【单选题】 Hares generally have longer ears and hind legs than rabbits and move by jumping _____ running.
A．( rather to be
B．( rather than
C．( are rather
D．( as rather
A．( rather to be
B．( rather than
C．( are rather
D．( as rather
【单选题】 The word "rudimentary" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
A．( superior
B．( original
C．( basic
D．( technical
A．( superior
B．( original
C．( basic
D．( technical
【单选题】rEADing 4 "Four stAgEs oF plAnEtAryDEvElopmEnt"
plAnEtAryDEvElopmEnt
→ in our stuDy oF thE plAnEtEArth, wE will FinD A Four-stAgE history oF plAnEtAry DEvElopmEnt. thE moon AnD All thE tErrEstriAl plAnEts hAvE pAssED through thEsE stAgEs, Although DiFFErEnCEs in thE wAy thE plAnEts wErE AltErED By thEsE stAgEs hAvE proDuCED DrAmAtiCAlly DiFFErEnt worlDs. thE moon, For ExAmplE, is muCh likEEArth, But its Evolution hAs BEEn DrAmAtiCAlly AltErED By its smAllEr sizE.As wE ExplorE thE solAr systEm, wE will DisCovEr not EntirEly nEw proCEssEs But rAthEr FAmiliAr EFFECts working in slightly DiFFErEnt wAys.
thE Four stAgEs
thE First stAgE oF plAnEtAry Evolution is DiFFErEntiAtion, thE sEpArAtion oF mAtEriAl ACCorDing to DEnsity.EArth now hAs A DEnsE CorE AnD A lowEr-DEnsity Crust, AnD thAt struCturE must hAvE originAtED vEry EArly.
DiFFErEntiAtion woulD hAvE oCCurrED EAsily iFEArth wErE moltEn whEn it wAs young. two sourCEs oF hEAt CoulD hAvE hEAtEDEArth. First, hEAt oF FormAtion woulD BE CrEAtED By in-FAlling mAtEriAl.A、mEtEoritE hittingEArth At high vEloCity ConvErts most oF its EnErgy oF motion into hEAt, AnD thE in-FAlling oF A lArgE numBEr oF mEtEoritEs CoulD rElEAsE trEmEnDous hEAt. iFEArth FormED rApiDly, this hEAt woulD hAvE ACCumulAtED muCh morE rApiDly thAn it CoulD lEAk AwAy, AnDEArth mAy hAvE BEEn moltEn whEn it FormED、A、sEConD sourCE oF hEAt rEquirEs morE timE to DEvElop. thE DECAy oF rADioACtivE ElEmEnts trAppED in thEEArth rElEAsEs hEAt grADuAlly; But, As soon AsEArth FormED, thAt hEAt woulD hAvE BEgun to ACCumulAtE AnD CoulD hAvE hElpED mEltEArth to FACilitAtE DiFFErEntiAtion. most oFEArth’s rADioACtivE ElEmEnts ArE now ConCEntrAtED in thE Crust, whErE thEy ContinuE to wArm AnD soFtEn thE roCk lAyErs.
EArth FormED By mAtEriAl FAlling togEthEr, But mEtEoritEs CoulD hAvE lEFt no trACE until A Crust soliDiFiED、onCEEArth hAD A hArD surFACE, thE mEtEoritEs CoulD Form CrAtErs. this sEConD stAgE in plAnEtAry Evolution, CrAtEring, wAs violEnt. thE hEAvy BomBArDmEnt wAs intEnsE BECAusE thE solAr nEBulA wAs FillED with roCky AnD iCy DEBris, AnD thE youngEArth wAs BAttErED By mEtEoritEs thAt pulvErizED thE nEwly Forming Crust. thE lArgEst mEtEoritEs BlAstED out CrAtEr BAsins hunDrEDs oF kilomEtErs in DiAmEtEr.As thE solAr nEBulA ClEArED, thE Amount oF DEBris DECrEAsED, AnD thE lEvEl oF CrAtEring FEll to its prEsEnt low lEvEl.Although mEtEoritEs still oCCAsionAlly strikEEArth AnD Dig CrAtErs, CrAtEring is no longEr thE DominAnt inFluEnCE onEArth’s gEology.As wE CompArE othEr worlDs withEArth, wE will DisCovEr trACEs oF this intEnsE pErioD oF CrAtEring, thE hEAvy BomBArDmEnt, on EvEry olD surFACE in thE solAr systEm.
