【单选题】gEothErmAlEnErgy
gEothErmAl EnErgy is nAturAl hEAt From thE intErior oF thEEArth thAt is ConvErtED to hEAt BuilDings AnD gEnErAtE ElECtriCity. thE iDEA oF hArnEssingEArth’s intErnAl hEAt is not nEw.As EArly As 1904, gEothErmAl powEr wAs usED in itAly. toDAy,EArth’s nAturAl intErnAl hEAt is BEing usED to gEnErAtE ElECtriCity in 21 CountriEs, inCluDing russiA, jApAn, nEw zEAlAnD, iCElAnD, mExiCo,EthiopiA, guAtEmAlA,E1 sAlvADor, thE philippinEs, AnD thE unitED stAtEs. totAl worlDwiDE proDuCtion is ApproAChing 9,000 mw (EquivAlEnt to ninE lArgE moDErn CoAl-Burning or nuClEAr powEr plAnts)--DouBlE thE Amount in 1980. somE 40 million pEoplE toDAy rECEivE thEir ElECtriCity From gEothErmAl EnErgy At A Cost CompEtitivE with thAt oF othEr EnErgy sourCEs. inE1 sAlvADor, gEothErmAl EnErgy is supplying 30% oF thE totAl ElECtriC EnErgy usED、howEvEr, At thE gloBAl lEvEl, gEothErmAl EnErgy suppliEs lEss thAn 0.15% oF thE totAl EnErgy supply.
gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy BE ConsiDErED A nonrEnEwABlE EnErgy sourCE whEn rAtEs oF ExtrACtion ArE grEAtEr thAn rAtEs oF nAturAl rEplEnishmEnt. howEvEr, gEothErrnAl EnErgy hAs its origin in thE nAturAl hEAt proDuCtion withinEArth, AnD only A smAll FrACtion oF thE vAst totAl rEsourCE BAsE is BEing utilizED toDAy. Although most gEothErmAl EnErgy proDuCtion involvEs thE tApping oF high hEAt sourCEs, pEoplE ArE Also using thE low-tEmpErAturE gEothErmAl EnErgy oF grounDwAtEr in somE AppliCAtions.
gEothErmAl systEms
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thE AvErAgE hEAt Flow From thE intErior oF thEEArth is vEry low, ABout 0.06 w/m2.
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this Amount is triviAl CompArED with thE 177 w/m2 From solAr hEAt At thE surFACE in thE unitED stAtEs. howEvEr, in somE ArEAs, hEAt Flow is suFFiCiEntly high to BE usEFul For proDuCing EnErgy. For thE most pArt, ArEAs oF high hEAt Flow ArE AssoCiAtED with plAtE tECtoniC BounDAriEs. oCEAniC riDgE systEms (DivErgEnt plAtE BounDAriEs) AnD ArEAs whErE mountAins ArE BEing upliFtED AnD volCAniC islAnD ArCs ArE Forming (ConvErgEnt plAtE BounDAriEs ArE ArEAs whErE this nAturAl hEAt Flow is AnomAlously high.
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on thE BAsis oF gEologiCAl CritEriA, sEvErAl typEs oF hot gEothErmAl systEms (with tEmpErAturEs grEAtEr thAn ABout 80℃, or 176℉) hAvE BEEn DEFinED, AnD thE rEsourCE BAsE is lArgEr thAn thAt oF Fossil FuEls AnD nuClEAr EnErgy ComBinED、A、Common systEm For EnErgy DEvElopmEnt is hyDrothErmAl ConvECtion, ChArACtErizED By thE CirCulAtion oF stEAm AnD/or hot wAtEr thAt trAnsFErs hEAt From DEpths to thE surFACE.
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gEothErmAlEnErgy AnD thEEnvironmEnt
thE EnvironmEntAl impACt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy not BE As ExtEnsivE As thAt oF othEr sourCEs oF EnErgy, But it CAn BE ConsiDErABlE. whEn gEothErmAl EnErgy is DEvElopED At A pArtiCulAr sitE, EnvironmEntAl proBlEms inCluDE on-sitE noisE, Emissions oF gAs, AnD DisturBAnCE oF thE lAnD At Drilling sitEs, DisposAl sitEs, roADs AnD pipElinEs, AnD powEr plAnts.DEvElopmEnt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not rEquirE lArgE-sCAlE trAnsportAtion oF rAw mAtEriAls or rEFining oF ChEmiCAls, As DEvElopmEnt oF Fossil FuEls DoEs. FurthErmorE, gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not proDuCE thE AtmosphEriC pollutAnts AssoCiAtED with Burning Fossil FuEls or thE rADioACtivE wAstE AssoCiAtED with nuClEAr EnErgy. howEvEr, gEothErmAl DEvElopmEnt oFtEn DoEs proDuCE ConsiDErABlE thErmAl pollution From hot wAstE-wAtEr, whiCh mAy BE sAlinE or highly CorrosivE, proDuCing DisposAl AnD trEAtmEnt proBlEms.
gEothErmAl powEr is not vEry populAr in somE loCAtions Among somE pEoplE. For instAnCE, gEothErmAl EnErgy hAs BEEn proDuCED For yEArs on thE islAnD oF hAwAii, whErE ACtivE volCAniC
gEothErmAl EnErgy is nAturAl hEAt From thE intErior oF thEEArth thAt is ConvErtED to hEAt BuilDings AnD gEnErAtE ElECtriCity. thE iDEA oF hArnEssingEArth’s intErnAl hEAt is not nEw.As EArly As 1904, gEothErmAl powEr wAs usED in itAly. toDAy,EArth’s nAturAl intErnAl hEAt is BEing usED to gEnErAtE ElECtriCity in 21 CountriEs, inCluDing russiA, jApAn, nEw zEAlAnD, iCElAnD, mExiCo,EthiopiA, guAtEmAlA,E1 sAlvADor, thE philippinEs, AnD thE unitED stAtEs. totAl worlDwiDE proDuCtion is ApproAChing 9,000 mw (EquivAlEnt to ninE lArgE moDErn CoAl-Burning or nuClEAr powEr plAnts)--DouBlE thE Amount in 1980. somE 40 million pEoplE toDAy rECEivE thEir ElECtriCity From gEothErmAl EnErgy At A Cost CompEtitivE with thAt oF othEr EnErgy sourCEs. inE1 sAlvADor, gEothErmAl EnErgy is supplying 30% oF thE totAl ElECtriC EnErgy usED、howEvEr, At thE gloBAl lEvEl, gEothErmAl EnErgy suppliEs lEss thAn 0.15% oF thE totAl EnErgy supply.
gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy BE ConsiDErED A nonrEnEwABlE EnErgy sourCE whEn rAtEs oF ExtrACtion ArE grEAtEr thAn rAtEs oF nAturAl rEplEnishmEnt. howEvEr, gEothErrnAl EnErgy hAs its origin in thE nAturAl hEAt proDuCtion withinEArth, AnD only A smAll FrACtion oF thE vAst totAl rEsourCE BAsE is BEing utilizED toDAy. Although most gEothErmAl EnErgy proDuCtion involvEs thE tApping oF high hEAt sourCEs, pEoplE ArE Also using thE low-tEmpErAturE gEothErmAl EnErgy oF grounDwAtEr in somE AppliCAtions.
gEothErmAl systEms
on thE BAsis oF gEologiCAl CritEriA, sEvErAl typEs oF hot gEothErmAl systEms (with tEmpErAturEs grEAtEr thAn ABout 80℃, or 176℉) hAvE BEEn DEFinED, AnD thE rEsourCE BAsE is lArgEr thAn thAt oF Fossil FuEls AnD nuClEAr EnErgy ComBinED、A、Common systEm For EnErgy DEvElopmEnt is hyDrothErmAl ConvECtion, ChArACtErizED By thE CirCulAtion oF stEAm AnD/or hot wAtEr thAt trAnsFErs hEAt From DEpths to thE surFACE.
gEothErmAlEnErgy AnD thEEnvironmEnt
thE EnvironmEntAl impACt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy mAy not BE As ExtEnsivE As thAt oF othEr sourCEs oF EnErgy, But it CAn BE ConsiDErABlE. whEn gEothErmAl EnErgy is DEvElopED At A pArtiCulAr sitE, EnvironmEntAl proBlEms inCluDE on-sitE noisE, Emissions oF gAs, AnD DisturBAnCE oF thE lAnD At Drilling sitEs, DisposAl sitEs, roADs AnD pipElinEs, AnD powEr plAnts.DEvElopmEnt oF gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not rEquirE lArgE-sCAlE trAnsportAtion oF rAw mAtEriAls or rEFining oF ChEmiCAls, As DEvElopmEnt oF Fossil FuEls DoEs. FurthErmorE, gEothErmAl EnErgy DoEs not proDuCE thE AtmosphEriC pollutAnts AssoCiAtED with Burning Fossil FuEls or thE rADioACtivE wAstE AssoCiAtED with nuClEAr EnErgy. howEvEr, gEothErmAl DEvElopmEnt oFtEn DoEs proDuCE ConsiDErABlE thErmAl pollution From hot wAstE-wAtEr, whiCh mAy BE sAlinE or highly CorrosivE, proDuCing DisposAl AnD trEAtmEnt proBlEms.
gEothErmAl powEr is not vEry populAr in somE loCAtions Among somE pEoplE. For instAnCE, gEothErmAl EnErgy hAs BEEn proDuCED For yEArs on thE islAnD oF hAwAii, whErE ACtivE volCAniC
【单选题】 Appointments to the United States Supreme Court and all lower federal courts __________ be the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.
A．( making
B．( to make
C．( are made
D．( have made
A．( making
B．( to make
C．( are made
D．( have made
【单选题】 The word "(chronicle" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
A．repeat
B．exchange
C．understand
D．describe
A．repeat
B．exchange
C．understand
D．describe
【单选题】 According to the passage, how did archaeologists learn to read the Sumerian language
A．By translating the work of the Subarians
B．By using their knowledge of spoken Semitic languages
C．By comparing Sumerian to other classical languages
D．By using their knowledge of Akkadian
A．By translating the work of the Subarians
B．By using their knowledge of spoken Semitic languages
C．By comparing Sumerian to other classical languages
D．By using their knowledge of Akkadian
【单选题】looking At thEAtrE history
onE oF thE primAry wAys oF ApproAChing thE grEEk thEAtrE is through ArChEology, thE systEmAtiC stuDy oF mAtEriAl rEmAins suCh As ArChitECturE, insCriptions, sCulpturE, vAsE pAinting, AnD othEr Forms oF DECorAtivE Art.
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sErious on-sitE ExCAvAtions BEgAn in grEECE ArounD 1870, But w.D6rpFElD DiD not BEgin thE First ExtEnsivE stuDy oF thE thEAtrE oFDionysus until 1886.
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sinCE thAt timE, morE thAn 167 othEr grEEk thEAtrEs hAvE BEEn iDEntiFiED AnD mAny oF thEm hAvE BEEn ExCAvAtED、
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nEvErthElEss, thEy still Do not pErmit us to DEsCriBE thE prECisE AppEArAnCE oF thE skEnE (illustrAtions printED in Books ArE ConjECturAl rEConstruCtions), sinCE mAny piECEs ArE irrEvoCABly lost BECAusE thE BuilDings in lAtEr pErioDs BECAmE sourCEs oF stonE For othEr projECts AnD whAt rEmAins is usuAlly BrokEn AnD sCAttErED、
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thAt most oF thE BuilDings wErE rEmoDElED mAny timEs hAs CrEAtED grEAt proBlEms For thosE sEEking to DAtE Both thE pArts AnD thE suCCEssivE vErsions.DEspitE thEsE DrAwBACks, ArChEology proviDEs thE most ConCrEtE EviDEnCE wE hAvE ABout thE thEAtrE struCturEs oF AnCiEnt grEECE.But, iF thEy hAvE tolD us muCh, ArChEologists hAvE not ComplEtED thEir work, AnD mAny sitEs hAvE sCArCEly BEEn touChED、
pErhAps thE most ControvErsiAl usE oF ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE in thEAtrE history is vAsE pAintings, thousAnDs oF whiCh hAvE survivED From AnCiEnt grEECE. (most oF thosE usED By thEAtrE sCholArs ArE rEproDuCED in mArgArEtEBiEBEr’s "thE history oF thE grEEk AnD romAn thEAtrE". )DEpiCting sCEnEs From mythology AnD DAily liFE, thE vAsEs ArE thE most grAphiC piCtoriAl EviDEnCE wE hAvE, But thEy ArE Also EAsy to misintErprEt. somE sCholArs hAvE ConsiDErED Any vAsE thAt DEpiCts A suBjECt trEAtED in A surviving DrAmA or Any sCEnE showing mAsks, FlutE plAyErs, or CErEmoniAls to BE vAliD EviDEnCE oF thEAtriCAl prACtiCE. this is A highly quEstionABlE Assumption, sinCE thE grEEks mADE wiDEsprEAD usE oF mAsks, DAnCEs, AnD musiC outsiDE thE thEAtrE AnD sinCE thE myths on whiCh DrAmAtists DrEw wErE known to EvEryonE, inCluDing vAsE pAintErs, who might wEll DEpiCt thE sAmE suBjECts As DrAmAtists without BEing inDEBtED to thEm. thosE vAsEs showing sCEnEs unquEstionABly thEAtriCAl ArE FEw in numBEr.
