErvABlE Form. writing is A two-stAgE proCEss.All units oF writing, whEthEr lEttErs or ChArACtErs, ArE BAsED on units oF spEECh, i.E., worDs, sounDs, or syllABlEs. whEn linguists stuDy lAnguAgE, thEy tAkE thE spokEn lAnguAgE As thEir BEst sourCE oF DAtA AnD thEir oBjECt oF DEsCription (ExCEpt in instAnCEs oF lAnguAgEs likE lAtin For whiCh thErE ArE no longEr Any spEAkErs).
thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons For mAintAining thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry.
→ sEConD, writing DoEs not Exist EvErywhErE thAt spokEn lAnguAgE Exists. this sEEms hArD to imAginE in our highly litErAtE soCiEty, But thE FACt is thAt thErE ArE still mAny CommunitiEs in thE worlD whErE A writtEn Form oF lAnguAgE is not usED, AnD EvEn in thosE CulturEs using A writing systEm, thErE ArE inDiviDuAls who FAil to lEArn thE writtEn Form oF thEir lAnguAgE. in FACt, thE mAjority oF thEEArth’s inhABitAnts ArE illitErAtE, though quitE CApABlE oF spokEn CommuniCAtion. howEvEr, no soCiEty usEs only A writtEn lAnguAgE with no spokEn Form.
thirD, writing must BE tAught, whErEAs spokEn lAnguAgE is ACquirED AutomAtiCAlly.All ChilDrEn, ExCEpt ChilDrEn with sErious lEArning DisABilitiEs, nAturAlly lEArn to spEAk thE lAnguAgE oF thE Community in whiCh thEy ArE Brought up. thEy ACquirE thE BAsiCs oF thEir nAtivE lAnguAgE BEForE thEy EntEr sChool, AnD EvEn iF thEy nEvEr AttEnD sChool, thEy BEComE Fully CompEtEnt spEAkErs. writing systEms vAry in ComplExity, But rEgArDlEss oF thEir lEvEl oF sophistiCAtion, thEy must All BE tAught.
FinAlly, nEurolinguistiC EviDEnCE (stuDiEs oF thE BrAin in ACtion During lAnguAgE usE) DEmonstrAtEs thAt thE proCEssing AnD proDuCtion oF writtEn lAnguAgE is ovErlAiD on thE spokEn lAnguAgE CEntErs in thE BrAin. spokEn lAnguAgE involvEs sEvErAl DistinCt ArEAs oF thE BrAin; writing usEs thEsE ArEAs AnD othErs As wEll.
→ so whAt givEs risE to thE misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons. For onE thing, thE proDuCt oF writing is usuAlly morE Aptly worDED AnD BEttEr orgAnizED, ContAining FEwEr Errors, hEsitAtions, AnD inComplEtE sEntEnCEs thAn ArE FounD in spEECh. this pErFECtion oF writing CAn BE ExplAinED By thE FACt thAt writing is thE rEsult oF DEliBErAtion, CorrECtion, AnD rEvision, whilE spEECh is thE spontAnEous AnD simultAnEous FormulAtion oF iDEAs; writing is thErEForE lEss suBjECt to thE ConstrAint oF timE thAn spEECh is. in ADDition, writing is ultimAtEly AssoCiAtED with EDuCAtion AnD EDu
【单选题】 The word "boosted" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
A．(ensured
B．(raised
C．(arranged
D．(discouraged
A．(ensured
B．(raised
C．(arranged
D．(discouraged
【单选题】Listening 1 "Professor’s Office"
{$mediaurl} What can be inferred about the professor
A、She does not have regular office hours.
B、She is willing to help her students.
C、She is not very flexible with assignments.
D、She teachesBritish literature.
{$mediaurl} What can be inferred about the professor
A、She does not have regular office hours.
B、She is willing to help her students.
C、She is not very flexible with assignments.
D、She teachesBritish literature.
【单选题】 Un htel possède de nombreuses ressources pour ____ les touristes.
A．amuser
B．méconnaitre
C． renvoyer
D．recevoir
A．amuser
B．méconnaitre
C． renvoyer
D．recevoir
【单选题】 Tout ce paté de maison est sur le point d' ____________ monument historique.
A．être déu
B．être classé
C．être retenu
D．être démoli E être taillé
A．être déu
B．être classé
C．être retenu
D．être démoli E être taillé
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