→ thE thirD stAgE, FlooDing, no DouBt BEgAn whilE CrAtEring wAs still intEnsE. thE FrACturing oF thE Crust AnD thE hEAting CAusED By rADioACtivE DECAy AllowED moltEn roCk just BElow thE Crust to wEll up through FissurEs AnD FlooD thE DEEpEr BAsins. wE will DisCuss suCh FlooDED BAsins on othEr worlDs, suCh As thE moon, But All trACEs oF this EArly lAvA FlooDing hAvE BEEn DEstroyED By lAtEr gEologiCAl ACtivity inEArth’s Crust. onEArth, FlooDing ContinuED As thE AtmosphErE CoolED AnD wAtEr FEll As rAin, Filling thE DEEpEst BAsins to proDuCE thE First oCEAns.
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notiCE thAt onEArth FlooDing involvEs Both lAvA AnD wAtEr, A CirCumstAnCE thAt wE will not FinD on most worlDs.
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thE Fourth stAgE, slow surFACE Evolution, hAs ContinuED For thE lAst 3.5 Billion yEArs or morE.
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EArth’s surFACE is ConstAntly ChAnging As sECtions oF Crust sliDE ovEr EACh othEr, push up mountAins, AnD shiFt ContinEnts.
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Almost All trACEs oF thE Firs
plAnEtAryDEvElopmEnt
→ in our stuDy oF thE plAnEtEArth, wE will FinD A Four-stAgE history oF plAnEtAry DEvElopmEnt. thE moon AnD All thE tErrEstriAl plAnEts hAvE pAssED through thEsE stAgEs, Although DiFFErEnCEs in thE wAy thE plAnEts wErE AltErED By thEsE stAgEs hAvE proDuCED DrAmAtiCAlly DiFFErEnt worlDs. thE moon, For ExAmplE, is muCh likEEArth, But its Evolution hAs BEEn DrAmAtiCAlly AltErED By its smAllEr sizE.As wE ExplorE thE solAr systEm, wE will DisCovEr not EntirEly nEw proCEssEs But rAthEr FAmiliAr EFFECts working in slightly DiFFErEnt wAys.
thE Four stAgEs
thE First stAgE oF plAnEtAry Evolution is DiFFErEntiAtion, thE sEpArAtion oF mAtEriAl ACCorDing to DEnsity.EArth now hAs A DEnsE CorE AnD A lowEr-DEnsity Crust, AnD thAt struCturE must hAvE originAtED vEry EArly.
DiFFErEntiAtion woulD hAvE oCCurrED EAsily iFEArth wErE moltEn whEn it wAs young. two sourCEs oF hEAt CoulD hAvE hEAtEDEArth. First, hEAt oF FormAtion woulD BE CrEAtED By in-FAlling mAtEriAl.A、mEtEoritE hittingEArth At high vEloCity ConvErts most oF its EnErgy oF motion into hEAt, AnD thE in-FAlling oF A lArgE numBEr oF mEtEoritEs CoulD rElEAsE trEmEnDous hEAt. iFEArth FormED rApiDly, this hEAt woulD hAvE ACCumulAtED muCh morE rApiDly thAn it CoulD lEAk AwAy, AnDEArth mAy hAvE BEEn moltEn whEn it FormED、A、sEConD sourCE oF hEAt rEquirEs morE timE to DEvElop. thE DECAy oF rADioACtivE ElEmEnts trAppED in thEEArth rElEAsEs hEAt grADuAlly; But, As soon AsEArth FormED, thAt hEAt woulD hAvE BEgun to ACCumulAtE AnD CoulD hAvE hElpED mEltEArth to FACilitAtE DiFFErEntiAtion. most oFEArth’s rADioACtivE ElEmEnts ArE now ConCEntrAtED in thE Crust, whErE thEy ContinuE to wArm AnD soFtEn thE roCk lAyErs.
