【单选题】http://www.exam8.com/english/TOEFL/monishiti/200710/390498.html
The many part of the earth’s atmosphere are linked with the various parts of the earth’s surface to produce a whole-the climate system. Different parts of the earth’s surface react to the energy of the sun in different ways. For example, ice and snow reflect much of it. Land surfaces absorb solar energy and heat up rapidly. Oceans store the energy without experiencing a significant temperature rise. Thus, the different types of surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphere at different rates.
We can view climate as existing in three domains: space, time, and human perception. In the domain of space, we can study local, regional, and global climates. In time, we can look at the climate for a year, a decade, a millennium, and so forth. Finally, we depend on our perceptions of the data, so we must include our own human perception into our model. Human perception must be included if our understanding of climatic processes is to be translated into societal actions. As a society, we make informed choices about how to use the beneficial effects of climate, such as deciding when and where to plant crops. We also make choices about how to minimize the harmful effects of climate-storms, blizzards, and droughts.
1.Why does the author discuss different parts of the earth’s surface in paragraph 1?
A.To explain why humans live in some parts but not in others
B.To show that the entire earth is made of the same materials
C.To compare how various surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphere
D.To describe changes in the earth’s appearance throughout the year.
2.According to the author, why must we include human perception in our study of climate?
A.We must interpret data and take actions related to climate
B.We must create an interesting model of the climate system
C.We must develop an understanding of our environment
D.We must change our traditional ways of studying climate.
(思考)3. Read the sentence below and write an essay which will have a minimum of 100 words.
Our understanding of climatic processes is to be translated into societal actions.
The many part of the earth’s atmosphere are linked with the various parts of the earth’s surface to produce a whole-the climate system. Different parts of the earth’s surface react to the energy of the sun in different ways. For example, ice and snow reflect much of it. Land surfaces absorb solar energy and heat up rapidly. Oceans store the energy without experiencing a significant temperature rise. Thus, the different types of surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphere at different rates.
We can view climate as existing in three domains: space, time, and human perception. In the domain of space, we can study local, regional, and global climates. In time, we can look at the climate for a year, a decade, a millennium, and so forth. Finally, we depend on our perceptions of the data, so we must include our own human perception into our model. Human perception must be included if our understanding of climatic processes is to be translated into societal actions. As a society, we make informed choices about how to use the beneficial effects of climate, such as deciding when and where to plant crops. We also make choices about how to minimize the harmful effects of climate-storms, blizzards, and droughts.
1.Why does the author discuss different parts of the earth’s surface in paragraph 1?
A.To explain why humans live in some parts but not in others
B.To show that the entire earth is made of the same materials
C.To compare how various surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphere
D.To describe changes in the earth’s appearance throughout the year.
2.According to the author, why must we include human perception in our study of climate?
A.We must interpret data and take actions related to climate
B.We must create an interesting model of the climate system
C.We must develop an understanding of our environment
D.We must change our traditional ways of studying climate.
(思考)3. Read the sentence below and write an essay which will have a minimum of 100 words.
Our understanding of climatic processes is to be translated into societal actions.
【单选题】most AnimAls hAvE nErvous systEms, sEnsE orgAns, AnD spECiAlizED moDEs oF loComotion, AnD ArE CApABlE oF sECuring, ingEsting, AnD to DigEst FooD.
【单选题】rEADing 3 "groupDECision mAking"
ADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→CommittEEs, tAsk ForCEs, AnD AD hoC groups ArE FrEquEntly AssignED to iDEntiFy AnD rECommEnD DECision AltErnAtivEs or, in somE CAsEs, to ACtuAlly mAkE importAnt DECisions. in EssEnCE, A group is A tool thAt CAn FoCus thE ExpEriEnCE AnD ExpErtisE oF sEvErAl pEoplE on A pArtiCulAr proBlEm or situAtion. thus, A group oFFErs thE ADvAntAgE oF grEAtEr totAl knowlEDgE. groups ACCumulAtE morE inFormAtion, knowlEDgE, AnD FACts thAn inDiviDuAls AnD oFtEn ConsiDEr morE AltErnAtivEs.EACh pErson in thE group is ABlE to DrAw on his or hEr uniquE EDuCAtion, ExpEriEnCE, insights, AnD othEr rEsourCEs AnD ContriButE thosE to thE group. thE vAriED BACkgrounDs, trAining lEvEls, AnD ExpErtisE oF group mEmBErs Also hElp ovErComE tunnEl vision By EnABling thE group to viEw thE proBlEm in morE thAn onE wAy.