writtEn EviDEnCE ABout AnCiEnt grEEk thEAtrE is oFtEn trEAtED As lEss rEliABlE thAn ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE BECAusE most writtEn ACCounts ArE sEpArAtED so FAr in timE From thE EvEnts thEy DEsCriBE AnD BECAusE thEy proviDE no inFormAtion ABout thEir own sourCEs. oF thE writtEn EviDEnCE, thE surviving plAys ArE usuAlly trEAtED As thE most rEliABlE.But thE olDEst surviving mAnusCripts oF grEEk plAys DAtE From ArounD thE tEnth CEntury,C、E、, somE 1500 yEArs AFtEr thEy wErE First pErFormED、sinCE printing DiD not Exist During this timE spAn, CopiEs oF plAys hAD to BE mADE By hAnD, AnD thErEForE thE possiBility oF tExtuAl Errors CrEEping in wAs mAgniFiED、nEvErthElEss, thE sCripts oFFEr us our rEADiEst ACCEss to thE CulturAl AnD thEAtriCAl ConDitions out oF whiCh thEy CAmE.But thEsE sCripts, likE othEr kinDs oF EviDEnCE, ArE suBjECt to vArying intErprEtAtions.CErtAinly pErFormAnCEs EmBoDiED A mAlE pErspECtivE, For ExAmplE, sinCE thE plAys wErE writtEn, sElECtED, stAgED, AnD ACtED By mEn. yEt thE Existing plAys FEAturE numErous ChorusEs oF womEn AnD mAny FEAturE strong FEmAlE ChArACtErs.BECAusE thEsE ChArACtErs oFtEn sEEm viCtims oF thEir own powErlEssnEss AnD AppEAr to BE govErnED, EspECiAlly in thE ComEDiEs, By sExuAl DEsirE, somE CritiCs hAvE sEEn thEsE plAys As rAtionAlizAtions By thE mAlE-DominAtED CulturE For kEEping womEn sEgrEgAtED AnD CloistErED、othEr CritiCs, ho
onE oF thE primAry wAys oF ApproAChing thE grEEk thEAtrE is through ArChEology, thE systEmAtiC stuDy oF mAtEriAl rEmAins suCh As ArChitECturE, insCriptions, sCulpturE, vAsE pAinting, AnD othEr Forms oF DECorAtivE Art.
pErhAps thE most ControvErsiAl usE oF ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE in thEAtrE history is vAsE pAintings, thousAnDs oF whiCh hAvE survivED From AnCiEnt grEECE. (most oF thosE usED By thEAtrE sCholArs ArE rEproDuCED in mArgArEtEBiEBEr’s "thE history oF thE grEEk AnD romAn thEAtrE". )DEpiCting sCEnEs From mythology AnD DAily liFE, thE vAsEs ArE thE most grAphiC piCtoriAl EviDEnCE wE hAvE, But thEy ArE Also EAsy to misintErprEt. somE sCholArs hAvE ConsiDErED Any vAsE thAt DEpiCts A suBjECt trEAtED in A surviving DrAmA or Any sCEnE showing mAsks, FlutE plAyErs, or CErEmoniAls to BE vAliD EviDEnCE oF thEAtriCAl prACtiCE. this is A highly quEstionABlE Assumption, sinCE thE grEEks mADE wiDEsprEAD usE oF mAsks, DAnCEs, AnD musiC outsiDE thE thEAtrE AnD sinCE thE myths on whiCh DrAmAtists DrEw wErE known to EvEryonE, inCluDing vAsE pAintErs, who might wEll DEpiCt thE sAmE suBjECts As DrAmAtists without BEing inDEBtED to thEm. thosE vAsEs showing sCEnEs unquEstionABly thEAtriCAl ArE FEw in numBEr.
writtEn EviDEnCE ABout AnCiEnt grEEk thEAtrE is oFtEn trEAtED As lEss rEliABlE thAn ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE BECAusE most writtEn ACCounts ArE sEpArAtED so FAr in timE From thE EvEnts thEy DEsCriBE AnD BECAusE thEy proviDE no inFormAtion ABout thEir own sourCEs. oF thE writtEn EviDEnCE, thE surviving plAys ArE usuAlly trEAtED As thE most rEliABlE.But thE olDEst surviving mAnusCripts oF grEEk plAys DAtE From ArounD thE tEnth CEntury,C、E、, somE 1500 yEArs AFtEr thEy wErE First pErFormED、sinCE printing DiD not Exist During this timE spAn, CopiEs oF plAys hAD to BE mADE By hAnD, AnD thErEForE thE possiBility oF tExtuAl Errors CrEEping in wAs mAgniFiED、nEvErthElEss, thE sCripts oFFEr us our rEADiEst ACCEss to thE CulturAl AnD thEAtriCAl ConDitions out oF whiCh thEy CAmE.But thEsE sCripts, likE othEr kinDs oF EviDEnCE, ArE suBjECt to vArying intErprEtAtions.CErtAinly pErFormAnCEs EmBoDiED A mAlE pErspECtivE, For ExAmplE, sinCE thE plAys wErE writtEn, sElECtED, stAgED, AnD ACtED By mEn. yEt thE Existing plAys FEAturE numErous ChorusEs oF womEn AnD mAny FEAturE strong FEmAlE ChArACtErs.BECAusE thEsE ChArACtErs oFtEn sEEm viCtims oF thEir own powErlEssnEss AnD AppEAr to BE govErnED, EspECiAlly in thE ComEDiEs, By sExuAl DEsirE, somE CritiCs hAvE sEEn thEsE plAys As rAtionAlizAtions By thE mAlE-DominAtED CulturE For kEEping womEn sEgrEgAtED AnD CloistErED、othEr CritiCs, ho
【单选题】 Music (involves) the (interaction) of three (elements): rhythm, (melodic), and harmony.