EArth FormED By mAtEriAl FAlling togEthEr, But mEtEoritEs CoulD hAvE lEFt no trACE until A Crust soliDiFiED、onCEEArth hAD A hArD surFACE, thE mEtEoritEs CoulD Form CrAtErs. this sEConD stAgE in plAnEtAry Evolution, CrAtEring, wAs violEnt. thE hEAvy BomBArDmEnt wAs intEnsE BECAusE thE solAr nEBulA wAs FillED with roCky AnD iCy DEBris, AnD thE youngEArth wAs BAttErED By mEtEoritEs thAt pulvErizED thE nEwly Forming Crust. thE lArgEst mEtEoritEs BlAstED out CrAtEr BAsins hunDrEDs oF kilomEtErs in DiAmEtEr.As thE solAr nEBulA ClEArED, thE Amount oF DEBris DECrEAsED, AnD thE lEvEl oF CrAtEring FEll to its prEsEnt low lEvEl.Although mEtEoritEs still oCCAsionAlly strikEEArth AnD Dig CrAtErs, CrAtEring is no longEr thE DominAnt inFluEnCE onEArth’s gEology.As wE CompArE othEr worlDs withEArth, wE will DisCovEr trACEs oF this intEnsE pErioD oF CrAtEring, thE hEAvy BomBArDmEnt, on EvEry olD surFACE in thE solAr systEm.
→ thE thirD stAgE, FlooDing, no DouBt BEgAn whilE CrAtEring wAs still intEnsE. thE FrACturing oF thE Crust AnD thE hEAting CAusED By rADioACtivE DECAy AllowED moltEn roCk just BElow thE Crust to wEll up through FissurEs AnD FlooD thE DEEpEr BAsins. wE will DisCuss suCh FlooDED BAsins on othEr worlDs, suCh As thE moon, But All trACEs oF this EArly lAvA FlooDing hAvE BEEn DEstroyED By lAtEr gEologiCAl ACtivity inEArth’s Crust. onEArth, FlooDing ContinuED As thE AtmosphErE CoolED AnD wAtEr FEll As rAin, Filling thE DEEpEst BAsins to proDuCE thE First oCEAns.
thE Fourth stAgE, slow surFACE Evolution, hAs ContinuED For thE lAst 3.5 Billion yEArs or morE.
【单选题】nEw-AgE trAnsport
it looks As iF it CAmE strAight From thE sEt oF stAr wArs. it hAs Four-whEEl DrivE AnD risEs ABovE roCky surFACEs. it lowErs AnD rAisEs its nosE whEn going up AnD Down hills.AnD whEn it ComEs to A rivEr, it turns AmphiBious: two hyDrojEt powEr it Along By BlAsting wAtEr unDEr its BoDy. thErE is room For two pAssEngErs AnD A DrivEr, who sit insiDE A glAss BuBBlE opErAting ElECtroniC, AirCrAFt-typE Controls.A、vEhiClE so DAring on lAnD AnD wAtEr nEEDs winDsCrEEn wipErs--But it DoEsn’t hAvE Any. wAtEr molECulEs ArE DisintEgrAtED on thE sCrEEn’s surFACE By ultrAsoniC sEnsors.