→ pArtiCipAtion in group DECision mAking usuAlly lEADs to highEr mEmBEr sAtisFACtion. pEoplE tEnD to ACCEpt A DECision morE rEADily AnD to BE BEttEr sAtisFiED with it whEn thEy hAvE pArtiCipAtED in mAking thAt DECision. in ADDition, pEoplE will BEttEr unDErstAnD AnD BE morE CommittED to A DECision in whiCh thEy hAvE hAD A sAy thAn to A DECision mADE For thEm.As A rEsult, suCh A DECision is morE likEly to BE implEmEntED suCCEssFully.
DisADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→ whilE groups hAvE mAny potEntiAl BEnEFits, wE All know thAt thEy CAn Also BE FrustrAting.
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onE oBvious DisADvAntAgE oF group DECision mAking is thE timErEquirED to mAkE A DECision.
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thE timE nEEDED For group DisCussion AnD thE AssoCiAtED Compromising AnD sElECting oF A DECision AltErnAtivE CAn BE ConsiDErABlE.
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timE Costs monEy, so A wAstE oF timE BEComEs A DisADvAntAgE iF A DECision mADE By A group CoulD hAvE BEEn mADE just As EFFECtivEly By An inDiviDuAl working AlonE.
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ConsEquEntly, group DECisions shoulD BE AvoiDED whEn spEED AnD EFFiCiEnCy ArE thE primAry ConsiDErAtions.
A、sEConD DisADvAntAgE is thAt thE group DisCussion mAy BE DominAtED By An inDiviDuAl or suBgroup.EFFECtivEnEss CAn BE rEDuCED iF onE inDiviDuAl, suCh As thE group lEADEr, DominAtEs thE DisCussion By tAlking too muCh or BEing ClosED to othEr points oF viEw. somE group lEADErs try to Control thE group AnD proviDE thE mAjor input. suCh DominAnCE CAn stiFlE othEr group mEmBErs’ willingnEss to pArtiCipAtE AnD CoulD CAusE DECision AltErnAtivEs to BE ignorED or ovErlookED、All group mEmBErs nEED to BE EnCourAgED AnD pErmittED to ContriButE.
→AnothEr DisADvAntAgE oF group DECision mAking is thAt mEmBErs mAy BE lEss ConCErnED with thE group’s goAls thAn with thEir own pErsonAl goAls. thEy mAy BEComE so siDEtrACkED in trying to win An ArgumEnt thAt thEy ForgEt ABout group pErFormAnCE. on thE othEr hAnD, A group mAy try too hArD to CompromisE AnD ConsEquEntly mAy not mAkE optimAl DECisions. somEtimEs this stEms From thE DEsirE to mAintAin FriEnDships AnD AvoiD DisAgrEEmEnts. oFtEn groups ExErt trEmEnDous soCiAl prEssurE on inDiviDuAls to ConForm to EstABlishED or ExpECtED pAttErns ot BEhAvior.EspECiAlly whEn thEy ArE DEAling with importAnt AnD ControvErsiAl issuEs, intErACting groups mAy BE pronE to A phEnomEnon CAllED groupthink.
→ groupthink is An AgrEEmEnt-At-Any-Cost mEntAlity thAt rEsults in inEFFECtivE group DECision mAking. it oCCurs whEn groups ArE highly CohEsivE, hAvE highly DirECtivE lEADErs, ArE insulAtED so thEy hAvE no ClEAr wAys to gEt oBjECtivE inFormAtion, AnD—BECAusE thEy lACk outsiDE inFormAtion—hAvE littlE hopE thAt A BEttEr solution might BE FounD thAn thE onE proposED By thE lEADEr or othEr inFluEntiAl group mEmBErs. thEsE ConDitions Fo
ADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→CommittEEs, tAsk ForCEs, AnD AD hoC groups ArE FrEquEntly AssignED to iDEntiFy AnD rECommEnD DECision AltErnAtivEs or, in somE CAsEs, to ACtuAlly mAkE importAnt DECisions. in EssEnCE, A group is A tool thAt CAn FoCus thE ExpEriEnCE AnD ExpErtisE oF sEvErAl pEoplE on A pArtiCulAr proBlEm or situAtion. thus, A group oFFErs thE ADvAntAgE oF grEAtEr totAl knowlEDgE. groups ACCumulAtE morE inFormAtion, knowlEDgE, AnD FACts thAn inDiviDuAls AnD oFtEn ConsiDEr morE AltErnAtivEs.EACh pErson in thE group is ABlE to DrAw on his or hEr uniquE EDuCAtion, ExpEriEnCE, insights, AnD othEr rEsourCEs AnD ContriButE thosE to thE group. thE vAriED BACkgrounDs, trAining lEvEls, AnD ExpErtisE oF group mEmBErs Also hElp ovErComE tunnEl vision By EnABling thE group to viEw thE proBlEm in morE thAn onE wAy.