A．involves
B．interaction
C．elements
D．melodic
A．involves
B．interaction
C．elements
D．melodic
【单选题】 According to the passage, which of the following was a possible motive for the cultivation of plants in eastern North America
A．( Lack of enough wild food sources
B．( Tile need to keep trees from growing close to settlements
C．( Provision of work for an increasing population
D．( Desire for the consistent availability of food
A．( Lack of enough wild food sources
B．( Tile need to keep trees from growing close to settlements
C．( Provision of work for an increasing population
D．( Desire for the consistent availability of food
【单选题】mountAinClimBing
mountAin ClimBing, or AsCEnDing mountAins, is populAr worlDwiDE, whErEvEr hills risE high Enough to proviDE A ChAllEngE. thE ACtivity’s rEwArDs inCluDE thE physiCAl ExErCisE it proviDEs, thE sAtisFACtion oF ovErComing DiFFiCultiEs By working with othErs, thE thrill oF rEAChing A summit, AnD thE unoBstruCtED viEws From A mountAintop.ExplorAtion AnD rEsEArCh ArE othEr rEAsons thAt pEoplE ClimB mountAins. sinCE AnCiEnt timEs, pEoplE hAvE viEwED mountAin pEAks As towEring oBjECts oF myth, spirituAl inspirAtion, AnD romAntiC BEAuty.EArly pEoplEs mADE AsCEnts only to hunt gAmE, to rEsCuE lost or strAyED AnimAls, or to gAin A militAry ADvAntAgE ovEr An EnEmy.EvEntuAlly, thE unknown AnD inACCEssiBlE pEAks CEAsED to BE FEArED AnD AvoiDED, AnD thE ConquEst oF thE mAjor mountAin pEAks AnD rAngEs oF thE worlD BEgAn. mountAinEEring As A sport wAs Born onAugust 8,1786. sinCE thAt AsCEnt, mountAin ClimBing hAs EvolvED into thrEE rElAtED sports: AlpinE ClimBing, iCE ClimBing, AnD roCk ClimBing. thEsE sports rEquirE thE sAmE FunDAmEntAl tEChniquEs.
thE stylE oF Alpinism or AlpinE ClimBing EnCompAssEs muCh oF thE BAsiC ClimBing tEChniquEs, EquipmEnt, AnD sAFEty prECAutions thAt Form thE BAsis For iCE ClimBing AnD roCk ClimBing.AlpinE ClimBing BEgAn in thEEuropEAnAlps in thE lAtE 18th CEntury AnD is now prACtiCED in All mountAin rAngEs oF thE worlD、AlpinE ClimBing involvEs thE Continuous AsCEnt oF A mountAin pEAk ovEr A pErioD oF onE to sEvErAl DAys By A tEAm oF At lEAst two Alpinists. tEAms mAy Consist oF As mAny As Four ClimBErs. thE ClimBErs CArry All thE EquipmEnt thEy nEED—A CAmping stovE AnD FuEl, slEEping BAgs, slEEping mAts, A tEnt or BivouAC sACk, First AiD gEAr, A wAtEr BottlE, AnD FooD、EACh night thE ClimBErs spEnD thE night on A mountAin lEDgE BEForE Continuing upwArD、
iCE ClimBing grEw out oF trADitionAl mountAinEEring, AnD iCE ClimBErs usE thE BAsiC EquipmEnt, tEChniquEs, AnD sAFEty prECAutions thAt Alpinists Do, with CErtAin spECiAlizED ChAngEs to ACCount For thE ADDED DiFFiCultiEs oF AsCEnDing vErtiCAl shEEts oF iCE. For ExAmplE,ECkEnstEin’s tEn-point CrAmpons EnABlED mountAinEErs to AsCEnD morE DiFFiCult AnD stEEpEr ClimBs ovEr iCy routEs.A、[■]iCE ClimBErs lAtEr CrEAtED morE rADiCAlly DroopED iCE AxE piCks AnD ErgonomiCAlly DEsignED iCE AxE shAFts, Allowing thEm to vEnturE onto Continuously vErtiCAl, AnD EvEn ovErhAnging, FrozEn wAtErFAlls.
in thE EArly 20th CEntury, FrEnCh AnD gErmAn mountAinEErs sought out nEw ChAllEngEs By trAining on CliFFs AnD BoulDErs nEAr thEir homEs.B、[■]thE EArliEst DoCumEntED roCk ClimB DonE For sport wAs thE 35-m high nApE’s nEEDlE in thE lAkEDistriCt oFEnglAnD、C、[■]ClimBing ArEAs mAy BE rElAtivEly smAll CrAgs oF roCk, lArgE CAnyon siDEwAlls, or immEnsE mountAin FACEs.D、[■]grAnitE, limEstonE, sAnDstonE, mEtAmorphosED sChist, AnD gnEiss ArE thE FivE most populAr roCk typEs For ClimBing.
in rECEnt yEArs, wEll-puBliCizED suCCEssEs AnD trAgEDiEs in mountAinEEring ACtivitiEs AnD improvEmEnts in ClimBing EquipmEnt hAvE givEn risE to An inCrEAsED numBEr oF mountAin ClimBErs worlDwiDE. thE sport’s populArity hAs lED somE CountriEs to rEquirE mountAinEErs to purChAsE ClimBing pErmits. himAlAyAn ExpEDitions must Also pAy An EnvironmEntAl BonD to guArAntEE thAt thEy will rEmovE All oF thEir wAstE At thE ConClusion oF thEir trip.
EnvironmEntAl protECtion EFForts ArE unDErwAy At mAny roCk ClimBing ArEAs to EAsE ECologiCAl strAins on populAr ArEAs. loCAl ClimBErs pArtiCipAtE in An AnnuAl ClEAnup DAy to mAintAin ApproACh trAils, wAsh gymnAstiC ChAlk oFF thE roCk, AnD piCk up littEr. thEACCEss FunD is thE nAtionAl orgAnizAtion thAt hElps ClimBErs gAin ACCEss to ClimBing ArEAs AnD Also Assists with EnvironmEntAl proBlEms AssoCiAtED with CliFFs in thE unitED stAtEs.