this unusuAl vEhiClE is thE rACoon. it is An invEntion not oF hollywooD But oF rEnAult, A rAthEr ConsErvAtivE FrEnCh stAtE-ownED CAr-mAkEr, BEttEr known For its FAmily hAtChBACks. rEnAult Built thE rACoon to ExplorE nEw FrEEDoms For DEsignErs AnD EnginEErs CrEAtED By ADvAnCEs in mAtEriAls AnD mAnuFACturing proCEssEs. rEnAult is thinking ABout stArtlingly DiFFErEnt CArs; othEr proDuCErs hAvE rADiCAl nEw iDEAs For trAins, BoAts AnD AEroplAnEs.
thE First oF thE nEw FrEEDoms is in DEsign. powErFul ComputEr-AiDED DEsignCAD、systEms CAn rEplACE with A CliCk oF A ComputEr mousE hours oF lABorious work DonE on thousAnDs oF DrAwing BoArDs. so nEw proDuCts, no mAttEr how CompliCAtED, CAn BE DEvElopED muCh FAstEr. For thE First timE,BoEing will not hAvE to BuilD A giAnt rEpliCA oF its nEw AirlinEr, thE 777, to mAkE surE All thE Bits Fit togEthEr. itsCA
D、systEm will tAkE CArE oF thAt.
But rEnAult is tAkingCA
D、FurthEr. it ClAims thE rACoon is thE worlD’s First vEhiClE to BE DEsignED within thE DigitisED worlD oF virtuAl rEAlity.ComplEx progrAms wErE usED to simulAtE thE vEhiClE AnD thE tErrAin thAt it wAs ExpECtED to Cross. this AllowED A tEAm lED By pAtriCk g. m. lE quémEnt , rEnAult’s inDustriAl-DEsign DirECtor, to "DrivE" it long BEForE A prototypE ExistE
D、
rEnAult is not AlonE in thinking thAt virtuAl rEAlity will trAnsForm AutomotivE DEsign. inDEtroit, ForD is Also invEstigAting its potEntiAl. jACk turnEr, thE Firm’s hEAD oF DEsign, woulD likE DEsignErs in DiFFErEnt pArts oF thE worlD to work morE ClosEly togEthEr, linkED By ComputErs. thEy woulD Do morE thAn stylE CArs. virtuAl rEAlity will Allow EnginEErs to pEEr insiDE thE working pArt oF A vEhiClE.DEsignErs will wAtCh BEAtings movE, oil Flow, gEArs mEsh AnD hyDrAuliCs pump.As thEsE tEChniquEs CAtCh on, EvEn strAngEr vEhiClEs ArE likEly to ComE Along.
trAnsForming thEsE CrEAtions From virtuAl rEAlity to ACtuAl rEAlity will Also BEComE EAsiEr, EspECiAlly with ADvAnCEs in mAtEriAls. Firms thAt onCE BAshED EvErything out oF stEEl now FinD thAt nEw Alloys or CompositE mAtEriAls (whiCh CAn BE mADE From mixturEs oF plAstiC, rEsin, CErAmiCs AnD mEtAls, rEinForCED with FiBrEs suCh As glAss or CArBon) ArE ChAnging thE rulEs oF mAnuFACturing.At thE sAmE timE, olD mAtEriAls kEEp gEtting BEttEr, As thEir proDuCErs try to sECurE thEir plACE in thE FACtory oF thE FuturE.
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this CompEtition is inCrEAsing thE pACE oF DEvElopmEnt oF All mAtEriAls.
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onE CompAny in this FiElD is sCAlEDCompositEs.
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it wAs stArtED in 1982 ByBurr rutAn, An AviAtor who hAs DEvisED mAny unusuAl AirCrAFt.
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it hAs Also workED on CompositE sAils For thEAmEriCA’sCup yACht rACE AnD on gEnErAl motors’ ultrAlitE, A 100-milEs pEr-gAllon ExpErimEntAl FAmily CAr Built From CArBon FiBrE.