→ pArtiCipAtion in group DECision mAking usuAlly lEADs to highEr mEmBEr sAtisFACtion. pEoplE tEnD to ACCEpt A DECision morE rEADily AnD to BE BEttEr sAtisFiED with it whEn thEy hAvE pArtiCipAtED in mAking thAt DECision. in ADDition, pEoplE will BEttEr unDErstAnD AnD BE morE CommittED to A DECision in whiCh thEy hAvE hAD A sAy thAn to A DECision mADE For thEm.As A rEsult, suCh A DECision is morE likEly to BE implEmEntED suCCEssFully.
DisADvAntAgEs oF groupDECision mAking
→ whilE groups hAvE mAny potEntiAl BEnEFits, wE All know thAt thEy CAn Also BE FrustrAting.
A、sEConD DisADvAntAgE is thAt thE group DisCussion mAy BE DominAtED By An inDiviDuAl or suBgroup.EFFECtivEnEss CAn BE rEDuCED iF onE inDiviDuAl, suCh As thE group lEADEr, DominAtEs thE DisCussion By tAlking too muCh or BEing ClosED to othEr points oF viEw. somE group lEADErs try to Control thE group AnD proviDE thE mAjor input. suCh DominAnCE CAn stiFlE othEr group mEmBErs’ willingnEss to pArtiCipAtE AnD CoulD CAusE DECision AltErnAtivEs to BE ignorED or ovErlookED、All group mEmBErs nEED to BE EnCourAgED AnD pErmittED to ContriButE.
→AnothEr DisADvAntAgE oF group DECision mAking is thAt mEmBErs mAy BE lEss ConCErnED with thE group’s goAls thAn with thEir own pErsonAl goAls. thEy mAy BEComE so siDEtrACkED in trying to win An ArgumEnt thAt thEy ForgEt ABout group pErFormAnCE. on thE othEr hAnD, A group mAy try too hArD to CompromisE AnD ConsEquEntly mAy not mAkE optimAl DECisions. somEtimEs this stEms From thE DEsirE to mAintAin FriEnDships AnD AvoiD DisAgrEEmEnts. oFtEn groups ExErt trEmEnDous soCiAl prEssurE on inDiviDuAls to ConForm to EstABlishED or ExpECtED pAttErns ot BEhAvior.EspECiAlly whEn thEy ArE DEAling with importAnt AnD ControvErsiAl issuEs, intErACting groups mAy BE pronE to A phEnomEnon CAllED groupthink.
→ groupthink is An AgrEEmEnt-At-Any-Cost mEntAlity thAt rEsults in inEFFECtivE group DECision mAking. it oCCurs whEn groups ArE highly CohEsivE, hAvE highly DirECtivE lEADErs, ArE insulAtED so thEy hAvE no ClEAr wAys to gEt oBjECtivE inFormAtion, AnD—BECAusE thEy lACk outsiDE inFormAtion—hAvE littlE hopE thAt A BEttEr solution might BE FounD thAn thE onE proposED By thE lEADEr or othEr inFluEntiAl group mEmBErs. thEsE ConDitions Fo
【单选题】thEACtor’s stuDio, A proFEssionAl ACtors’ workshop in nEw yorkCity, proviDEs______whErE ACtors CAn work togEthEr without thE prEssurE oF CommErCiAl proDuCtion.
A、A plACE AnD
B、A plACE
C、so thAt A plACE
D、A plACE is
A、A plACE AnD
B、A plACE
C、so thAt A plACE
D、A plACE is
【单选题】 The average wavelength of visible light is2,000 times __________ the diameter of an atom.
A．much as
B．as great
C．greater than
D．more than that
A．much as
B．as great
C．greater than
D．more than that
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