BEginning in thE 1980s inDoor roCk-ClimBing gyms hAvE plAyED A kEy rolE in introDuCing lArgE numBErs oF
mountAin ClimBing, or AsCEnDing mountAins, is populAr worlDwiDE, whErEvEr hills risE high Enough to proviDE A ChAllEngE. thE ACtivity’s rEwArDs inCluDE thE physiCAl ExErCisE it proviDEs, thE sAtisFACtion oF ovErComing DiFFiCultiEs By working with othErs, thE thrill oF rEAChing A summit, AnD thE unoBstruCtED viEws From A mountAintop.ExplorAtion AnD rEsEArCh ArE othEr rEAsons thAt pEoplE ClimB mountAins. sinCE AnCiEnt timEs, pEoplE hAvE viEwED mountAin pEAks As towEring oBjECts oF myth, spirituAl inspirAtion, AnD romAntiC BEAuty.EArly pEoplEs mADE AsCEnts only to hunt gAmE, to rEsCuE lost or strAyED AnimAls, or to gAin A militAry ADvAntAgE ovEr An EnEmy.EvEntuAlly, thE unknown AnD inACCEssiBlE pEAks CEAsED to BE FEArED AnD AvoiDED, AnD thE ConquEst oF thE mAjor mountAin pEAks AnD rAngEs oF thE worlD BEgAn. mountAinEEring As A sport wAs Born onAugust 8,1786. sinCE thAt AsCEnt, mountAin ClimBing hAs EvolvED into thrEE rElAtED sports: AlpinE ClimBing, iCE ClimBing, AnD roCk ClimBing. thEsE sports rEquirE thE sAmE FunDAmEntAl tEChniquEs.
thE stylE oF Alpinism or AlpinE ClimBing EnCompAssEs muCh oF thE BAsiC ClimBing tEChniquEs, EquipmEnt, AnD sAFEty prECAutions thAt Form thE BAsis For iCE ClimBing AnD roCk ClimBing.AlpinE ClimBing BEgAn in thEEuropEAnAlps in thE lAtE 18th CEntury AnD is now prACtiCED in All mountAin rAngEs oF thE worlD、AlpinE ClimBing involvEs thE Continuous AsCEnt oF A mountAin pEAk ovEr A pErioD oF onE to sEvErAl DAys By A tEAm oF At lEAst two Alpinists. tEAms mAy Consist oF As mAny As Four ClimBErs. thE ClimBErs CArry All thE EquipmEnt thEy nEED—A CAmping stovE AnD FuEl, slEEping BAgs, slEEping mAts, A tEnt or BivouAC sACk, First AiD gEAr, A wAtEr BottlE, AnD FooD、EACh night thE ClimBErs spEnD thE night on A mountAin lEDgE BEForE Continuing upwArD、
iCE ClimBing grEw out oF trADitionAl mountAinEEring, AnD iCE ClimBErs usE thE BAsiC EquipmEnt, tEChniquEs, AnD sAFEty prECAutions thAt Alpinists Do, with CErtAin spECiAlizED ChAngEs to ACCount For thE ADDED DiFFiCultiEs oF AsCEnDing vErtiCAl shEEts oF iCE. For ExAmplE,ECkEnstEin’s tEn-point CrAmpons EnABlED mountAinEErs to AsCEnD morE DiFFiCult AnD stEEpEr ClimBs ovEr iCy routEs.A、[■]iCE ClimBErs lAtEr CrEAtED morE rADiCAlly DroopED iCE AxE piCks AnD ErgonomiCAlly DEsignED iCE AxE shAFts, Allowing thEm to vEnturE onto Continuously vErtiCAl, AnD EvEn ovErhAnging, FrozEn wAtErFAlls.
in thE EArly 20th CEntury, FrEnCh AnD gErmAn mountAinEErs sought out nEw ChAllEngEs By trAining on CliFFs AnD BoulDErs nEAr thEir homEs.B、[■]thE EArliEst DoCumEntED roCk ClimB DonE For sport wAs thE 35-m high nApE’s nEEDlE in thE lAkEDistriCt oFEnglAnD、C、[■]ClimBing ArEAs mAy BE rElAtivEly smAll CrAgs oF roCk, lArgE CAnyon siDEwAlls, or immEnsE mountAin FACEs.D、[■]grAnitE, limEstonE, sAnDstonE, mEtAmorphosED sChist, AnD gnEiss ArE thE FivE most populAr roCk typEs For ClimBing.
in rECEnt yEArs, wEll-puBliCizED suCCEssEs AnD trAgEDiEs in mountAinEEring ACtivitiEs AnD improvEmEnts in ClimBing EquipmEnt hAvE givEn risE to An inCrEAsED numBEr oF mountAin ClimBErs worlDwiDE. thE sport’s populArity hAs lED somE CountriEs to rEquirE mountAinEErs to purChAsE ClimBing pErmits. himAlAyAn ExpEDitions must Also pAy An EnvironmEntAl BonD to guArAntEE thAt thEy will rEmovE All oF thEir wAstE At thE ConClusion oF thEir trip.
EnvironmEntAl protECtion EFForts ArE unDErwAy At mAny roCk ClimBing ArEAs to EAsE ECologiCAl strAins on populAr ArEAs. loCAl ClimBErs pArtiCipAtE in An AnnuAl ClEAnup DAy to mAintAin ApproACh trAils, wAsh gymnAstiC ChAlk oFF thE roCk, AnD piCk up littEr. thEACCEss FunD is thE nAtionAl orgAnizAtion thAt hElps ClimBErs gAin ACCEss to ClimBing ArEAs AnD Also Assists with EnvironmEntAl proBlEms AssoCiAtED with CliFFs in thE unitED stAtEs.
BEginning in thE 1980s inDoor roCk-ClimBing gyms hAvE plAyED A kEy rolE in introDuCing lArgE numBErs oF
【单选题】inFluEnzA AnD vACCinEs
thErE is no spECiFiC CurE For inFluEnzA、rECommEnDED trEAtmEnt usuAlly Consists oF BED rEst AnD inCrEAsED intAkE oF nonAlCoholiC FluiDs until FEvEr AnD othEr symptoms lEssEn in sEvErity.CErtAin Drugs hAvE BEEn FounD EFFECtivE in lEssEning Flu symptoms, But mEDiCAl EFForts AimED AgAinst thE DisEAsE FoCus ChiEFly on prEvEntion By mEAns oF vACCinEs thAt CrEAtE immunity.
no Drugs CAn CurE inFluEnzA, But CErtAin AntivirAl mEDiCinEs CAn rEliEvE Flu symptoms.AvAilABlE By prEsCription, thEsE Drugs proviDE moDEst rEliEF, But only iF tAkEn on thE First or sEConD DAy oF symptoms. thE Drugs AmAntADinE (solD unDEr thE BrAnD nAmE symmEtrEl) AnD rimAntADinE (FlumADinE., Both in pill Form, work AgAinst hEmAgglutinin AnD ArE EFFECtivE in trEAting typEA、inFluEnzA、two othEr Drugs inhiBit nEurAminiDAsE AnD ArE EFFECtivE AgAinst Both typEA、AnD typEB、strAins: osEltAmivir (tAmiFlu) is in pill Form AnD zAnAmivir (rElEnzA、is An inhAlAnt.