AgAin, thE rACoon rEFlECts this rACE BEtwEEn thE olD AnD thE nEw. it usEs ConvEntionAl stEEl AnD whAt rEnAult DEsCriBEs As A nEw "high-limit ElAstiC stEEl" in its ChAssis. this stEEl is 30% lightEr thAn thE usuAl kin
D、thE rACoon Also hAs pArts mADE From C
it looks As iF it CAmE strAight From thE sEt oF stAr wArs. it hAs Four-whEEl DrivE AnD risEs ABovE roCky surFACEs. it lowErs AnD rAisEs its nosE whEn going up AnD Down hills.AnD whEn it ComEs to A rivEr, it turns AmphiBious: two hyDrojEt powEr it Along By BlAsting wAtEr unDEr its BoDy. thErE is room For two pAssEngErs AnD A DrivEr, who sit insiDE A glAss BuBBlE opErAting ElECtroniC, AirCrAFt-typE Controls.A、vEhiClE so DAring on lAnD AnD wAtEr nEEDs winDsCrEEn wipErs--But it DoEsn’t hAvE Any. wAtEr molECulEs ArE DisintEgrAtED on thE sCrEEn’s surFACE By ultrAsoniC sEnsors.
this unusuAl vEhiClE is thE rACoon. it is An invEntion not oF hollywooD But oF rEnAult, A rAthEr ConsErvAtivE FrEnCh stAtE-ownED CAr-mAkEr, BEttEr known For its FAmily hAtChBACks. rEnAult Built thE rACoon to ExplorE nEw FrEEDoms For DEsignErs AnD EnginEErs CrEAtED By ADvAnCEs in mAtEriAls AnD mAnuFACturing proCEssEs. rEnAult is thinking ABout stArtlingly DiFFErEnt CArs; othEr proDuCErs hAvE rADiCAl nEw iDEAs For trAins, BoAts AnD AEroplAnEs.
thE First oF thE nEw FrEEDoms is in DEsign. powErFul ComputEr-AiDED DEsignCAD、systEms CAn rEplACE with A CliCk oF A ComputEr mousE hours oF lABorious work DonE on thousAnDs oF DrAwing BoArDs. so nEw proDuCts, no mAttEr how CompliCAtED, CAn BE DEvElopED muCh FAstEr. For thE First timE,BoEing will not hAvE to BuilD A giAnt rEpliCA oF its nEw AirlinEr, thE 777, to mAkE surE All thE Bits Fit togEthEr. itsCA
D、systEm will tAkE CArE oF thAt.
But rEnAult is tAkingCA
D、FurthEr. it ClAims thE rACoon is thE worlD’s First vEhiClE to BE DEsignED within thE DigitisED worlD oF virtuAl rEAlity.ComplEx progrAms wErE usED to simulAtE thE vEhiClE AnD thE tErrAin thAt it wAs ExpECtED to Cross. this AllowED A tEAm lED By pAtriCk g. m. lE quémEnt , rEnAult’s inDustriAl-DEsign DirECtor, to "DrivE" it long BEForE A prototypE ExistE
D、
rEnAult is not AlonE in thinking thAt virtuAl rEAlity will trAnsForm AutomotivE DEsign. inDEtroit, ForD is Also invEstigAting its potEntiAl. jACk turnEr, thE Firm’s hEAD oF DEsign, woulD likE DEsignErs in DiFFErEnt pArts oF thE worlD to work morE ClosEly togEthEr, linkED By ComputErs. thEy woulD Do morE thAn stylE CArs. virtuAl rEAlity will Allow EnginEErs to pEEr insiDE thE working pArt oF A vEhiClE.DEsignErs will wAtCh BEAtings movE, oil Flow, gEArs mEsh AnD hyDrAuliCs pump.As thEsE tEChniquEs CAtCh on, EvEn strAngEr vEhiClEs ArE likEly to ComE Along.
trAnsForming thEsE CrEAtions From virtuAl rEAlity to ACtuAl rEAlity will Also BEComE EAsiEr, EspECiAlly with ADvAnCEs in mAtEriAls. Firms thAt onCE BAshED EvErything out oF stEEl now FinD thAt nEw Alloys or CompositE mAtEriAls (whiCh CAn BE mADE From mixturEs oF plAstiC, rEsin, CErAmiCs AnD mEtAls, rEinForCED with FiBrEs suCh As glAss or CArBon) ArE ChAnging thE rulEs oF mAnuFACturing.At thE sAmE timE, olD mAtEriAls kEEp gEtting BEttEr, As thEir proDuCErs try to sECurE thEir plACE in thE FACtory oF thE FuturE.
AgAin, thE rACoon rEFlECts this rACE BEtwEEn thE olD AnD thE nEw. it usEs ConvEntionAl stEEl AnD whAt rEnAult DEsCriBEs As A nEw "high-limit ElAstiC stEEl" in its ChAssis. this stEEl is 30% lightEr thAn thE usuAl kin
D、thE rACoon Also hAs pArts mADE From C
【单选题】Country musiC
A、CommErCiAl oFFshoot oF thE Folk musiC oF thE rurAl south, Country musiC is AnAmEriCAn Art Form thAt gAinED worlDwiDE AppEAl AFtEr worlD wAr ⅱ. originAlly known As hillBilly or mountAin musiC, Country musiC grEw From thE Folk musiC thAt wAs Brought to northAmEriCA ByAnglo-CEltiC sEttlErs in thE 1700s AnD 1800s. thE musiC ChAngED As it CAmE in ContACt with EthniC musiC--ACADiAnCAjun) in louisiAnA, lAtin in thE southwEst,AFriCAn throughout muCh oF thE south--AnD suCh populAr musiC As thAt FounD in vAuDEvillE, minstrEl shows, AnD hAwAiiAn tEnt shows. it wAs Also CAllED Country AnD wEstErn musiC BECAusE oF its populArity with CowBoys.
trADitionAlly Country musiCiAns hAvE BEEn most proFiCiEnt on stringED instrumEnts. thE violin, or FiDDlE, wAs thE most populAr instrumEnt on thE FrontiEr BECAusE oF its EAsy portABility. to this DAy FiDDlE ContEsts rEmAin A FEAturE oF thE Country musiC sCEnE. thE BAnjo wAs ADAptED From thEAFriCAnAmEriCAn CulturE, AnD thE FivE-siring moDEl is now univErsAlly populAr Among pErFormErs oF thE stylE known As BluEgrAss. thE guitAr hAs long BEEn A stAplE oF Country musiC BAnDs AnD singErs. string BAss AnD hAwAiiAn guitAr hAvE BEEn usED sinCE thE 1920s, AnD thEir moDErn DEsCEnDAnts ArE thE ElECtriC BAss AnD thE pEDAl stEEl guitAr.Drums, piAnos, AnD ElECtriFiED instrumEnts, usED As EArly As thE 1930s By wEstErn swing BAnDs, ArE hEArD on Country rECorDings From thE 1950s.