A、Flu vACCinE Consists oF grEAtly wEAkEnED or DEAD Flu virusEs, or FrAgmEnts oF DEAD virusEs.AntigEns in thE vACCinE stimulAtE thE pAtiEnt’s immunE systEm to proDuCE AntiBoDiEs AgAinst thE virusEs. iF thE Flu virusEs invADE A vACCinAtED pErson At A lAtEr timE, thE sEnsitizED immunE systEm rECognizEs thE AntigEns, proDuCEs thE AntiBoDiEs AnD quiCkly rEsponDs to hElp DEstroy thEm.
ABout 5 to 10 pErCEnt oF pEoplE who rECEivE A Flu vACCinE ExpEriEnCE milD, tEmporAry siDE EFFECts, typiCAlly sorEnEss At thE injECtion sitE. young ChilDrEn who hAvE not prEviously BEEn ExposED to thE inFluEnzA virus ArE most likEly to ExpEriEnCE siDE EFFECts.
Flu virusEs ConstAntly ChAngE so DiFFErEnt virus strAins must BE inCorporAtED in vACCinEs From onE yEAr to thE nExt. sCiEntists try to proviDE A gooD mAtCh BEtwEEn thE vACCinE AnD thE most sErious virus strAins CirCulAting At thE timE.But BECAusE it tAkEs months to mAnuFACturE AnD DistriButE vACCinEs, DECisions on thEir Composition must BE mADE wEll BEForE thE stArt oF EACh Flu sEAson.EACh FEBruAry ExpErts At thE worlD hEAlth orgAnizAtion (who) rECommEnD A vACCinE Composition to BE usED For thE ForthComing wintEr in thE northErn hEmisphErE; A sEConD rECommEnDAtion is mADE in sEptEmBEr For vACCinEs to BE usED in thE southErn hEmisphErE. typiCAlly vACCinEs ContAin AntigEns From thrEE virus strAins, usuAlly two strAins From typEA、AnD onE strAin From typEB、
ACCorDing to thECDC, thE suCCEss oF Flu vACCinEs vAriEs From onE pErson to AnothEr. in hEAlthy young ADults, thE vACCinEs ArE 70 to 90 pErCEnt EFFECtivE in prEvEnting thE DisEAsE. in thE ElDErly AnD pEoplE with CErtAin ChroniC mEDiCAl ConDitions, thE vACCinEs ArE lEss EFFECtivE in prEvEnting illnEss But hElp rEDuCE thE sEvErity oF An inFECtion AnD thE risk oF mAjor CompliCAtions or DEAth. stuDiEs show thAt Flu vACCinEs rEDuCE Flu-rElAtED hospitAlizAtion By ABout 70 pErCEnt AnD Flu-rElAtED DEAths By ABout 85 pErCEnt Among ElDErly pEoplE.
thECDC、rECommEnDs AnnuAl Flu shots For pEoplE who ArE At high risk For DEvEloping sErious CompliCAtions As A rEsult oF An inFluEnzA inFECtion.A、[■]this group inCluDEs All pEoplE AgED 65 AnD olDEr; pEoplE in nursing homEs AnD othEr FACilitiEs thAt housE pEoplE with ChroniC mEDiCAl ConDitions; pEoplE with ChroniC hEArt, lung or kiDnEy DisEAsE, DiABEtEs, An impAirED immunE systEm, or sEvErE Forms oF AnEmiA; ChilDrEn AnD ADolEsCEnts with ConDitions trEAtED For long pErioDs oF timE with Aspirin (whiCh mAkEs thEm vulnErABlE to rEyE’s synDromE. ; AnD womEn who will BE in thE sEConD or thirD trimEstEr oF prEgnAnCy During thE inFluEnzA sEAson.B、[■] somE DoCtors EnCourAgE inDiviDuAls who trAvEl to ArEAs oF thE worlD whErE inFluEnzA virusEs CirCulAtE to rECEivE thE most CurrEnt vACCinE.C、[■] vACCinAtion tAkEn EArliEr CAn BEttEr protECt thE trAvEllErs From BEing inFECtED By inFluEnzA in thE EpiDEmiC ArEAsD、[■] vACCinAtion is morE urgEntly nEEDED pArtiCulArly iF thEy Ar
thErE is no spECiFiC CurE For inFluEnzA、rECommEnDED trEAtmEnt usuAlly Consists oF BED rEst AnD inCrEAsED intAkE oF nonAlCoholiC FluiDs until FEvEr AnD othEr symptoms lEssEn in sEvErity.CErtAin Drugs hAvE BEEn FounD EFFECtivE in lEssEning Flu symptoms, But mEDiCAl EFForts AimED AgAinst thE DisEAsE FoCus ChiEFly on prEvEntion By mEAns oF vACCinEs thAt CrEAtE immunity.
no Drugs CAn CurE inFluEnzA, But CErtAin AntivirAl mEDiCinEs CAn rEliEvE Flu symptoms.AvAilABlE By prEsCription, thEsE Drugs proviDE moDEst rEliEF, But only iF tAkEn on thE First or sEConD DAy oF symptoms. thE Drugs AmAntADinE (solD unDEr thE BrAnD nAmE symmEtrEl) AnD rimAntADinE (FlumADinE., Both in pill Form, work AgAinst hEmAgglutinin AnD ArE EFFECtivE in trEAting typEA、inFluEnzA、two othEr Drugs inhiBit nEurAminiDAsE AnD ArE EFFECtivE AgAinst Both typEA、AnD typEB、strAins: osEltAmivir (tAmiFlu) is in pill Form AnD zAnAmivir (rElEnzA、is An inhAlAnt.
A、Flu vACCinE Consists oF grEAtly wEAkEnED or DEAD Flu virusEs, or FrAgmEnts oF DEAD virusEs.AntigEns in thE vACCinE stimulAtE thE pAtiEnt’s immunE systEm to proDuCE AntiBoDiEs AgAinst thE virusEs. iF thE Flu virusEs invADE A vACCinAtED pErson At A lAtEr timE, thE sEnsitizED immunE systEm rECognizEs thE AntigEns, proDuCEs thE AntiBoDiEs AnD quiCkly rEsponDs to hElp DEstroy thEm.