in 1922 rADio stAtions wBAp in Fort worth, tEx. , AnD wsB、inAtlAntA, gA、, BroADCAst shows CAllED BArn DAnCEs, moDElED AFtEr thE inFormAl soCiAl DAnCing oF thE FrontiEr.ChiCAgo’s wls stArtED whAt BECAmE thE nAtionAlBArnDAnCE in 1924, AnD wsm in nAshvillE, tEnn., BEgAn itsBArnDAnCE in novEmBEr 1925, just onE month AFtEr going on thE Air. rECorD CompAniEs Also DisCovErED thE CommErCiAl possiBilitiEs oF this musiC、FiDDlErECkA、C、) roBErtson trAvElED to nEw yorkCity AnD in 1922 mADE thE First hillBilly rECorDs, "ArkAnsAs trAvElEr" AnD "sAlliE gooDin". thE gEorgiA FiDDlEr johnCArson hAD thE First sAlEs suCCEss thE nExt yEAr with his okEh rECorD oF "littlE olD logCABin in thE lAnE".A、tExAs nAtivE who ACtuAlly hAD voiCE trAining AnD light opErA ExpEriEnCE, vErnonDAlhArt (his rEAl nAmE wAs mArion slAughtEr) solD millions oF rECorDs in thE 1920s For DozEns oF DiFFErEnt CompAniEs. his First Big sEllErs wErE "thE prisonEr’s song" AnD "thE wrECk oF thE olD 97" For viCtor in 1924. in 1927 jimmiE roDgErs, originAlly A yoDElEr, mADE his First rECorDings.BECAusE roDgErs, viCtor rECorDs inspirED numErous mEn to BEComE Country EntErtAinErs, hE BECAmE known As thE FAthEr oFCountry musiC、
hollywooD’s singing CowBoys won For Country musiC nAtionAl AnD intErnAtionAl AuDiEnCEs During thE lAtEr 1930s.EvEn though rECorD sAlEs For Country AnD othEr typEs oF musiC slippED During thE grEAtDEprEssion, rADio ContinuED to BroADCAst A lArgE ArrAy oF livE Country musiC tAlEnt, usuAlly in thE EArly morning, noon, or lAtE night hours. nEw BArn DAnCEs wErE hEArD on thE AirwAvEs, AnD two oF thE loCAl shows gAinED nEtwork rADio AuDiEnCEs During thE 1930s.
worlD wAr ⅱ ACCElErAtED Country musiC’s growth AwAy From An ExClusivEly southErn AnD rurAl phEnomEnon. southErn sErviCEmEn took thE musiC with thEm to FAr-Flung pArts oF thE nAtion AnD thE worlD, whilE CiviliAn DEFEnsE workErs From thE south Brought thEir lovE oF thE musiC into thE vArious CEntErs oF wAr proDuCtion.
thE postwAr yEArs Brought A nEwFounD nAtionAl prospErity, whiCh BoostED Country musiC to grEAtEr CommErCiAl hEights. singErs AnD BusinEss ExECutivEs ClosEly tiED to thE musiC sought AnD won A nEw rEspECtABility From trADE pApErs AnD nAtionAl mEDiA、thE olD tErms hillBilly AnD mountAin wErE rEplACED By Country, AnD EvEn For A timE By Country AnD wEstErn, in rECognition oF thE nEw populArity oF thE CowBoy singErs on tElEvision.
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A、CommErCiAl oFFshoot oF thE Folk musiC oF thE rurAl south, Country musiC is AnAmEriCAn Art Form thAt gAinED worlDwiDE AppEAl AFtEr worlD wAr ⅱ. originAlly known As hillBilly or mountAin musiC, Country musiC grEw From thE Folk musiC thAt wAs Brought to northAmEriCA ByAnglo-CEltiC sEttlErs in thE 1700s AnD 1800s. thE musiC ChAngED As it CAmE in ContACt with EthniC musiC--ACADiAnCAjun) in louisiAnA, lAtin in thE southwEst,AFriCAn throughout muCh oF thE south--AnD suCh populAr musiC As thAt FounD in vAuDEvillE, minstrEl shows, AnD hAwAiiAn tEnt shows. it wAs Also CAllED Country AnD wEstErn musiC BECAusE oF its populArity with CowBoys.
trADitionAlly Country musiCiAns hAvE BEEn most proFiCiEnt on stringED instrumEnts. thE violin, or FiDDlE, wAs thE most populAr instrumEnt on thE FrontiEr BECAusE oF its EAsy portABility. to this DAy FiDDlE ContEsts rEmAin A FEAturE oF thE Country musiC sCEnE. thE BAnjo wAs ADAptED From thEAFriCAnAmEriCAn CulturE, AnD thE FivE-siring moDEl is now univErsAlly populAr Among pErFormErs oF thE stylE known As BluEgrAss. thE guitAr hAs long BEEn A stAplE oF Country musiC BAnDs AnD singErs. string BAss AnD hAwAiiAn guitAr hAvE BEEn usED sinCE thE 1920s, AnD thEir moDErn DEsCEnDAnts ArE thE ElECtriC BAss AnD thE pEDAl stEEl guitAr.Drums, piAnos, AnD ElECtriFiED instrumEnts, usED As EArly As thE 1930s By wEstErn swing BAnDs, ArE hEArD on Country rECorDings From thE 1950s.
in 1922 rADio stAtions wBAp in Fort worth, tEx. , AnD wsB、inAtlAntA, gA、, BroADCAst shows CAllED BArn DAnCEs, moDElED AFtEr thE inFormAl soCiAl DAnCing oF thE FrontiEr.ChiCAgo’s wls stArtED whAt BECAmE thE nAtionAlBArnDAnCE in 1924, AnD wsm in nAshvillE, tEnn., BEgAn itsBArnDAnCE in novEmBEr 1925, just onE month AFtEr going on thE Air. rECorD CompAniEs Also DisCovErED thE CommErCiAl possiBilitiEs oF this musiC、FiDDlErECkA、C、) roBErtson trAvElED to nEw yorkCity AnD in 1922 mADE thE First hillBilly rECorDs, "ArkAnsAs trAvElEr" AnD "sAlliE gooDin". thE gEorgiA FiDDlEr johnCArson hAD thE First sAlEs suCCEss thE nExt yEAr with his okEh rECorD oF "littlE olD logCABin in thE lAnE".A、tExAs nAtivE who ACtuAlly hAD voiCE trAining AnD light opErA ExpEriEnCE, vErnonDAlhArt (his rEAl nAmE wAs mArion slAughtEr) solD millions oF rECorDs in thE 1920s For DozEns oF DiFFErEnt CompAniEs. his First Big sEllErs wErE "thE prisonEr’s song" AnD "thE wrECk oF thE olD 97" For viCtor in 1924. in 1927 jimmiE roDgErs, originAlly A yoDElEr, mADE his First rECorDings.BECAusE roDgErs, viCtor rECorDs inspirED numErous mEn to BEComE Country EntErtAinErs, hE BECAmE known As thE FAthEr oFCountry musiC、
hollywooD’s singing CowBoys won For Country musiC nAtionAl AnD intErnAtionAl AuDiEnCEs During thE lAtEr 1930s.EvEn though rECorD sAlEs For Country AnD othEr typEs oF musiC slippED During thE grEAtDEprEssion, rADio ContinuED to BroADCAst A lArgE ArrAy oF livE Country musiC tAlEnt, usuAlly in thE EArly morning, noon, or lAtE night hours. nEw BArn DAnCEs wErE hEArD on thE AirwAvEs, AnD two oF thE loCAl shows gAinED nEtwork rADio AuDiEnCEs During thE 1930s.
worlD wAr ⅱ ACCElErAtED Country musiC’s growth AwAy From An ExClusivEly southErn AnD rurAl phEnomEnon. southErn sErviCEmEn took thE musiC with thEm to FAr-Flung pArts oF thE nAtion AnD thE worlD, whilE CiviliAn DEFEnsE workErs From thE south Brought thEir lovE oF thE musiC into thE vArious CEntErs oF wAr proDuCtion.
thE postwAr yEArs Brought A nEwFounD nAtionAl prospErity, whiCh BoostED Country musiC to grEAtEr CommErCiAl hEights. singErs AnD BusinEss ExECutivEs ClosEly tiED to thE musiC sought AnD won A nEw rEspECtABility From trADE pApErs AnD nAtionAl mEDiA、thE olD tErms hillBilly AnD mountAin wErE rEplACED By Country, AnD EvEn For A timE By Country AnD wEstErn, in rECognition oF thE nEw populArity oF thE CowBoy singErs on tElEvision.
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