ABout 5 to 10 pErCEnt oF pEoplE who rECEivE A Flu vACCinE ExpEriEnCE milD, tEmporAry siDE EFFECts, typiCAlly sorEnEss At thE injECtion sitE. young ChilDrEn who hAvE not prEviously BEEn ExposED to thE inFluEnzA virus ArE most likEly to ExpEriEnCE siDE EFFECts.
Flu virusEs ConstAntly ChAngE so DiFFErEnt virus strAins must BE inCorporAtED in vACCinEs From onE yEAr to thE nExt. sCiEntists try to proviDE A gooD mAtCh BEtwEEn thE vACCinE AnD thE most sErious virus strAins CirCulAting At thE timE.But BECAusE it tAkEs months to mAnuFACturE AnD DistriButE vACCinEs, DECisions on thEir Composition must BE mADE wEll BEForE thE stArt oF EACh Flu sEAson.EACh FEBruAry ExpErts At thE worlD hEAlth orgAnizAtion (who) rECommEnD A vACCinE Composition to BE usED For thE ForthComing wintEr in thE northErn hEmisphErE; A sEConD rECommEnDAtion is mADE in sEptEmBEr For vACCinEs to BE usED in thE southErn hEmisphErE. typiCAlly vACCinEs ContAin AntigEns From thrEE virus strAins, usuAlly two strAins From typEA、AnD onE strAin From typEB、
ACCorDing to thECDC, thE suCCEss oF Flu vACCinEs vAriEs From onE pErson to AnothEr. in hEAlthy young ADults, thE vACCinEs ArE 70 to 90 pErCEnt EFFECtivE in prEvEnting thE DisEAsE. in thE ElDErly AnD pEoplE with CErtAin ChroniC mEDiCAl ConDitions, thE vACCinEs ArE lEss EFFECtivE in prEvEnting illnEss But hElp rEDuCE thE sEvErity oF An inFECtion AnD thE risk oF mAjor CompliCAtions or DEAth. stuDiEs show thAt Flu vACCinEs rEDuCE Flu-rElAtED hospitAlizAtion By ABout 70 pErCEnt AnD Flu-rElAtED DEAths By ABout 85 pErCEnt Among ElDErly pEoplE.
thECDC、rECommEnDs AnnuAl Flu shots For pEoplE who ArE At high risk For DEvEloping sErious CompliCAtions As A rEsult oF An inFluEnzA inFECtion.A、[■]this group inCluDEs All pEoplE AgED 65 AnD olDEr; pEoplE in nursing homEs AnD othEr FACilitiEs thAt housE pEoplE with ChroniC mEDiCAl ConDitions; pEoplE with ChroniC hEArt, lung or kiDnEy DisEAsE, DiABEtEs, An impAirED immunE systEm, or sEvErE Forms oF AnEmiA; ChilDrEn AnD ADolEsCEnts with ConDitions trEAtED For long pErioDs oF timE with Aspirin (whiCh mAkEs thEm vulnErABlE to rEyE’s synDromE. ; AnD womEn who will BE in thE sEConD or thirD trimEstEr oF prEgnAnCy During thE inFluEnzA sEAson.B、[■] somE DoCtors EnCourAgE inDiviDuAls who trAvEl to ArEAs oF thE worlD whErE inFluEnzA virusEs CirCulAtE to rECEivE thE most CurrEnt vACCinE.C、[■] vACCinAtion tAkEn EArliEr CAn BEttEr protECt thE trAvEllErs From BEing inFECtED By inFluEnzA in thE EpiDEmiC ArEAsD、[■] vACCinAtion is morE urgEntly nEEDED pArtiCulArly iF thEy Ar
【单选题】ioDinE AnD goitEr
ioDinE is A wEll-known ExAmplE oF A trACE minErAl whosE lACk in thE BoDy CrEAtEs An EAsily trEAtED DisEAsE. whEn thE thyroiD glAnD is not suppliED with suFFiCiEnt ioDinE to mAnuFACturE hormonEs, it EnlArgEs AnD Forms A goitEr or swElling oF thE nECk.At thE sAmE timE othEr symptoms, suCh As FAtiguE AnD sluggishnEss, wEight gAin, ColDnEss oF thE BoDy, AnD DEprEssion, mAy oCCur.
in thE unitED stAtEs goitEr wAs First notED in thE grEAt lAkEs rEgion, whErE in thE 1930s, As mAny As 40 pErCEnt oF thE pEoplE in somE ArEAs hAD goitEr, DuE mAinly to ioDinE-DEFiCiEnt soil. this sCArCity hAD BEEn CAusED By iCE AgE glACiErs mElting AnD wAshing thE ioDinE out oF thE soil.
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thE inhABitAnts oF mountAinous rEgions oFEuropE hAD suFFErED From ioDinE DEFiCiEnCy For CEnturiEs For similAr rEAsons.
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it wAs DisCovErED in thE AlpinE rEgion oF switzErlAnD in thE ninEtEEnth CEntury thAt in ArEAs in whiCh thE Drinking wAtEr ContAinED lEss thAn 0.5 miCrogrAms oF ioDinE pEr litEr thErE wAs A high inCiDEnCE oF goitEr.
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in ContrAst to mountAinous or inlAnD rEgions, ArEAs By oCEAns or in thE viCinity oF oCEAn BrEEzEs usuAlly ContAin Enough ioDinE to prEvEnt this AFFliCtion.
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As A FAirly ACCurAtE rulE oF thumB, iF A mAp is DrAwn showing thE pArts oF thE worlD whErE thE wAtEr supply is DEFiCiEnt in ioDinE AnD thEn supErimposED on A mAp showing thE ArEAs whErE thE inhABitAnts suFFEr From goitEr, thE two mAppED ArEAs CoinCiDE.
to unDErstAnD how ioDinE DEFiCiEnCy lEADs to goitEr, it is nECEssAry to look At thE unDErlying physiology oF thE thyroiD glAnD、thE humAn thyroiD glAnD is thE only plACE in thE BoDy whErE ioDinE is storED, AnD it rEquirEs A DAily supply oF ABout 150 miCrogrAms oF ioDinE EntEring thE BoDy. whEn FooD or wAtEr is DigEstED, thE ioDinE it ContAins is EithEr tAkEn up By thE thyroiD or EliminAtED From thE BoDy through thE kiDnEys into thE urinE. whEn suppliEs ArE low, thE kiDnEys still EliminAtE ioDinE From thE BoDy so thE CApACity oF thE thyroiD to prEsErvE An ADEquAtE supply oF rAw mAtEriAl is thrEAtEnED、
thE thyroiD glAnD Consists oF thousAnDs oF BAlls oF CElls, CAllED thyroiD vEsiClEs, whiCh EnClosE A spACE FillED with A jEllylikE protEin CAllED thyrogloBulin. thEsE CElls hAvE An ExtrAorDinAry ABility to trAp ioDinE From thE BlooDstrEAm, AnD thE EFFiCiEnCy oF this trAp CAn BE inCrEAsED iF thE Amount oF ioDinE in thE BlooD CirCulAtion DECrEAsEs. onCE thE ioDinE is trAppED By thE thyroiD vEsiClEs it pAssEs into thE thyrogloBulin, whErE thE ACtuAl mAnuFACturE oF two kinDs oF thyroiD hormonEs tAkEs plACE. thE hormonEs ArE storED hErE until thEy trAvEl BACk through thE thyroiD vEsiClEs to EntEr thE BlooDstrEAm. thE thyroiD hormonEs ArE thEn tAkEn to EvEry pArt oF thE BoDy whErE thEy inFluEnCE thE rAtE At whiCh thE ChEmiCAl proCEssEs oF EvEry CEll proCEED、thEy hAvE A pErvAsivE EFFECt on thE Control oF oxygEn Consumption AnD hEAt proDuCtion oF thE wholE BoDy, AnD thEy ArE EssEntiAl to thE hEAlthy growth oF BoDy AnD minD、
thE thyroiD triEs to kEEp ConstAnt thE Amount oF CirCulAting thyroiD hormonE EntEring thE CElls oF thE BoDy. whEn ioDinE suppliEs ArE low, thE pituitAry glAnD, A smAll pEA-sizED glAnD At thE BAsE oF thE BrAin, sECrEtEs A thyroiD-stimulAting hormonE (tsh) thAt in turn rEgulAtEs thE powEr oF thE thyroiD to trAp ioDinE AnD inCrEAsE thE output oF thE thyroiD、iF thE thyroiD is ContinuAlly stimulAtED By tsh, thE CElls gEt lArgEr AnD EvEntuAlly thE wholE glAnD EnlArgEs with An inCrEAsE in thE numBEr oF its CElls. thE thyroiD mAy hAvE mAny tEmporAry CrisEs whErE ioDinE suppliEs ArE not ADEquAtE AnD whErE swElling in inDuCED unDE
ioDinE is A wEll-known ExAmplE oF A trACE minErAl whosE lACk in thE BoDy CrEAtEs An EAsily trEAtED DisEAsE. whEn thE thyroiD glAnD is not suppliED with suFFiCiEnt ioDinE to mAnuFACturE hormonEs, it EnlArgEs AnD Forms A goitEr or swElling oF thE nECk.At thE sAmE timE othEr symptoms, suCh As FAtiguE AnD sluggishnEss, wEight gAin, ColDnEss oF thE BoDy, AnD DEprEssion, mAy oCCur.
in thE unitED stAtEs goitEr wAs First notED in thE grEAt lAkEs rEgion, whErE in thE 1930s, As mAny As 40 pErCEnt oF thE pEoplE in somE ArEAs hAD goitEr, DuE mAinly to ioDinE-DEFiCiEnt soil. this sCArCity hAD BEEn CAusED By iCE AgE glACiErs mElting AnD wAshing thE ioDinE out oF thE soil.
to unDErstAnD how ioDinE DEFiCiEnCy lEADs to goitEr, it is nECEssAry to look At thE unDErlying physiology oF thE thyroiD glAnD、thE humAn thyroiD glAnD is thE only plACE in thE BoDy whErE ioDinE is storED, AnD it rEquirEs A DAily supply oF ABout 150 miCrogrAms oF ioDinE EntEring thE BoDy. whEn FooD or wAtEr is DigEstED, thE ioDinE it ContAins is EithEr tAkEn up By thE thyroiD or EliminAtED From thE BoDy through thE kiDnEys into thE urinE. whEn suppliEs ArE low, thE kiDnEys still EliminAtE ioDinE From thE BoDy so thE CApACity oF thE thyroiD to prEsErvE An ADEquAtE supply oF rAw mAtEriAl is thrEAtEnED、
thE thyroiD glAnD Consists oF thousAnDs oF BAlls oF CElls, CAllED thyroiD vEsiClEs, whiCh EnClosE A spACE FillED with A jEllylikE protEin CAllED thyrogloBulin. thEsE CElls hAvE An ExtrAorDinAry ABility to trAp ioDinE From thE BlooDstrEAm, AnD thE EFFiCiEnCy oF this trAp CAn BE inCrEAsED iF thE Amount oF ioDinE in thE BlooD CirCulAtion DECrEAsEs. onCE thE ioDinE is trAppED By thE thyroiD vEsiClEs it pAssEs into thE thyrogloBulin, whErE thE ACtuAl mAnuFACturE oF two kinDs oF thyroiD hormonEs tAkEs plACE. thE hormonEs ArE storED hErE until thEy trAvEl BACk through thE thyroiD vEsiClEs to EntEr thE BlooDstrEAm. thE thyroiD hormonEs ArE thEn tAkEn to EvEry pArt oF thE BoDy whErE thEy inFluEnCE thE rAtE At whiCh thE ChEmiCAl proCEssEs oF EvEry CEll proCEED、thEy hAvE A pErvAsivE EFFECt on thE Control oF oxygEn Consumption AnD hEAt proDuCtion oF thE wholE BoDy, AnD thEy ArE EssEntiAl to thE hEAlthy growth oF BoDy AnD minD、
thE thyroiD triEs to kEEp ConstAnt thE Amount oF CirCulAting thyroiD hormonE EntEring thE CElls oF thE BoDy. whEn ioDinE suppliEs ArE low, thE pituitAry glAnD, A smAll pEA-sizED glAnD At thE BAsE oF thE BrAin, sECrEtEs A thyroiD-stimulAting hormonE (tsh) thAt in turn rEgulAtEs thE powEr oF thE thyroiD to trAp ioDinE AnD inCrEAsE thE output oF thE thyroiD、iF thE thyroiD is ContinuAlly stimulAtED By tsh, thE CElls gEt lArgEr AnD EvEntuAlly thE wholE glAnD EnlArgEs with An inCrEAsE in thE numBEr oF its CElls. thE thyroiD mAy hAvE mAny tEmporAry CrisEs whErE ioDinE suppliEs ArE not ADEquAtE AnD whErE swElling in inDuCED unDE
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